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194 ENDNOTES 04 POLICY LANDSCAPE World, 30 June 2013, http://solarthermalworld.org/content/ india-national-incentive-programme-reduces-grants. 131 “Ukraine aims to lift bioethanol output by 6-fold,” Xinhua, 1 April 2013, http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/business/2013- 04/01/c_132277395.htm; Meghan Sapp, ”Ukraine set to supply 2014 E5 entirely from domestic production,” Biofuels Digest, 30 October 2013, http://www.biofuelsdigest.com/ bdigest/2013/10/30/ukraine-set-to-supply-2014-e5-entirely- from-domestic-production/; Meghan Sapp, “Ecuador to begin B5 blend in May,” Biofuels Digest, 26 March 2013, http://www. biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2013/03/26/ecuador-to-begin- b5-blend-in-may/; Panama from Jim Lane, “Biofuels Mandates Around the World: 2014.” Biofuels Digest, 31 December 2013, http://www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2013/12/31/ biofuels-mandates-around-the-world-2014/. 132 Meghan Sapp, “India’s ethanol mandate slowed down further by hitches at OMCs,” Biofuels Digest, 3 October 2013, http:// www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2013/10/03/indias-ethanol- mandate-slowed-down-further-by-hitches-at-omcs/; Esther Ng, ”Analysis: Malaysia’s expanded B5 biodiesel mandate too late for some producers,” Platts, 21 August 2013, http:// www.platts.com/latest-news/agriculture/singapore/analysis- malaysias-expanded-b5-biodiesel-mandate-26202623; Isabel Lane, “Philippines raises biofuel blend mandate to 5%,” Biofuels Digest, 15 July 2013, http://www.biofuelsdigest. com/bdigest/2013/07/15/philippines-raises-biofuel-blend- mandate-to-5/; Meghan Sapp, “Philippines implementing long awaited E10 mandate on April 1,” Biofuels Digest, 26 March 2013, http://www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2013/03/26/ philippines-implementing-long-awaited-e10-mandate-on-april-1/. 133 Meghan Sapp, “Argentina to boost to B10 on June 1,” Biofuels Digest, 17 April 2013, http://www.biofuelsdigest.com/ bdigest/2013/04/17/argentina-to-boost-to-b10-on-june-1/; “Brazil to raise ethanol mix in gasoline to 25% from 20% May 1,” Platts, 1 March 2013, http://www.platts.com/latest-news/oil/riodejaneiro/ brazil-to-raise-ethanol-mix-in-gasoline-to-25-8194390; Stephan Nielsen and Mario Sergio Lima, “Brazil Government Weighs Mixing More Biodiesel with Diesel Fuel,” Bloomberg, 30 October 2013, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-10-30/brazil- government-weighs-mixing-more-biodiesel-with-diesel-fuel.html. 134 Meghan Sapp, “Zimbabwe heads for higher blends with E15 and sights on E20 for 2014,” Biofuels Digest, 3 December 2013, http:// www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2013/12/03/zimbabwe-heads- for-higher-blends-with-e15-and-sights-on-e20-for-2014/. 135 All Africa, “South Africa: Nation to Blend Biofuels From 2015,“ 1 October 2013, http://allafrica.com/stories/201310011284.html. 136 The reduction of the RFS comes in response to industry pressure and an Environmental Protection Agency warning over its feasibility with the current fuel mix. The EPA reported that the approaching “blend wall,” the level at which the RFS could not be met by the current renewable fuel mix being used in the United States (predominantly E10), could necessitate reducing the current RFS target. Timothy Gardner, “In win for Big Oil, U.S. proposes biofuel mandate cut,” Reuters, 18 November 2013, http://planetark.org/wen/70402; David Ripplinger, “What is the long-term impact of the RFS cut?” AG Week, 9 December 2013, http://www.agweek.com/event/article/id/22237/. 137 Jim Lane, “Florida repeals E10 ethanol mandate,” Biofuels Digest, 3 June 2013, http://www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2013/06/03/ florida-repeals-e10-ethanol-mandate/; Isabel Lane, “Maine approves ethanol blend ban,” Biofuels Digest, 13 May 2013, http://www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2013/05/13/ maine-approves-ethanol-blend-ban/. 138 Erin Voegele, “European Parliament votes to cap crop-based biofuels,” Ethanol Producer, 11 September 2013, http://www.ethanolproducer.com/articles/10226/ european-parliament-votes-to-cap-crop-based-biofuels. 139 “Updated 2-Brazil throws troubled ethanol industry tax breaks, credit,” Reuters, 23 April 2013, http://uk.reuters.com/ article/2013/04/23/brazil-ethanol-taxes-idUKL2N0DA1E3201304 23?rpc=401&feedType=RSS&feedName=mnaNewsFinancialServ icesAndRealEstate&rpc=401. 140 Poland from Eclareon, Monthly Progress Update: Part of the project “Assessment of climate change policies in the context of the EU Semester” (Brussels: European Commission, 5 November 2013), http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/g-gas/progress/ docs/progress_201310_en.pdf; Jim Lane, “US DOE invests $22M in algae biofuels accelerators,“ Biofuels Digest, 2 August 2013, http://www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2013/08/02/ us-doe-invests-22m-in-algae-biofuels-accelerators/. 141 Judy Hua, “UPDATE 1-China levies consumption tax on biodiesel, kerosene imports,” Reuters, 2 January 2014, http://www.reuters. com/article/2014/01/02/china-fuel-tax-idUSL3N0KC0MM20140102. 142 Colum Murphy, “China Hopes Cities Can Help Boost Electric Car Sales,“ Wall Street Journal, 27 October 2013, http://blogs.wsj.com/ chinarealtime/2013/11/27/china-hopes-cities-can-help-boost- electric-car-sales/; India from Sharish Garud, The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), personal communication with REN21, 25 January 2014; Romania from Eclareon, Monthly Progress Update: Part of the project “Assessment of climate change policies in the context of the EU Semester“ (Brussels: European Commission, 5 November 2013), http://ec.europa.eu/clima/ policies/g-gas/progress/docs/progress_201310_en.pdf; South Africa from Jonathan Skeen, REN21, personal communication with REN21, 1 January 2014; Government of the United Kingdom, “Guidance: Plugged-in Places,” https://www.gov.uk/government/ publications/plugged-in-places. 143 Jan Burck, Germanwatch, personal communication with REN21, 9 December 2013. 144 “State agencies get B4bn in solar panel assistance,” Bangkok Post, 5 December 2013, http://www.bangkokpost.com/business/ news/383269/state-agencies-get-b4bn-in-solar-panel-assistance. 145 GTM Research, PV News, January 2014. 146 For example, see Philipp Schönberger, Municipalities as Key Actors of German Renewable Energy Governance: An Analysis of Opportunities, Obstacles, and Multi-Level Influences, Wuppertal Paper No. 186 (Wuppertal, Germany: January 2013), http:// epub.wupperinst.org/frontdoor/index/index/docId/4676; Gino Van Begin, “Look to cities for real climate action!” Outreach Magazine, http://www.stakeholderforum.org/sf/outreach/index. php/previous-editions/cop-19/198-cop-19-day-9-cities-urban- governance-and-transport/11626-look-to-cities-for-real-climate- action; World Future Council, “Going Global with 100% Renewable Energy,” October 2013, http://power-to-the-people.net/2013/10/ going-global-with-100-renewable-energy/. 147 Kuna, “India to develop 60 Solar Cities,” https://www.kuna.net.kw/ ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2350114&language=en. 148 Go 100% Renewable Energy, “Energy City Frederikshavn—100% Renewable Energy Goal: 100% Renewable Electricity, Heat and Transportation by 2015,” interview with Poul Rask Nielsen, http:// www.go100percent.org/cms/?id=109, viewed December 2013. 149 Go 100% Renewable Energy, “Latest News from North America,” http://www.go100percent.org/cms/index.php?id=121, viewed January 2013. 150 World Future Council, From Vision to Action: A Workshop Report on 100% Renewable Energies in European Regions (Hamburg: March 2013), pp. 36–37, www.worldfuturecouncil.org/fileadmin/ user_upload/Climate_and_Energy/From_Vision_to_Action_ Policy_Recommendations_for_100__RE_in_European_Regions. pdf; U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, “Clean Energy Policy Analyses: Analysis of the Status and Impact of Clean Energy Policies at the Local Level” (Golden, CO: December 2010), www. nrel.gov/tech_deployment/state_local_activities/status_impact. html. 151 The Climate Institute, “China launching two more carbon markets,” November 2013, http://www.climateinstitute.org.au/articles/ media-briefs/china-launching-two-more-carbon-markets. html; World Resources Institute, China FAQs, “Emissions Trading in China: First Reports from the Field,” January 2014, http://www.chinafaqs.org/blog-posts/why-does-china- want-carbon-trading; Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, “A New Focus for U.S.-China Cooperation: Low-Carbon Cities,” July 2013, http://carnegieendowment.org/2013/07/24/ new-focus-for-u.s.-china-cooperation-low-carbon-cities/ggf3. 152 IEA, Cities, Towns and Renewable Energy – YIMFY (Paris: IEA/ OECD, 2009), http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/ publication/Cities2009-1.pdf. 153 “UK DECC announces £10 million fund for urban community energy,” AltEnergy Mag, January 2014, http://www.altenergymag. com/news/2014/01/27/decc-announces-pound10-million-fund- for-urban-community-energy/32109. 154 Nick Harrison, “Is It Time to Devolve Climate Change Policy Making?” Responding to Climate Change, 2 September 2013, http://www.rtcc.org/2013/09/02/is-it-time-to-devolve-climate- change-policy-making/#sthash.WoxO7fvO.dpufLocal.