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198 ENDNOTES 05 DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE ENERGY DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE ENERGY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 1 International Energy Agency (IEA), World Energy Outlook 2013 (Paris: IEA/OECD, 2013), http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/ resources/energydevelopment/energyaccessdatabase/. 2 Ibid. 3 India from ibid.; Africa from IEA, World Energy Outlook 2011 (Paris: IEA/OECD, 2011), and from IEA, op. cit. note 1, http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/resources/ energydevelopment/accesstoelectricity/. 4 International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), Renewable Energy Jobs & Access (Abu Dhabi: 2012), https://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/ Renewable_Energy_Jobs_and_Access.pdf. 5 Lighting Africa, Lighting Africa Market Trends Report 2012: Overview of the Off-Grid Lighting Market in Africa (Nairobi: International Finance Corporation (IFC)/World Bank, 2013), http://africa.solarenergyevents.com/resource-centre/whitepaper/ lighting-africa-market-trends-report-2012. 6 Ibid. 7 Daniel Schnitzer et al., Microgrids for Rural Electrification (Washington, DC: UN Foundation, February 2014), http://energyaccess.org/images/content/files/ MicrogridsReportFINAL_low.pdf. 8 IEA, World Energy Outlook 2011, op. cit. note 3, p. 26, http://www.iea.org/media/weowebsite/energydevelopment/ weo2011_energy_for_all.pdf; IEA, op. cit. note 1, http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/media/weowebsite/ energydevelopment/WEO2013_EnergyForAll.pdf. 9 United Nations (UN) Sustainable Energy for All, “Country Level Actions,” http://www.se4all.org/actions-commitments/country- level-actions/, viewed 10 February 2014; UN Development Programme (UNDP) and World Health Organization (WHO), The Energy Access Situation in Developing Countries, A Review Focusing on the Least Developed Countries and Sub-Saharan Africa (New York: 2009), http://www.who.int/indoorair/publications/ Energy_Access_Report_Brief.pdf. Note that U.S.-based Bank of America committed USD 50 billion over 10 years to finance Energy Efficiency, Renewable Energy and Energy Access and other activities that advance the low-carbon economy, per Sustainable Development in Action, Special Report of the SD in Action Newsletter, July 2013, p. 9, http://sustainabledevelopment. un.org/content/documents/930Report%20on%20Voluntary%20 Commitments%20and%20Partnerships.pdf. 10 IFC, From Gap to Opportunity: Business Models for Scaling Up Energy Access (Washington, DC: 2012), Executive Summary, http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/ b7ce4c804b5d10c58d90cfbbd578891b/ExecutiveSummary. pdf?MOD=AJPERES. 11 Her Excellency Sheikh Hasina, Prime Minister, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, “2 Million Solar Home Systems and 1 Million Improved Cook Stoves,” presented at Ruposhi Bangla Hotel, Dhaka, 12 May 2013, http://www.pmo.gov.bd/index. php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1007&Itemid=353. 12 Practical Action, “Wind for Electricity Generation,” Technical Brief (Bourton on Dunsmore, Rugby, Warwickshire, U.K.: undated), http://practicalaction.org/media/preview/10704. 13 J. Leary, A. While, and R. Howell, “Locally Manufactured Wind Power Technology for Sustainable Rural Electrification,” Energy Policy, vol. 43 (2012). 14 Practical Action, “Micro-hydro Power,” http://practicalaction.org/ micro-hydro-power, viewed 18 February 2014. 15 B.P. Koirala et al., Interconnected Mini-grids for Rural Energy Transition in Nepal (Lalitpur, Nepal: Alternate Energy Promotion Centre, 2013). 16 Sierra Club, “The Water Wheels of Time: Micro Hydro Power in the Western Ghats of India,” Compass, 20 June 2011, http:// sierraclub.typepad.com/compass/2011/06/the-water-wheels-of- time-micro-hydro-power-in-the-western-ghats-of-india.html. 17 Thailand Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency, Thailand Energy Situation 2006 (Bangkok: 2007). 18 Sivan Kartha, Gerald Leach, and Sudhir Chella Rajan, Advancing Bioenergy for Sustainable Development: Guideline for Policymakers and Investors, Volumes I, II and III (Washington, DC: World Bank Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme, April 2005), http://www.energycommunity.org/documents/ SustainableBioenergyFinal.pdf. 19 Schnitzer et al., op. cit. note 7. 20 Ibid. 21 Debajit Palit, The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), personal communication with REN21, December 2013. 22 UN Development Programme, UNDP and Energy Access for the Poor: Energizing the Millennium Development Goals (New York: October 2010), www.undp.org/content/dam/aplaws/ publication/en/publications/environment-energy/www-ee-library/ climate-change/undp-and-energy-access-for-the-poor/2593. EnergyAccess_Booklet_Revision02.pdf. 23 World Bank, Scaling-Up Access to Clean Cooking Technologies and Fuels in Sub-Saharan Africa (Washington, DC: 2012), http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTAFRREGTOPENERGY/ Resources/WorldBank_ACCES_AFREA_AFTEG_ESMAP_FINAL. pdf. 24 Franck Jesus, Global Environment Facility, personal communication with REN21, January 2014. 25 Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves, “The Solutions: Cookstove Technology,” http://www.cleancookstoves.org/our-work/the- solutions/cookstove-technology.html, viewed 21 January 2014; Arnaldo Carvalho, Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) Multilateral Investment Fund (MIF), personal communication with REN21, December 2013. Gasifier stoves are generally less efficient than forced air stoves. 26 IFC, op. cit. note 10. 27 Ibid. 28 Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves, op. cit. note 25. 29 International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), “Chapter 19: Energy Access for Development,” in Global Energy Assessment: Toward a Sustainable Future (Cambridge, U.K. and Laxenburg, Austria: Cambridge University Press and IIASA, 2012), http://www.iiasa.ac.at/web/home/research/Flagship-Projects/ Global-Energy-Assessment/GEA_Chapter19_energyaccess_ hires.pdf. 30 Wim van Nes and Felix ter Heegde, SNV, “Building Viable Domestic Biogas Programmes: Success Factors in Sector Development,” prepared for the Asia Clean Energy Forum, Manila, 2–7 June 2008, http://www.thepowerofhow.org/uploads/wysiwyg/ documents/other_resources/snv/Building_viable_domestic_ biogas_programmes.pdf. 31 Frank Haugwitz, Asia Europe Clean Energy Advisory Co., personal communication with REN21, December 2013. 32 Note that Indian figures are for fiscal years running April to March, with the 4.7 million mark likely estimated in March 2013, per Indian Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, provided by Hari Natarajan, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit – India, personal communication with REN21, December 2013. Construction was under the National Biogas and Manure Management Programme, and India had a total of 4.68 million plants as of October 2013, per SNV World, “Almost 42,000 small-scale biogas plants constructed in the first half of 2013,” 5 December 2013, http://www.snvworld.org/en/sectors/ renewable-energy/news/almost-42000-small-scale-biogas- plants-constructed-in-the-first-half. 33 Nepal installed an estimated 290,508 units under the National Biogas Programme, per Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves, op. cit. note 25; Kenya installed an estimated 9,046 units under the Domestic Biogas Programme, per Energy for All, “Almost 34,000 small-scale biogas plants constructed under SNV supported programmes in Asia in the first half of 2013,” 7 October 2013, http://www.energyforall.info/almost-34000-small-scale-biogas- plants-constructed-snv-supported-programmes-asia-first- half-2013/. 34 Solar Cookers International Network, “News and Recent Developments,” http://solarcooking.wikia.com/wiki/Nepal, viewed 18 December 2013. 35 Bozhil Kondev, GIZ, personal communication with REN21, January 2014. 36 Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves, op. cit. note 25.