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143 01 RENEWABLES 2014 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 8 Sven Teske, Greenpeace International, personal communication with REN21, 13 January 2014. 9 Eurostat, “Renewable Energy in the EU28 – Share of Renewables in Energy Consumption Up to 14% in 2012,” press release (Brussels: 10 March 2014), http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ ITY_PUBLIC/8-10032014-AP/EN/8-10032014-AP-EN.PDF. 10 Energy subsidies cause inefficient energy use and hinder investment, from World Economic Forum, The Global Energy Architecture Performance Index Report 2014 (Geneva: December 2013), p. 22, http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_EN_NEA_ Report_2014.pdf, and from International Monetary Fund (IMF), “Reforming Energy Subsidies Summary Note,” 2013, http://www. imf.org/external/np/fad/subsidies/pdf/note.pdf. 11 Estimate of USD 544 billion to fossil fuels and USD 101 billion to renewables in 2012, from IEA, “World Energy Outlook 2013 Factsheet,” http://www.iea.org/media/files/WEO2013_factsheets. pdf, viewed 23 March 2014; according to the IMF, subsidies are USD 1.9 trillion if considering total post-tax subsidies, per IMF, op. cit. note 10. 12 In Latin America, for example, wind power projects are being delayed due to lack of grid infrastructure, per Gonzalo Bravo, Fundación Bariloche, personal communication with REN21, 14 January 2014; grid connection is a problem in Brazil, per “Energia Eólica: A Culpa da Chesf,” Diário do Nordeste, 25 February 2014, http://www.portalabeeolica.org.br/index.php/noticias/1612- energia-eólica-a-culpa-da-chesf.html (using Google Translate); in Colombia, the cost of transmission lines required to move wind power from the areas with greatest potential (in La Guajira) is a main barrier for wind power development, as is variability of the wind resource, per Javier Eduardo Rodriguez, UPME – Colombian Mining and Energy Planning Unit, personal communication with REN21, 15 April 2014; grid-connection remains a major challenge for offshore wind, particularly off Germany’s coast, where 43% of the turbines installed in 2013 (or nearly 395 MW) lacked grid connection by year’s end, per B. Neddermann, “German Offshore Market Growing Despite Problems with Grid Connection,” DEWI Magazin, February 2014, p. 55, http://www.dewi.de/dewi/fileadmin/pdf/publications/ Magazin_44/09.pdf; curtailment and inability to integrate in several countries, including China and India, from Shruti Shukla, GWEC, personal communication with REN21, 19 March 2014. 13 Masson, op. cit. note 1; PV Grid, Initial Project Report, July 2013, http://www.pvgrid.eu/fileadmin/PV_GRID_INITIAL_REPORT_ version2.1_July_2013.pdf; PV Grid, Prioritisation of Technical Solutions Available for the Integration of PV into the Distribution Grid, 26 June 2013, http://www.pvgrid.eu/fileadmin/130626_PVGRID_ D3_1_Final.pdf; IEA, World Energy Outlook 2013, op. cit. note 1, p. 213; C. Mitchell et al., “Policy, Financing and Implementation,” Chapter 11 in Edenhofer et al., eds., op. cit. note 1, p. 925; R. Sims et al., “Integration of Renewable Energy into Present and Future Energy Systems,” Chapter 8 in idem. 14 Paolo Frankl, IEA, personal communication with REN21, 6 March 2014. 15 See, for example, Stephen Jewkes, “Enel Green Power Looks to Africa, Latin America for Growth,” Reuters, 7 November 2013, http://planetark.org/wen/70282. See also all other sections of this report. 16 Frankfurt School–United Nations Environment Programme Collaborating Centre for Climate & Sustainable Energy Finance (FS-UNEP Centre) and Bloomberg New Energy Finance (BNEF), Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment 2014 (Frankfurt: 2014); James Montgomery, “Third-Party Residential Solar Surging in California; Nearly a Billion-Dollar Business,” Renewable Energy World, 15 February 2013, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/ rea/news/article/2013/02/third-party-residential-solar-surging-in- california-nearly-a-billion-dollar-business; Scott Sklar, Stella Group, personal communication with REN21, 20 February 2013; Rainer Hinrichs-Rahlwes, German Renewable Energies Federation (BEE), personal communication with REN21, 2 May 2014. 17 SE4ALL, http://www.se4all.org/, viewed April 2014; IEA, World Energy Outlook 2013, op. cit. note 1, p. 197; Mitchell et al., op. cit. note 13, pp. 878–80. 18 See, for example, Mitchell et al., op. cit. note 13, p. 879; accelerating economic development in rural and remote areas is emerging as a major driver for renewables in developing countries, from Shirish Garud, The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), personal communication with REN21, 15 April 2014; job creation potential is becoming increasingly important in justifying public investments in renewable energy, per David A. Quansah, The Energy Center, Knust, Ghana, personal communication with REN21, 15 April 2014. 19 Business opportunities from International Finance Corporation (IFC), From Gap to Opportunity: Business Models for Scaling Up Energy Access (Washington, DC: 2012), http://www1.ifc.org/ wps/wcm/connect/b7ce4c804b5d10c58d90cfbbd578891b/ ExecutiveSummary.pdf?MOD=AJPERES; new business models for all types of technologies from M. Wiemann, Alliance for Renewable Energy, personal communication with REN21, 16 April 2014. 20 Frankl, op. cit. note 14; Bravo, op. cit. note 12. Sidebar 2 from the following sources: “90% Renewable Electricity by 2015 Is Uruguay’s Goal,” Clean Technica, 1 January 2013, http:// cleantechnica.com/2013/01/08/90-renewable-electricity- by-2015-is-uruguays-goal/; Grenada from IRENA, Renewable Readiness Assessment Grenada (Abu Dhabi: 2012), https://www. irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/Grenada_RRA. pdf, and from REN21 database; regional renewable energy shares from Multilateral Investment Fund (MIF), Climatescope 2013 (Washington, DC: 2013), http://www.iadb.org/intal/ intalcdi/PE/2013/13205en.pdf; hydrological vulnerability from Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), Rethinking Our Energy Future (Washington, DC: June 2013), http:// www.iadb.org/en/publications/publication-detail,7101. html?dctype=All&dclanguage=en&id=69434; IEA, World Energy Outlook 2013, op. cit. note 1; reducing fossil fuel reliance from Caribbean Community and Common Market, Energy Policy (Georgetown, Guyana: March 2013), www.caricom.org/jsp/ community_organs/energy_programme/CARICOM_energy_ policy_march_2013.pdf; electrification rates (average global electrification rate is 82%) from IEA, World Energy Outlook 2013, op. cit. note 1; solar and geothermal potential based on technically feasible potential, per Monique Hoogwijk and Wina Graus, Global Potential of Renewable Energy Sources (London: ECOFYS, March 2008), http://www.ecofys.com/files/files/report_global_potential_ of_renewable_energy_sources_a_literature_assessment.pdf; wind resources from IDB, op. cit. this note; non-hydro renewable potential assumes current electricity consumption of 1.3 petawatt- hour (PWh) (1 trillion kWh) and a regional non-hydro technical potential of over 80 PWh, per idem; geothermal capacity from idem; solar PV market from EPIA, Global Market Outlook for Photovoltaics until 2016 (Brussels: 2012), http://large.stanford.edu/ B7E2C175-E70B-491E-B969-D77E62985EFE/FinalDownload/ DownloadId-A574F187CAFD51815145012048BC7166/ B7E2C175-E70B-491E-B969-D77E62985EFE/courses/2012/ ph240/vidaurre1/docs/masson.pdf; solar thermal collectors from Franz Mauthner and Werner Weiss, Solar Heat Worldwide (Paris: IEA, 2013), http://www.iea-shc.org/solar-heat-worldwide; Chile from Abengoa Solar, “Industrial installation of concentrating solar power in Chile,” http://www.abengoasolar.com/web/en/ nuestras_plantas/plantas_para_terceros/chile/index.html; Jamaica from Annabel Homer, “Agricultural drying Jamaica uses innovative solar alternative and renewable energy technologies,” 21 August 2013, http://www.gvepinternational.org/en/business/ news/agricultural-drying-jamaica-uses-innovative-solar-alternative- and-renewable-energy-tec; Peru from Andina “Inauguran 40 secadores solares para la poscosecha de café en Satipo, Junín,” 1 November 2013, http://www.andina.com.pe/espanol/noticia- inauguran-40-secadores-solares-para-poscosecha-cafe-satipo- junin-480812.aspx; Mexico from Adrián Vidal Santo et al., “Diseño y construcción de un secador solar portátil,” Congreso Internacional de Investigacion, vol. 4, no. 2 (2012), http://www.uv.mx/personal/ avidal/files/2013/06/Secador-Solar.pdf; urbanisation from IDB Emerging and Sustainable Cities Initiative, “What Do We Do?” http://www.iadb.org/en/topics/emerging-and-sustainable-cities/ responding-to-urban-development-challenges-in-emerging- cities,6690.html, viewed February 2014; biofuel promotion from IDB, Low Carbon Technologies Can Transform Latin America’s Bus Fleets (Washington, DC: 25 April 2013), http://idbdocs.iadb. org/wsdocs/getdocument.aspx?docnum=37907926; Brazil’s biofuel share from Energy and Mines Ministry, Empresa de Pesquisa Energetica, Brazil Energy Balance 2013 (Brasilia: 2013), https://ben.epe.gov.br/downloads/S%C3%ADntese%20do%20 Relat%C3%B3rio%20Final_2013_Web.pdf; regional biofuel leaders from MIF, op. cit. this note; renewable support measures from Bravo, op. cit. note 12; El Salvador issued tenders for 100 MW of wind and solar power, per BNEF, “El Salvador Solicits Bids for 100 Megawatts of Wind, Solar Power,” 2 October 2013, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-10-02/el-salvador- solicits-bids-for-100-megawatts-of-wind-solar-power.html; Peru issued tenders for 240 MW of hydropower, per “Perú adjudica 19 proyectos generación hidroeléctrica con recursos renovables,”