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ePaper created 2014-06-03, 15:03:20 | version 1.30.01
65 02 RENEWABLES 2014 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT TECHNOLOGY TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS CAPITAL COSTS USD / kW TYPICAL ENERGY COSTS LCOE – U.S. cents / kWh HOT WATER / HEATING / COOLING Biomass heat plant Plant size: 0.1–15 MWth Capacity factor: ~50–90% Conversion efficiency: 80–90% 400–1,500 4.7–29 Domestic pellet heater Plant size: 5–100 MWth Capacity factor: 15–30% Conversion efficiency: 80–95% 360–1,400 6.5–36 Biomass CHP Plant size: 0.5–100 kWth Capacity factor: ~60–80% Conversion efficiency: 70–80% for heat and power 600–6,000 4.3–12.6 Geothermal space heating (buildings) Plant size: 0.1–1 MWth Capacity factor: 25–30% 1,865–4,595 10–27 Geothermal space heating (district) Plant size: 3.8–35 MWth Capacity factor: 25–30% 665–1,830 5.8–13 Ground-source heat pumps Plant size: 10–350 kWth Load factor: 25–30% 500–2,250 7–13 Solar thermal: Domestic hot water systems Collector type: flat-plate, evacuated tube (thermosiphon and pumped systems) Plant size: 2.1–4.2 kWth (single-family); 35 kWth (multi-family) Efficiency: 100% Single-family: 1,100–2,140 (OECD, new build); 1,300–2,200 (OECD, retrofit) 147–634 (China) Multi-family: 950–1,850 (OECD, new build); 1,140–2,050 (OECD, retrofit) 1.5–28 (China) Solar thermal: Domestic heat and hot water systems (combi) Collector type: same as water only Plant size: 7–10 kWth (single-family); 70–130 kWth (multi-family); 70–3,500 kWth (district heating); >3,500 kWth (district heat with seasonal storage) Efficiency: 100% Single-family: same as water only Multi-family: same as water only District heat (Europe): 460–780; with storage: 470–1,060 5–50 (domestic hot water) District heat: 4 and up (Denmark) Solar thermal: Industrial process heat Collector type: flat-plate, evacuated tube, parabolic trough, linear Fresnel Plant size: 100 kWth–20 MWth Temperature range: 50–400 °C 470–1,000 (without storage) 4–16 Solar thermal: Cooling Capacity: 10.5–500 kW (absorption chillers); 8–370 kW (adsorption chillers) Efficiency: 50–70% 1,600–5,850 n/a TECHNOLOGY FEEDSTOCKS FEEDSTOCK CHARACTERISTICS ESTIMATED PRODUCTION COSTS U.S. cents / litre1 TRANSPORT FUELS Biodiesel Soy, rapeseed, mustard seed, palm, jatropha, waste vegetable oils, animal fats Range of feedstocks with different crop yields per hectare; hence, production costs vary widely among countries. Co-products include high-protein meal. Soybean oil: 56–72 (Argentina); 100–120 (Global average) Palm oil: 100–130 (Indonesia, Malaysia, and other) Rapeseed oil: 105–130 (EU) Ethanol Sugar cane, sugar beets, corn, cassava, sorghum, wheat (and cellulose in the future) Range of feedstocks with wide yield and cost variations. Co-products include animal feed, heat and power from bagasse residues. Advanced biofuels are not yet fully commercial and have higher costs. Sugar cane: 82–93 (Brazil) Corn (dry mill): 85–128 (United States) 1 Litre of diesel of gasoline equivalent Notes: To the extent possible, costs provided are indicative economic costs, levelised, and exclusive of subsidies or policy incentives. Several components determine the levelised costs of energy/heat (LCOE/H), including: resource quality, equipment cost and performance, balance of system/project costs (includ- ing labour), operations and maintenance costs, fuel costs (biomass), the cost of capital, and productive lifetime of the project. The costs of renewables are site specific, as many of these components can vary according to location. Costs for solar electricity vary greatly depending on the level of available solar resources. It is important to note that the rapid growth in installed capacity of some renewable technologies and their associated cost reductions mean that data can become outdated quickly; solar PV costs, in particular, have changed rapidly in recent years. Costs of off-grid hybrid power systems that employ renewables depend largely on system size, location, and associated items such as diesel backup and battery storage. Source: See Endnote 115 for this section for sources and assumptions.