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172 12 Crespo, op. cit. note 1. 13 United Arab Emirates from EurObservER, op. cit. note 11; India from Jenny Muirhead, “MENA Shows Patience Towards Delay in CSP Projects,” Weekly Intelligence Brief: July 15–July 22, CSP Today, 22 July 2013, http://social.csptoday.com/markets/weekly- intelligence-brief-july-15-%E2%80%93-july-22; China from Crespo, op. cit. note 1. 14 Crespo, op. cit. note 1. 15 “CSP World Map,” op. cit. note 1; “CSP Today Global Tracker,” op. cit. note 1. 16 Hashem, op. cit. note 3. 17 Crespo, op. cit. note 1. 18 Rochelle Gayle, “Namibia evaluating concentrated solar power potential in feasibility study,” CSP Today, 3 February 2014, http:// social.csptoday.com/emerging-markets/namibia-evaluating- concentrated-solar-power-potential-feasibility-study. 19 “More than 1GW of CSP Headed for MENA,” Renewable Energy World, 5 July 2013, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/ news/article/2013/07/more-than-1-gw-of-csp-headed-for-mena. 20 Morocco from Crespo, op. cit. note 1; Egypt from “Kom Ombo CSP Project,” CSP World, http://www.csp-world.com/cspworldmap/ kom-ombo-csp-project. 21 Jenny Muirhead, “CSP makes a grand entry into Kuwait,” CSP Today, 1 July 2013, http://social.csptoday.com/emerging-markets/ csp-makes-grand-entry-kuwait. 22 Bill Scanlon, “Saudi Arabia Looks to NREL for Solar Monitoring Expertise,” Renewable Energy World, 22 April 2013, http:// www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2013/04/ saudi-arabia-looks-to-nrel-for-solar-monitoring-expertise. 23 SustainableBusiness, “Israel Gets Its First Big Solar Project: 5th Largest in the World,” 31 October 2013, http://www. sustainablebusiness.com/index.cfm/go/news.display/id/25325; “Ashalim CSP plant 2,” CSP World, http://www.csp-world.com/ cspworldmap/ashalim-csp-plant-2, viewed 24 April 2014. 24 Crespo, op. cit. note 1. 25 CleanBiz Asia, “India’s plans for world’s largest CSP need honest soul-searching,” 22 August 2013, http://www.cleanbiz.asia/news/ indias-plans-worlds-largest-csp-need-honest-soul-searching; CleanBiz Asia, “India continues solar thermal push despite lackluster success,” 29 May 2013, http://www.cleanbiz.asia/news/ india-continues-solar-thermal-push-despite-lackluster-success. 26 Regulatory hindrances in Italy from HeliosCSP, “Go-ahead needed for Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) in Italy for the domestic industry to be competitive on foreign markets,” 3 April 2014, http://www.helioscsp.com/noticia.php?id_not=2417; introduction of feed-in tariff from EurObservER, op. cit. note 11. 27 Coal hybrid application from NREL, “First Hybrid CSP-Coal Power Plant Is Fired Up in Colorado,” 23 July 2010, http://www.nrel.gov/ solar/news/2010/870.html; geothermal hybrid application from Jenny Muirhead, “CSP-Geothermal Hybrid Plant Projects Spring to Life,” CSP Today, 22 July 2013, http://social.csptoday.com/ technology/csp-geothermal-hybrid-plant-projects-spring-life; natural gas hybrid application from “New hybrid CSP-natural gas plant announced in Sacramento, US,” CSP World, 31 October 2013, http://www.csp-world.com/news/20131031/001242/ new-hybrid-csp-natural-gas-plant-announced-sacramento-us. 28 CS Energy, “Kogan Creek Solar Boost Project. The largest project of its kind in the world,” http://kogansolarboost.com.au/about/. 29 Examples include a CSP project that was rejected in California, from John Parnel, “California rejects another Brightsource CSP project,” PV Tech, 17 December 2013, http://www. pv-tech.org/news/california_rejects_another_brightsource_ csp_project, and another project in California that was abandoned, from James Montgomery, “K Road Gives Up on Calico Solar Project,” Renewable Energy World, 1 July 2013, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/ article/2013/07/k-road-gives-up-on-calico-solar-project. 30 Global growth expectations from Jason Deign, “Consolidation’s effect on CSP’s supply chain,” CSP Today, 2 August 2013, http:// social.csptoday.com/markets/consolidation%E2%80%99s-effect- csp%E2%80%99s-supply-chain; interest in TES from Jason Deign, “Tracking new directions in CSP thermal energy storage,” CSP Today, 26 July 2013, http://social.csptoday.com/technology/ tracking-new-directions-csp-thermal-energy-storage. 31 Deign, “Tracking new directions in CSP thermal energy storage,” op. cit. note 30. 32 Crespo, op. cit. note 1. 33 Deign, “Consolidation’s effect on CSP’s supply chain,” op. cit. note 30. 34 Siemens from Beatriz Gonzalez, “Siemens to Shut its CSP Business,” Weekly Intelligence Brief: June 17–24, CSP Today, 24 June 2013, http://social.csptoday.com/markets/ weekly-intelligence-brief-june-17-24; Schott Solar from Tildy Bayar, “European CSP, Solar Water Heating Face Difficulties,” Renewable Energy World, 11 June 2013, http:// www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2013/06/ european-csp-solar-thermal-face-difficulties-after-spains-fall. 35 Abengoa portfolio from EurObservER, op. cit. note 11; leadership of Spanish companies from HeliosCSP, “Current Status of CSP in the World,” 21 June 2013, http://www.helioscsp.com/noticia. php?id_not=1853. 36 Bayar, op. cit. note 34. 37 Range of alternatives, and graphite, ceramic, rock pebble, and slag storage from Deign, “Tracking new directions in CSP thermal energy storage,” op. cit. note 30; superheated steam, as at the PS-10 and PS-20 plants in Spain, and the Khi Solar One facility currently under construction in South Africa, from Jason Deign, “Baring the secrets of Khi Solar One,” CSP Today, 13 September 2013, http://social.csptoday.com/markets/baring-secrets-khi- solar-one; ternary salts from Crespo, op. cit. note 1. 38 “The Andalusian solar plant Gemasolar as the stage of Gran Turismo 6 PlayStation video game,” Energy News, 17 December 2013, http://www.energynews.es/english/the-andalusian-solar- plant-gemasolar-as-the-stage-of-gran-turismo-6-playstation- video-game/. 39 HeliosCSP, op. cit. note 6; Jenny Muirhead, Weekly Intelligence Brief: October 7–14, CSP Today, 14 October 2014, http://social. csptoday.com/markets/weekly-intelligence-brief-october-7-14; EurObservER, op. cit. note 11; Alison Ebbage, “Large-scale plants: the future for CSP?” CSP Today, 31 January 2014, http:// social.csptoday.com/technology/large-scale-plants-future-csp; growing evidence of potential cost reductions derived from an analysis conducted by CSP Today, which showed that the EUR/ Watt capital expenditure of a 50 MW plant is around 25% higher than that of a 200 MW plant, as a result of economies of scale in the development of the plant. Similar work by the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) and the International Energy Agency (IEA) determined that the specific cost of parabolic trough plant with thermal storage decreases by approximately 12% if the plant size is increased from 50 MW to 100 MW, and by 20% if size is increased from 50 MW to 200 MW; see Groupe Reaction, “Making cents of CSP economies of scale,” CSP Today, 22 July 2013, http://social.csptoday.com/markets/ making-cents-csp-economies-scale. 40 Other cost-reduction interventions under investigation include standardisation of central receivers on power towers; increased aperture size on linear Fresnel plants; use of supercritical turbines; and application of new tracking mechanisms for heliostats using hydraulics, from Crespo, op. cit. note 1. Researchers in Spain are developing engineering tools to enable the thermo-economic design and optimisation of CSP plants, and the reduction of TES costs; see Jenny Muirhead, “New initiatives to reduce the cost of CSP,” CSP Today, 11 October 2013, http:// social.csptoday.com/technology/new-initiatives-reduce-cost-csp. 41 Research on geothermal augmentation from Dan Wendt, “Hybrid Geothermal-Solar” (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), 22 April 2013), http://www1.eere.energy.gov/ geothermal/pdfs/hybrid_geo_solar_peer2013.pdf; integration of CSP and natural gas from DOE, “Sacramento Utility to Launch Concentrating Solar Power-Natural Gas Project,” press release (Washington, DC: 31 October 2013), http://www.energy.gov/ articles/sacramento-utility-launch-concentrating-solar-power- natural-gas-project. ENDNOTES 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS – CSP