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149 01 RENEWABLES 2014 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 180947705/?all. See also section on Distributed Renewable Energy in Developing Countries. 78 IEA, World Energy Outlook 2013, op. cit. note 1, p. 207. 79 Small but gradually rising share from IEA, Medium-Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2013, op. cit. note 1; modern renewables met 8% of global demand for heat in 2011, per IEA, World Energy Outlook 2013, op. cit. note 1, p. 207; the portion of modern renewable energy in total final heat demand “is currently above 10%,” per idem, p. 199. 80 IEA, Medium-Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2013, op. cit. note 1, pp. 217–18. 81 Ibid. 82 Ibid. 83 IEA-Renewable Energy Technology Deployment (IEA-RETD), Renewables for Heating and Cooling – Untapped Potential (Paris: OECD/Paris, 2007); about 90% based on 12.8 EJ of heat from modern biomass out of a total 13.8 EJ in 2010, from IEA, Medium- Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2013, op. cit. note 1, p. 217, and considering rapid growth of solar thermal heating in recent years, from an estimated 0.7 EJ in 2010, from idem, to 1.01 EJ in 2013, from Mauthner, op. cit. note 1, and on Mauthner and Weiss, op. cit. note 1. 84 See relevant sections and endnotes in Market and Industry Trends for more details and sources. 85 Based on data from IEA, World Energy Outlook 2011 (Paris: OECD/ IEA, 2011), and IEA, World Energy Outlook 2013, op. cit. note 1. See also Bioenergy section in Market and Industry Trends. 86 Heinz Kopetz, World Bioenergy Association, personal communication with REN21, 13 January 2014. 87 Ibid. 88 IEA, Medium-Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2013, op. cit. note 1, pp. 222–24; European Biogas Association, “Six National Biomethane Registries Are Developing the Foundation for Cross- border Biomethane Trade in Europe,” press release (Brussels: 25 November 2013), http://european-biogas.eu/wp-content/uploads/ files/2013/11/2013.11.25_ggg_press-release_biomethane- registries.pdf; particularly in Germany, biogas is being blended with natural gas, from D. Loy, Loy Energy Consulting, Germany, personal communication with REN21, 15 April 2014. See also Bioenergy section of this report. 89 IEA, World Energy Outlook 2013, op. cit. note 1, Chapter 6. 90 IEA, Medium-Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2013, op. cit. note 1. See, also, Bioenergy and Distributed Renewable Energy sections in this report. 91 Based on data from Mauthner, op. cit. note 1, and on Mauthner and Weiss, op. cit. note 1. 92 Ibid. 93 Solar heaters cost an estimated 3.5 times less than electric water heaters and 2.6 less than gas heaters over the system lifetime, according to Chinese Solar Thermal Industry Federation, cited in Bärbel Epp, “Solar Thermal Competition Heats Up in China,” Renewable Energy World, 10 September 2012, http:// www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2012/09/ solar-thermal-competition-heats-up-in-china. 94 Solar District Heating, Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of the European Union, “Solar District Heating,” viewed 6 March 2014, http://www.solar-district-heating.eu/SDH.aspx; Jan-Olof Dalenbäck, “An Emerging Option: Solar District Heating and Cooling,” Euro Heat & Power, Vol. 10, No. (2013), pp. 26–29; Jan-Olof Dalenbäck, Chalmers University of Technology and Solar District Heating (SDH), personal communication with REN21, 12 April 2014; Solar Heat for Industrial Processes—SHIP Database, IEA-SHC Task 49/IV, http://ship-plants.info/projects, viewed 10 April 2014; Eva Augsten, “The world of solar process heat,” Sun & Wind Energy, March 2014, pp. 36–45; Uli Jacob, Green Chiller, “Status and Perspective of Solar Cooling in Europe,” Australian Solar Cooling 2013 Conference, Sydney, Australia, April 2013. 95 See, for example, Lund, Freeston, and Boyd, op. cit. note 1. 96 See, for example, Bundesverband Geothermie, “The Altheim Rankine Cycle Turbogenerator,” www.geothermie.de/wissenswelt/ archiv/englisch/the-altheim-rankine-cycle-turbogenerator.html; also see Geothermal Power and Heat section of this report. 97 Burkhard Sanner et al., Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda for Renewable Heating & Cooling (Luxemburg: European Commission, European Technology Platform on Renewable Heating and Cooling (ETP-RHC), 2013), p. 30, http://www.rhc-platform.org/ fileadmin/user_upload/members/Downloads/RHC_SRA_epo_ final_lowres.pdf. For hybrid systems, see, for example, Stephanie Banse, “Thailand: Government Continues Subsidy Programme in 2013,” Solar Thermal World, 15 February 2013, http:// solarthermalworld.org/content/thailand-government-continues- subsidy-programme-2013; and “Solar + Heat Pump Systems,” Solar Update (IEA Solar Heating and Cooling Programme), January 2013. 98 Thomas Nowak, European Heat Pump Association (EHPA), personal communication with REN21, 16 April 2014. 99 Ibid. 100 Less attention from policymakers and the heat market is more fragmented and diverse than the electricity market, for example, Frankl, op. cit. note 14. 101 Economic feasibility of delivering renewable heat at competitive prices (relative to relevant alternatives) is “limited due to the unfair competition from fossil energy and high upfront investment cost,” from Sanner et al., op. cit. note 97; also from Nowak, op. cit. note 98. 102 Dong Energy, “Green Heat to the Greater Copenhagen Area,” press release (Fredericia, Denmark: 8 April 2013), http://www. dongenergy.com/EN/Investor/releases/Pages/omx%20feed%20 list%20details.aspx?omxid=678722; UN ESCAP, “Low Carbon Green Growth Roadmap for Asia and the Pacific…,” op. cit. note 71; U.K. from Dave Elliott, “Green Energy Retailing,” Environmental Research Web, 28 April 2012, http://environmentalresearchweb. org/blog/2012/04/; Bullfrog Power in Canada provides green natural gas to the nation’s natural gas pipeline for household and other purposes, from Bullfrog Power, “Green Natural Gas: Simple. Affordable. Climate Friendly,” http://www.bullfrogpower.com/ greenenergy/greennaturalgas.cfm. 103 Danish Ministry of Climate, Energy and Building, “Danish Energy Agreement,” 22 March 2012, http://www.kebmin.dk/sites/kebmin. dk/files/climate-energy-and-building-policy/denmark/energy- agreements/FAKTA%20UK%201.pdf; Denmark targets from Danish Energy Agency, “Danish Climate and Energy Policy,” http://www. ens.dk/en/policy/danish-climate-energy-policy, viewed 12 May 2014, and Danish Ministry of Climate, Energy and Building, “Energy Policy Report 2013,” Ministry Report to the Danish Parliament, 24 April 2013, http://www.ens.dk/sites/ens.dk/files/policy/ danish-climate-energy-policy/dkenergypolicyreport2013_final. pdf; U.K. Government, “Policy: Increasing the Use of Low-Carbon Technologies—Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI),” updated 9 April 2014, https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/increasing-the-use- of-low-carbon-technologies/supporting-pages/renewable-heat- incentive-rhi; European Parliament, “All New Buildings to Be Zero Energy from 2019,” 31 March 2009, http://www.europarl.europa. eu/sides/getDoc.do?language=en&type=IM-PRESS&reference=20 090330IPR52892. 104 Data from REN21 database compiled from all available policy references plus submissions from report contributors. For online updates, see the “Renewables Interactive Map” at http://www. ren21.net. See also Reference Table R14. 105 District systems from Jan-Olof Dalenbäck and Sven Werner, CIT Energy Management AB, Market for Solar District Heating, supported by Intelligent Energy Europe (Gothenburg, Sweden: September 2011, revised July 2012), http://solarthermalworld. org/sites/gstec/files/story/2013-05-21/sw_solar_markets.pdf; Jan-Olof Dalenbäck, “An Emerging Option: Solar District Heating and Cooling,” Euro Heat & Power, vol. 10, no. III (2013), pp. 26–29; Jan-Olof Dalenbäck, Chalmers University of Technology and Solar District Heating (SDH), personal communication with REN21, 12 April 2014; Miklos Antics, Ruggero Bertani, and Burkhard Sanner, “Summary of EGC 2013 Country Update Reports on Geothermal Energy in Europe,” presented at European Geothermal Congress, Pisa, Italy, 3–7 June 2013; building renovation from Nowak, op. cit. note 98; industrial processes from Mauthner, op. cit. note 1; Jacob, op. cit. note 94; Solar Heat for Industrial Processes—SHIP Database, IEA-SHC Task 49/IV, http://ship-plants.info/projects, viewed 10 April 2014. See also Bioenergy and Geothermal sections of this report. 106 Euroheat & Power, District Heating and Cooling Country-by-Country 2013 Survey (Brussels: 2013). European countries include Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, and Switzerland, from idem. Italy, for example, has 317 municipalities with district heating plants that use renewable energy sources, including biomass and geothermal, from “Legambiente presenta Comuni Rinnovabili