Please activate JavaScript!
Please install Adobe Flash Player, click here for download
ePaper created 2014-06-03, 15:03:20 | version 1.30.01
152 ENDNOTES 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS – BIOENERGY (solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels as well as electricity and heat), which are then consumed by end-users to provide useful energy services. Available datasets used to compile each component of Figure 5 had uncertainties in the region of +10% or more. Biomass CHP is included where possible under both electricity and heat categories. Losses that occur during a conversion process from the various “primary” biomass feedstocks to obtain useful heat, electricity, or liquid and gaseous biofuels vary with the process used. Figure of 116 billion litres from F.O. Licht, op. cit. this note, both sources. According to the IEA, primary biomass for power generation rose ~25% from 109 Mtoe in 2010 (IEA, World Energy Outlook, 2012, Annex A: World: New Policies Scenario, p. 552) to 136 Mtoe in 2011 (IEA, op. cit. note 1, Annex A: World: New Policies Scenario, p. 572). Global electricity generation from bioenergy increased from 331 TWh in 2010 (IEA, World Energy Outlook, 2012, Table 7.2, p. 216) to 424 TWh in 2011 (IEA, op. cit. note 1), and installed capacity rose 28% to reach 93 GW (IEA, op. cit. note 1, Annex A: World: New Policies Scenario, p. 574). For 2013, bio-power data are limited, preliminary, and uncertain, but based on country reports provided to REN21 for GSR 2014, it is assumed that the very high growth rate in global bio-power generation in 2011 shown by IEA data had not continued during 2012 and 2013 and reached 405 TWh by end-2013; 12.8 EJ final energy from modern bio-heat in 2011 (per IEA, Medium-Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2013, op. cit. note 6, p. 215) gives around 13 EJ in 2013, assuming 2.4% annual growth. The 60% efficiency level is conservative and was broadly estimated across all biofuel conversion processes from a range of biomass feedstocks; for example, conversion of ligno-cellulose to ethanol is typically around 35% efficient (per IEA, “From 1st to 2nd generation biofuel technologies – An overview of current industry and RD&D activities” (Paris: November 2008), http://www.iea.org/ publications/freepublications/publication/2nd_Biofuel_Gen.pdf), whereas 1 tonne of vegetable oil will produce around 1 tonne of biodiesel through the transesterification process (per University of Strathclyde Engineering Energy Systems Research Unit, “Biofuels and Transport – What is Biodiesel,” http://www.esru.strath. ac.uk/EandE/Web_sites/02-03/biofuels/what_biodiesel.htm, viewed 15 May 2014; preliminary estimates from IEA, Medium- Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2014 (Paris: OECD/IEA, forthcoming 2014). Conversion efficiencies vary with biomass feedstock, moisture content, plant scale, and conversion process (combustion, gasification, anaerobic digestion/combustion). Electrical energy of 30% of the primary energy contained in the biomass is assumed to be a rough estimate of conversion efficiency across all options. 9 Ibid.; EurObserv’ER, op. cit. note 8; A.J. Mathias and P.K. Balasankari, ”Trends in Biomass: Opportunities for Global Equipment Suppliers in Asia,” Renewable Energy World, 5 August 2010, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/ article/2010/08/trends-in-biomass-opportunities-for-global- equipment-suppliers-in-asia; IEA, Medium-Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2013, op. cit. note 6; F.O. Licht, op. cit. note 8, both sources. 10 European Biomass Association (AEBIOM), European Biomass Association Annual Report 2013 (Brussels: January 2013), http:// www.aebiom.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/2013-AEBIOM- Annual-Report1.pdf. Note that the European share of bioenergy was 6.5% of total end-use consumption, per IEA, op. cit. note 1. 11 For wood chip trade data, see P. Lamers et al., Global Wood Chip Trade for Energy (Paris: IEA Bioenergy Task 40, 2012). Wood chips and other biomass products are also traded for non-energy purposes, and these volumes need to be separated. See, for example: Robert Flynn, “RISI Viewpoint: Vietnam – no shortage of wood for the Asian woodchip markets!” RISI Wood Biomass Markets, 28 March 2014, http://www.woodbiomass. com/woodbiomass/news/Asia-Pacific/wood_products/RISI- VIEWPOINT-Vietnamu2014no-shortage-of-wood-for-the-Asian- woodchip-markets.html; RISI Wood Biomass Markets, “China drives demand for raw material to produce Bleached Hardwood Kraft Pulp (BHKP),” press release (Boston: 7 May 2014), http:// www.woodbiomass.com/woodbiomass/news/East-Europe/Wood- Pellets/China-woodchip-biomass-pulpwood.html; Robert Flynn, “RISI Viewpoint: India’s demand for log imports set to double over the next 10 years,” RISI Wood Biomass Markets, 7 February 2013, http://www.woodbiomass.com/woodbiomass/news/Middle-East/ wood_products/RISI-VIEWPOINT-Indias-demand-for-log-imports- set-to-double-over-the-next-10-years.html. 12 Informal trade from Patrick Lamers, Mountain View Research, personal communication with REN21, 24 March 2014. 13 Based on 300 PJ of solid biomass fuels (excluding charcoal) traded in 2010, from P. Lamers et al., “Developments in international solid biofuel trade - an analysis of volumes, policies, and market factors,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 16, no. 5 (2012), pp. 3176–99, and on 120–130 PJ of net trade in fuel ethanol and biodiesel in 2009, from P. Lamers et al., “International bioenergy trade – a review of past developments in the liquid biofuels market,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 15, no. 6 (2011), pp. 2655–76. 14 Based on 1,323 Mtoe of total primary bioenergy in 2013 (IEA, op. cit. note 1, stated that 1,300 Mtoe (54.7 EJ) of biomass was consumed globally in 2011, giving a growth rate of 1.8% from 1,277 Mtoe in 2010). The IEA World Energy Outlook (2008–2013 editions) shows that global primary biomass demand grew at an annual rate of around 2% during 2006–2011. Assuming that 1.8% annual growth rate continued, the estimated supply for 2013 is 1,323 Mtoe (56.6 EJ)).The 23.6 million tonnes of pellets produced in 2013 had an assumed energy content of 16 GJ/tonne. Note that pellet data are available, whereas data for the other solid biomass sources are very limited and therefore are not discussed to the same degree. 15 Calculation based on the following: 297 GWth of bioenergy heat plant capacity installed as of 2008, from Chum et al., op. cit. note 2; 270 GWth in 2009 from International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), “Global Energy Assessment – Toward a Sustainable Future,” Options Magazine (2012), pp. 16–21, http://www.iiasa.ac.at/web/home/resources/mediacenter/ FeatureArticles/Sustainable.en.html; annual growth of 1% is assumed in the absence of better data. Note that accurate heat data, including from bioenergy, are difficult to obtain as most capacity installations and output are not metered. Even if plant capacities are known, there is often no knowledge of whether a 1 MWth plant, for example, is used for 80 hours or 8,000 hours per year. 16 Share of 90% based on 2011 estimates of 13.9 EJ of global final energy use of renewable heat, of which 12.8 EJ came from modern biomass, from IEA, Medium-Term Renewable Energy Market Report, op. cit. note 6, p. 215. 17 Eurobserv’ER, Solid Biomass Barometer (Paris: December 2013), http://www.energies-renouvelables.org/observ-er/stat_baro/ observ/baro219_en.pdf. In IEA, op. cit. note 1, all forms of biomass provided 7.3% of European primary energy in 2011, compared with 7.1% in 2010. 18 Based on 102,530 GWh of heat from solid biomass, 500 GWh from liquid biomass, and 13,530 GWh from gaseous biomass in 2013, and a total of 112,667 in 2012, from Arbeitsgruppe Erneuerbare Energien-Statistik (AGEE-Stat), Erneuerbare Energien im Jahr 2013 (Berlin: Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie (BMWi), 2014, pp. 7, 15. 19 Svebio, “Bioenergy for heating – Bioheat,” http://www.svebio.se/ english/heating, viewed 15 May 2014. 20 RISI Wood Biomass Markets, “Wood was leading fuel for Finland’s district heating efforts in 2013,” press release (Helsinki: 21 January 2014), http://www.woodbiomass.com/woodbiomass/ news/East-Europe/Wood-Energy/Wood-fuel-Finland-district-heat. html. 21 “Eurobserv’ER Barometer: +5,4% energy from solid biomass in Europe in 2012,” op. cit. note 17. In IEA, op. cit. note 1, all forms of biomass provided 7.3% of European primary energy in 2011, compared with 7.1% in 2010. 22 B. Sanner, “Strategic research and innovation agenda for renewable heating & cooling,” (Luxembourg: March 2013), p. 30, http://www.rhc-platform.org/fileadmin/user_upload/members/ Downloads/RHC_SRA_epo_final_lowres.pdf. 23 Lamers, op. cit. note 12. 24 See, for example, Canadian Biomass, “P.E.I. Continues Commitment to Biomass Heating,” Canadian Biomass Magazine, 17 April 2014, http://www.canadianbiomassmagazine.ca/content/ view/4530/96; RISI Wood Biomass Markets, “National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) in Colorado Recognized by BTEC for its Wood-fired Heating System,” 19 July 2013, http://www. woodbiomass.com/woodbiomass/news/North-America/Wood- Energy/National-Renewable-Energy-Laboratory-NREL-Colorado- BTEC-wood-fired-heating-system.html. 25 RISI Wood Biomass Markets, “Rentech buys New England Wood Pellet,” 1 May 2014, http://www.woodbiomass.com/ woodbiomass/news/North-America/Wood-Pellets/Rentech-buys- New-England-Wood-Pellet.html.