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RENEWABLES 2014 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT

175 02 RENEWABLES 2014 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT zimbabwe-installing-100-locally-produced-storage-tanks- 2013-would-be-big-success; Stier, op. cit. note 33; Yaping Zhang, “Thailand: Prefabricated Container Solution Improves Quality in Tannery,” Solar Thermal World, 9 April 2013, http:// solarthermalworld.org/content/thailand-prefabricated-container- solution-improves-quality-tannery; Alejandro Diego Rosell, “Uruguay: Growing at Its Own Pace,” op. cit. note 21. 35 Mauthner and Weiss, op. cit. note 1. Also among the top 10 in 2012 were Australia, Germany, Turkey, China, and Jordan. 36 European Commission, op. cit. note 13. 37 Mauthner, op. cit. note 1. 38 European Commission, op. cit. note 13. 39 Mauthner and Weiss, op. cit. note 1; Mauthner, op. cit. note 1. 40 Mauthner and Weiss, op. cit. note 1; Mauthner, op. cit. note 1; approximately two out of five systems in Germany are combi- systems, from Bundesindustrieverband Deutschland Haus-, Energie- und Umwelttechnik e.V. (BDH) and Bundesverband Solarwirtschaft (BSW), “Solarkollektorabsatz 2013 rückläufig – Solar- und Heizungsbranche fordern: Wärmewende jetzt einläuten,” press release (Berlin and Cologne: 17 February 2014), http://www.solarwirtschaft.de/fileadmin/media/pdf/ pm_kollektorabsatz2013.pdf; Poland also from Marcin Czekanski, “Poland: Market in Transition,” Solar Thermal World, 30 May 2013, http://solarthermalworld.org/content/poland-market-transition; France and Switzerland also have a growing share of combi- systems, from European Commission, European Technology Platform on Renewable Heating and Cooling, Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda for Renewable Heating & Cooling (Brussels: European Union, 2013), p. 14, http://www.rhc-platform.org/ fileadmin/user_upload/members/Downloads/RHC_SRA_epo_ final_lowres.pdf; and markets are growing in Russia, particularly in areas with cold climates, per interviews with manufacturers in Russia, New Polus, Inten, and Kassol, cited in Vladislava Adamenkova, “Russia: 2014 – Year of Change and Growth,” Solar Thermal World, 22 January 2014, http://solarthermalworld.org/ content/russia-2014-year-change-and-growth. 41 European Commission, op. cit. note 13. The trend towards hybrid systems including heat pumps is seen particularly in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland, where policies and high electricity prices create favourable conditions, per “Solar + Heat Pump Systems,” Solar Update (IEA-SHC), January 2013, p. 14, http:// www.iea-shc.org/data/sites/1/publications/2013-01-SolarUpdate. pdf. 42 Mauthner, op. cit. note 1. 43 Cooling systems include one-stage absorption chillers, adsorption chillers, and desiccant cooling systems (DEC) systems for thermal cooling, from ibid. 44 With such systems, pressurised water, steam or thermo-oil can be used as heat transfer medium, from ibid. 45 Other heat sources from Jan-Olof Dalenbäck and Sven Werner, CIT Energy Management AB, Market for Solar District Heating, supported by Intelligent Energy Europe (Gothenburg, Sweden: revised July 2012), http://solarthermalworld.org/sites/gstec/files/ story/2013-05-21/sw_solar_markets.pdf. 46 Solar District Heating, Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of the European Union, “Solar District Heating,” viewed 6 March 2014, http://www.solar-district-heating.eu/SDH.aspx. 47 Jan-Olof Dalenbäck, “An Emerging Option: Solar District Heating and Cooling,” Euro Heat & Power, vol. 10, no. (2013), pp. 26–29; Jan-Olof Dalenbäck, Chalmers University of Technology and Solar District Heating (SDH), personal communication with REN21, 12 April 2014; cost competitive in Denmark only, from Bärbel Epp, solrico, personal communication with REN21, 29 April 2014; Rachana Raizada, “Renewables and District Heating: Eastern Europe Keeps It Warm,” Renewable Energy World, 13 September 2012, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/ article/2012/09/renewables-and-district-heating. Costs have come down considerably in the past five years and, in Denmark, the heat price from solar thermal is as low as USD 42.7/MWh (EUR 31/MWh), below that of gas-fired district heating, due to the large size of fields and low interest rates over expected lifetime of at least 20 years, from Søren Elisiussen, Arcon, cited in Bärbel Epp, “Denmark: ‘We have improved the cost/performance ratio by around 50 % over the last 5 years’,” Solar Thermal World, 4 March 2014, http://solarthermalworld.org/content/denmark-we- have-improved-costperformance-ratio-around-50-over-last-5- years. See also Bärbel Epp, “Germany/Denmark: Solar District Heating Prices between 37 and 88 EUR/MWh,” Solar Thermal World, 24 March 2014, http://solarthermalworld.org/content/ germanydenmark-solar-district-heating-prices-between-37-and- 88-eurmwh. 48 Natural Resources Canada, “Canadian Solar Community Sets New World Record for Energy Efficiency and Innovation,” press release (Okotoks, Alberta: 5 October 2012), http://www. nrcan.gc.ca/media-room/news-release/2012/2143; Canada also from “Solar Community Tops World Record,” Solar Update (IEA-SHC), January 2013, p. 16, https://www.iea-shc.org/data/ sites/1/publications/2013-01-SolarUpdate.pdf; Government of Canada, “Drake Landing Solar Community,” brochure, www.dlsc.ca/DLSC_Brochure_e.pdf, viewed 29 April 2014; China’s “Utopia Garden” project in Dezhou covers 10 blocks of apartment buildings with 5.025 m2 combined with seasonal storage beneath the complex, per Bärbel Epp, “China: Utopia Garden Sets New Standard for Architectural Integration,” Solar Thermal World, 10 April 2012, http://solarthermalworld. org/content/china-utopia-garden-sets-new-standard- architectural-integration; the University of Pretoria’s 672 m2 solar thermal system provides warm water for apartments for 550 students, per Stephanie Banse, “South Africa: University of Pretoria’s 672 m2 Solar Thermal System,” Solar Thermal World, 12 April 2012, http://solarthermalworld.org/content/ china-utopia-garden-sets-new-standard-architectural-integration. 49 Constructed in 2013 from Dalenbäck, “Emerging Options…,” op. cit. note 47. Dalenbäck, personal communication, op. cit. note 47. Most plants were in Denmark, but there were two in Austria, two in Germany, one in France, and one in Norway. See also “Büsingen: First German ground-mounted solar district heating plant in operation,” Newsletter of the Solar District Heating, Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of the European Union, 16 September 2013, http://www.solar-district-heating.eu/NewsEvents/News/ tabid/68/ArticleId/299/Busingen-First-German-groundmounted- solar-district-heating-plant-in-operation.aspx; Jan Erik Nielsen, “Large Solar Heating and Cooling Systems,” IEA-SHC Task 45, 2014, provided by Mauthner, op. cit. note 1. Denmark’s Dronninglund Solar District Heating Plant is 26 MWth (37,000 m2 of collectors) with 60,000 m3 seasonal storage. It is expected that the field together with storage will cover about 50% of annual heat load for 1,400 connected customers, from Nielsen, op. cit. this note. 50 Uli Jakob, “Technologies and Perspectives of Solar Cooling Systems,” presentation for AHK Conference, Sydney Australia, 24 March 2014, slide 29, http://australien.ahk.de/fileadmin/ ahk_australien/Dokumente/Delegations/Energieeffizienz_2014/ Presentations/DrJakob_Green_Chiller_Assoc.pdf; data from Solem Consulting/TECSOL/Green Chiller, provided by Uli Jakob, Green Chiller Verband für Sorptionskälte e.V., personal communication with REN21, 22 April 2014. Note that roughly 600 solar cooling systems were installed worldwide in 2010, per Hans-Martin Henning, “Solar Air-conditioning and Refrigeration—Achievements and Challenges,” Conference Proceedings of International Conference on Solar Heating, Cooling and Buildings—EuroSun 2010, Graz, Austria, 2010, http:// solarthermalworld.org/sites/gstec/files/EuroSun2010_Keynote- Henning.pdf. 51 Europe accounted for about 81% of installed systems worldwide as of 2013, based on data from Jakob, op. cit. note 50; Australia, Mediterranean islands, and Middle East from IEA, Technology Roadmap, Solar Heating and Cooling (Paris: OECD/IEA, 2012), p. 11, http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/ publication/Solar_Heating_Cooling_Roadmap_2012_WEB. pdf. Several hundred small cooling kits were sold in these countries in 2011. The Australian market has grown 30% annually over the past eight years, from Uli Jakob, Green Chiller and Solem Consulting, cited in Eva Augsten, “Australia: Country to Publish First Solar Air Conditioning Standard,” Solar Thermal World, 17 June 2013, http://solarthermalworld.org/content/ australia-country-publish-first-solar-air-conditioning-standard; in India, for example, solar thermal is used for cooling at a hospital and at Muni Seva Ashram in Gujarat state, where 100 parabolic dishes (Scheffler type) supply a 100-tonne air conditioning system, from Eva Augsten, “India: Quarterly Sun Focus Magazine Presents Concentrating Solar Heat,” Solar Thermal World, 19 September 2013, http://solarthermalworld. org/content/india-quarterly-sun-focus-magazine-presents- concentrating-solar-heat; Jamaica’s first solar cooling system was commissioned in an office tower in Kingston, from SOLID, “Commissioning of S.O.L.I.D.’s First Solar Cooling Plant in Jamaica,” press release (Graz, Austria: 2013), http://www.solid.

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