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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW 150 2014…,” op. cit. note 75. 107 Sanner et al., op. cit. note 97, p. 32. 108 Balancing variable renewables from Rachana Raizada, “Renewables and District Heating: Eastern Europe Keeps in Warm,” Renewable Energy World, 13 September 2012, http://www. renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2012/09/renewables- and-district-heating; see also Peter Kelly-Detwiler, “Denmark: 1,000 Megawatts of Offshore Wind, And No Signs of Slowing Down,” Forbes, 26 March 2013. 109 Increasing reliability from Anna Leidreiter, Diane Moss, and Markus Groth, From Vision to Action: A Workshop Report on 100% Renewable Energies in European Regions (Hamburg: World Future Council, Nordic Folkecenter, and Climate Service Center at the Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, March 2013), p. 12, http://www. worldfuturecouncil.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Climate_and_ Energy/From_Vision_to_Action_Policy_Recommendations_ for_100__RE_in_European_Regions.pdf; cornerstone of energy policy from Nowak, op. cit. note 98. 110 China’s National Energy Administration issued a notice to relevant authorities in the provinces of Jilin, Hebei, Shanxi, Heilongjiang, Liaoning, and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region to start pilot tests, from Wu Hanxuan, “Intervention Necessary to Spread Wind Power Usage,” Global Times, 7 August 2013, http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/802300. shtml#.UiCT3yzD9aQ. 111 Sims et al., op. cit. note 13. 112 Estimate of 3% from IEA, World Energy Outlook 2013, op. cit. note 1, p. 24; 2.3% from IEA, Tracking Clean Energy Progress, op. cit. note 42, p. 90. 113 Some countries have much higher shares, including Brazil (20.1%), the United States (4.4%), and the EU (4.2%), all as of 2010, from IEA, Tracking Clean Energy Progress, op. cit. note 42, p. 90. 114 F.O. Licht, “Fuel Ethanol: World Production, by Country (1000 cubic metres),” 2014, and F.O. Licht, “Biodiesel: World Production, by Country (1000 t),” 2014, used with permission from F.O. Licht / Licht Interactive Data, provided by Helena Chum, U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), personal communication with REN21, 4 March, 2014. 115 See, for example, “Arla Brings Milk Minus Emissions to UK,” ngvglobal.com, 19 February 2014, http://www.ngvglobal.com/ arla-brings-milk-minus-emissions-to-uk-0219#more-30327; “Oslo Buses to be Fueled by Liquefied Biomethane,” ngvglobal.com, 12 February 2014, http://www.ngvglobal.com/oslo-buses-to-be- fueled-by-liquefied-biomethane-0212#more-30213; “Berlin’s Household Waste Fuels Refuse Fleet,” ngvglobal.com, 18 January 2014, http://www.ngvglobal.com/berlins-household-waste-fuels- refuse-fleet-0118#more-29935; “Bus Depot Largest Biomethane Refueller in Gothenburg,” ngvglobal.com, 28 September 2013, http://www.ngvglobal.com/bus-depot-largest-biomethane- refueller-in-gothenburg-0928#more-28659; Switzerland from Dunja Hoffmann, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), personal communica¬tion with REN21, 29 April 2011; “After Completion of the Province to Start the Car Biogas Project Nissan Car 30,000 cubic meters of biogas,” Hainan Shenzhou New Energy Construction & Development Co., Ltd, 14 October 2013, http://www.hainanbiogas.com/page.php?xuh=37 (using Google Translate); “‘The Morale of the Shortage’ Hainan’s First Car Started to Crack in Sight Biogas Plant,” Hainan Shenzhou New Energy Construction & Development Co., Ltd, 14 October 2013, http://www.hainanbiogas.com/page.php?xuh=32 (using Google Translate). 116 Vehicle stations from “European Biomethane Filling Station Mapping Begins with Finland,” ngvglobal.com, 30 November 2013, http://www.ngvglobal.com/european-biomethane-filling-station- mapping-begins-with-finland-1130#more-29417. In Germany, for example, as overall road vehicle sales declined, sales of natural gas vehicles rose almost 40% (to 4,300 vehicles) in the first half of 2013, relative to the same period in 2012 (3,100 vehicles), from “Germany’s NGV Population Grows at Record Pace,” ngvglobal. com, 23 July 2013, http://www.ngvglobal.com/germanys- ngv-population-grows-at-record-pace-0723#more-27863. See also “Biomethane Fuel Gains Ground in Germany,” ngvglobal.com, 31 March 2013, http://www.ngvglobal.com/ biomethane-fuel-gains-ground-in-germany-0331#more-26326. 117 For example, “Distiller Methane to Power Vehicles in Philippines,” ngvglobal.com, 2 December 2013, http://www.ngvglobal. com/distiller-methane-to-power-vehicles-in-philippines- 1202#more-29433; “Waste Management Builds New Biomethane Facility for Fleet Refueling,” ngvglobal.com, 18 October 2013, http://www.ngvglobal.com/waste-management-builds-new- biomethane-facility-for-fleet-refueling-1018#more-28867; “ENOC and Dubai Sign MoU to Convert Flared Biogas to Biomethane Fuels,” ngvglobal.com, 12 February 2013, http://www.ngvglobal. com/enoc-and-dubai-sign-mou-to-convert-flared-biogas-to- biomethane-fuel-0212; “California Energy Commission Funds Biomethane and CNG Fuel Projects,” ngvglobal.com, 13 February 2013, http://www.ngvglobal.com/california-energy-commission- funds-biomethane-and-cng-fuel-projects-0213; “Valtra Plans Biomethane Dual-Fuel Tractor Production in 2013,” ngvglobal. com, 15 September 2012, http://www.ngvglobal.com/valtra-plans- biomethane-dual-fuel-tractor-production-in-2013-0915. 118 See, for example, Dave Hurst, “Are E-Bicycle Sales Reducing Car Sales in Europe?” Forbes, 8 May 2013, http://www.forbes.com/ sites/pikeresearch/2013/05/08/are-e-bicycle-sales-reducing- car-sales-in-europe/; IEA, Clean Energy Ministerial, Electric Vehicles Initiative, Global EV Outlook: Understanding the Electric Vehicle Landscape to 2020 (Paris: OECD/IEA, April 2013), http:// cleanenergyministerial.org/Portals/2/pdfs/EVI_GEO_2013_ FINAL_150dpi.pdf. 119 GIZ, prepared on behalf of Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, “Renewables in Rail Transport: Approaches and Examples,” compiled by Nicolai Bader, GIZ, April 2014. 120 BYD, “Bogotá Launches the Largest All-electric Taxi Fleet in South America,” press release (Bogotá: 3 September 2013), http://www.byd.com/news/news-172.html; Nino Marchetti, “Colombian Police Turn to Electric Motorcycles,” EarthTechling. com, 1 July 2013, http://earthtechling.com/2013/07/ colombian-police-turn-to-electric-motorcycles/. 121 In Norway, about 1,200 EVs are sold monthly, from S. Morlin-Yron, “Norway - electric vehicles lead the car market,” The Ecologist, 4 February 2014, http://www.theecologist.org/News/news_round_ up/2266537/norway_electric_vehicles_lead_the_car_market. html. 122 U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, “Alternative Fuels Data Center,” updated 30 December 2013, http://www.afdc.energy.gov/locator/stations/. More than 20% of these are in California. 123 Leidreiter, op. cit. note 21. For example, Dardesheim, Germany, produces more energy than it needs for power, heating, cooling, and mobility, and has started to integrate electric vehicles into its energy plan, from Leidreiter, Moss, and Groth, op. cit. note 109, p. 35. 124 “Vehicle” is defined as passenger cars, lorries, and other road vehicles, and “fossil-fuel-independent vehicle fleet” as “road transport system whose vehicles are driven primarily by biofuels or electricity,” from Swedish Government, “A Cohesive Swedish Climate and Energy Policy,” Govt. Bill 2008/09:162, cited in Fossilfrihet påväg, Del 1 (Stockholm: 2013), Report no. SOU 2013: 84, http://www.regeringen.se/content/1/c6/23/07/39/1591b3dd. pdf. Executive Summary in English is available at http://www.sou. gov.se/content/1/c6/21/33/36/aa2e5cb3.pdf. 125 Heather Allen, Transport Research Laboratory, United Kingdom, personal communication with REN21, 31 March 2014. 126 Sawyer, op. cit. note 44; Samuel Shen and Kazunori Takada, “Chinese Cities Open Up Green Car Markets as Government Battles Pollution,” Reuters, 21 March 2014, http://planetark. org/wen/71258. F. Tuffner and M. Kintner-Meyer, Using Electric Vehicles to Meet Balancing Requirements Associated with Wind Power (Richland, WA: Pacific Northwest Laboratory, 2011), prepared for U.S. Department of Energy, http://energyenvironment. pnnl.gov/pdf/PNNL-20501_Renewables_Integration_Report_ Final_7_8_2011.pdf; “Innovative EV Charging System Includes Solar Power, Battery Energy Storage,” Smart Grid News, 31 January 2013, http://www.smartgridnews.com/artman/publish/ End_Use_Electric_Transportation/Innovative-EV-charging-system- includes-solar-power-battery-storage-5477.html; Phil Carson, “The Business of V2G: Technology and Business Case Go Hand in Hand,” Intelligent Utility Magazine, September/October 2012, http://www. intelligentutility.com/magazine/article/284831/business-v2g; J.A. Peças Lopes et al., “Smart Charging Strategies for Electric Vehicles: Enhancing Grid Performance and Maximizing the Use of Variable Renewable Energy Resources,” EVS24 International Battery, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Symposium, Stavanger, Norway, 13-16 May 2009, http://www.altomelbilen.dk/presentationer/ Smart%20Grid%20Strategies.pdf.