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176 at/en/news-archive/2013/152-commissioning-of-s-o-l-i-d-s-first- solar-cooling-plant-in-jamaica. 52 IEA, op. cit. note 51, p. 11. Several hundred small cooling kits were sold in Australia, Mediterranean islands, and the Middle East in 2011. 53 Daniel Rowe, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australia, personal communication with REN21, 29 April 2013. 54 Mauthner, op. cit. note 1. See also, for example, Uli Jacob, Green Chiller, “Status and Perspective of Solar Cooling in Europe,” Australian Solar Cooling 2013 Conference, Sydney, Australia, April 2013. 55 Eva Augsten, “The world of solar process heat,” Sun & Wind Energy, March 2014, pp. 36–45. 56 The 27.5 MWth (39,300 m2 of collector area) system is combined with 4,000 m3 of heat storage to provide heat for the remote Gaby mine of the state-owned company Codelco, per Bärbel Epp, “Chile: President Inaugurates World’s Largest Solar Field with 27.5 MWth,” Solar Thermal World, 13 November 2013, http:// solarthermalworld.org/content/chile-president-inaugurates- worlds-largest-solar-field-275-mwth. This field is 8% larger than the Saudi Arabian plant inaugurated at the end of 2011 to supply heat to a women’s university, per Eva Augsten, "Saudi Arabia: World's Biggest Solar Thermal Plant in Operation," Solar Thermal World, 26 January 2012, http://solarthermalworld.org/content/ saudi-arabia-worlds-biggest-solar-thermal-plant-operation. 57 Solar Heat for Industrial Processes—SHIP Database, IEA-SHC Task 49/IV, http://ship-plants.info/projects, viewed 10 April 2014. 58 Jaideep Malaviya, “India: Pilgrim Sites Use Solar Energy,” Solar Thermal World, 31 May 2013, http://solarthermalworld.org/ content/india-pilgrim-sites-use-solar-energy. At least a dozen large religious sites in India use concentrating solar thermal for community cooking; the largest (Saibaba Ashram in Shirdi, Maharashtra State) uses solar thermal concentrators (parabolic dishes) to cook for 50,000 people per day, saving 100,000 kilograms of LPG annually, from idem. By late 2013, at least 23 additional systems were under development in India, primarily to replace conventional boilers and generate steam for cooking, per Eva Augsten, “India: Quarterly Sun Focus Magazine Presents Concentrating Solar Heat,” Solar Thermal World, 19 September 2013, http://solarthermalworld.org/content/india-quarterly-sun- focus-magazine-presents-concentrating-solar-heat. 59 Rapid expansion and fuel prices, and an estimated 11,600 m2 of solar concentrators installed during 2012, with a cumulative area of 28,000 m2 by year’s end, all from Jaideep Malaviya, Malaviya Solar Energy Consultancy, interview with Franz Mauthner, information provided by Mauthner, op. cit. note 1. The figure of 40 MWth is based on a collector area of 28,000 m2 and the conversion factor of 0.7 kWth/m2 . Note that there is no agreed- upon standard conversion factor for solar concentrators, and an expert group of the IEA-SHC Task 49 is currently dealing with this topic. However, for now the conversion with 0.7 is considered acceptable, per Mauthner, op. cit. note 1. Note that India has 7,967 m² of solar concentrator systems for solar cooling, and a total of 27,972 m² of solar concentrator-based systems for industrial applications, from Shirish Garud, The Energy and Resources Institute, personal communication with REN21, 16 April 2014. 60 See, for example, Eva Augsten, “Germany: Solar Process Heat Support Shows First Results,” Solar Thermal World, 22 January 2013, http://solarthermalworld.org/content/germany- solar-process-heat-support-shows-first-results; Eva Augsten, “Germany: Solar Process Heat Cheaper than Fossil-Fuel Heat, but Outperformed by CHP,” Solar Thermal World, 4 December 2013, http://solarthermalworld.org/content/germany-solar- process-heat-cheaper-fossil-fuel-heat-outperformed-chp; Stephanie Banse, “Austria: Large-Scale Solar Plants Subsidy Scheme Shows Increase in Average System Sizes,” Solar Thermal World, 3 January 2014, http://solarthermalworld.org/content/ austria-large-scale-solar-plants-subsidy-scheme-shows-increase- average-system-sizes; Frank Stier, “Denmark: Launch of Subsidy Scheme for the Industrial Sector,” Solar Thermal World, 26 September 2013, http://solarthermalworld.org/content/denmark- launch-subsidy-scheme-industrial-sector; Jaideep Malaviya, “India: 90 Process Heat Projects with Concentrating Collectors in Five Years,” Solar Thermal World, 11 June 2012, http:// solarthermalworld.org/content/india-90-process-heat-projects- concentrating-collectors-five-years. 61 Interest growing from, for example, Vladislava Adamenkova, “Russia: 2014 – Year of Change and Growth,” Solar Thermal World, 22 January 2014, http://solarthermalworld.org/ content/russia-2014-year-change-and-growth; Observatoire Méditerranéen de l’Energie (OME), Solar Thermal in the Mediterranean Region: Market Assessment Report (Nanterre, France: September 2012), pp. 40–41, 74–75, http://www. b2match.eu/system/stworkshop2013/files/Market_Assessment_ Report_II.pdf; Bärbel Epp, “Tunisia Funds Solar Process Heat,” Solar Thermal World, 7 October 2013, http://solarthermalworld. org/content/tunisia-funds-solar-process-heat; Emily Hois, “US Ranchers Roundup the Power of the Sun,” Renewable Energy World, 16 July 2013, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/ blog/post/2013/07/ranchers-roundup-the-power-of-the-sun; 1% from Mauthner and Weiss, op. cit. note 10, p. 3. 62 European Commission, op. cit. note 13. Note that the Hyatt Regency in Aruba uses solar thermal to provide its guests with pure drinking water, from SOLID, “S.O.L.I.D. Installed a Large Solar Plant at the Hyatt Regency in Aruba,” press release (Graz, Austria: 2013), http://www.solid.at/en/news-archive/2013/169-s-o-l-i- d-installed-a-large-solar-plant-at-the-hyatt-regency-in-aruba; and solar thermal is being used in Oman, where it is cheaper than natural gas for powering oil recovery projects, from Wael Mahdi, “Solar Beats Natural Gas to Unlock Middle East’s Heavy Oil, Says GlassPoint Solar,” Bloomberg, 20 January 2014, http:// www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2014/01/ solar-beats-natural-gas-to-unlock-middle-easts-heavy-oil- says-glassdoor-solar; a pilot “tri-generation” project in Jordan, operational since 2011, uses a parabolic trough system for electricity generation, industrial steam generation, and water desalination and chilling, per Rayer Ltd., “State of the Art Tri-Generation Project,” http://www.rayer.co.uk/tri-generation- project, viewed 3 May 2014. 63 Production data from Solar Alliance Network, http://www.21tyn. com/news/echo.php?id=31269.htm (in Chinese), cited in Bärbel Epp, “China: Flat Plate Collector Share is Growing,” Solar Thermal World, 1 July 2013, http://solarthermalworld.org/content/ china-flat-plate-collector-share-growing. 64 Epp, op. cit. note 8. China’s exports were up 20% between 2010 and 2012. 65 Poland from Czekanski, op. cit. note 40; Turkey from A. Hakan Alaş, ezinc, interview with Bärbel Epp, “Turkey: Vacuum Tubes on the Rise,” Solar Thermal World, 23 April 2012, http://solarthermalworld.org/content/turkey-vacuum- tubes-rise; India from Jaideep Malaviya, “India: Flat Plate vs Vacuum Tube Technology,” Solar Thermal World, 19 November 2012, http://solarthermalworld.org/content/ india-flat-plate-vs-vacuum-tube-technology. 66 For example, the Austrian Greiner Group announced in mid-June 2013 the closure of the former Sun Master collector production plant, and the Danish Velux Group announced the phase out of its production and sale of solar collector systems in September 2013, per Bärbel Epp and Eva Augsten, “The seven year itch,” Sun & Wind Energy, November–December 2013, pp. 32–45. 67 Bärbel Epp, “Germany: Management Buyout of Schüco’s Collector Production,” Solar Thermal World, 14 March 2013, http:// solarthermalworld.org/content/germany-management-buyout- schucos-collector-production; Bärbel Epp, “Austria/Europe: General Solar Systems and Sonnenkraft Management Buyout,” Solar Thermal World, 27 February 2014, http://solarthermalworld. org/content/austriaeurope-general-solar-systems-and- sonnenkraft-management-buyout. 68 From the 12 collector manufacturers in the Czech Republic in 2007, seven have since left the solar thermal sector or plan to close in the coming months, per Bärbel Epp, personal communication with REN21, 4 March 2014. 69 Foreign markets from Alejandro Diego Rosell, “Spain: ‘Most of these companies will survive thanks to internationalisation’,” Solar Thermal World, 16 December 2013, http://solarthermalworld. org/content/spain-most-these-companies-will-survive-thanks- internationalisation; local partnerships and investments from Welling, op. cit. note 15. For example, boiler manufacturer Bosch Thermotechnik (Germany) operated solar production facilities in five locations on four continents by late 2012, from Epp and Augsten, op. cit. note 66. 70 Greencape, Green Cape Sector Development, Market Intelligence Report: Energy Efficiency & Embedded Generation, Cape Town, South Africa, January 2014, pp. 7–8. ENDNOTES 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS – SOLAR THERMAL HEATING AND COOLING