Please activate JavaScript!
Please install Adobe Flash Player, click here for download
ePaper created 2014-06-03, 15:03:20 | version 1.30.01
186 OECD new-build and for OECD retrofit (for year 2007) from IEA, Technology Roadmap…, op. cit. this note; LCOH for domestic hot water (low end), and capital costs and LCOH for China (all converted from USD 2005 to USD 2012; and LCOH assuming 7% discount rate, and converted using USD 1/GJ = 0.36 U.S. cents/ kWh) from Edenhofer et al., op. cit. this note, p. 1,010; and LCOH for domestic hot water (high end) from Andreas Häberle, PSE AG, Freiburg, personal communication with REN21, 29 May 2013. European district heat capital costs from Weiss, op. cit. this note, and from Häberle, op. cit. this note, 25 April 2013. Note that the low of USD 470/kW is for district heat systems in Denmark, where costs start at about USD 370/kW (EUR 200/m2 ) and storage costs a minimum of USD 100/kW. LCOH for district heat in Denmark based on low of EUR 0.03/kWh (converted using EUR 1 = USD 1.3), from Häberle, op. cit. this note. According to the IEA, the most cost effective solar district heating systems in Denmark have had investment costs in the USD 350–400/kW range, resulting in heat prices of USD 35–40/MWhth, from IEA, Technology Roadmap – Solar Heating and Cooling (Paris: OECD/IEA, 2012), p. 21, http:// www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/2012_ SolarHeatingCooling_Roadmap_FINAL_WEB.pdf. Industrial process heat data all from Häberle, op. cit. this note, 25 April 2013. LCOH of USD/GJ based on USD 0.4-016/kWh, from idem. Solar cooling: capacity data, efficiency, and capital cost in the range of USD 2,925–5,850/kW from Uli Jakob, “Status and Perspective of Solar Cooling Outside Australia,” in Proceedings of the Australian Solar Cooling 2013 Conference (Sydney: 12 April 2013). Efficiency based on coefficient of performance (COP) ranging from 0.50 to 0.70, depending on the system used and on driving, heat rejection, and cold water temperatures. Capital cost ranges based on EUR 2,250/kW for large-scale kits to EUR 4,500/ kW for small-scale kits. Low-end of capital costs based on range of USD 1,600–3,200/kW for medium- to large-scale systems from IEA, Technology Roadmap – Solar Heating and Cooling, op. cit. this note, p. 21. TRANSPORT SECTOR Biofuel costs vary widely due to fluctuating feedstock prices (see, for example, Agriculture Marketing Resource Center (AgMRC), “Tracking Ethanol Profitability,” www.agmrc.org/renewable_ energy/ethanol/tracking_ethanol_profitability.cfm. Costs quoted exclude value of any co-products. Sources: Taylor, op. cit. this note, March-May 2014; IRENA, Road Transport: The Cost of Renewable Solutions (Abu Dhabi: June 2013), http://www.irena. org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/Road_Transport.pdf; Gonzalo Bravo, Fundación Bariloche, personal communication with REN21, April 2014; Ernst and Young, Renewable Energy Attractiveness Indices (London: November 2012), http:// emergingmarkets.ey.com/wp-content/uploads/ downloads/2012/11/EY-Cleantech-CAI-Issue-35-FINAL-1112.pdf; JRC, 2011 Technology Roadmap ..., op. cit. this note; USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, “Indonesia – Biofuels Annual – 2012,” 14 August 2012, http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20 GAIN%20Publications/Biofuels%20Annual_Jakarta_ Indonesia_8-14-2012.pdf. RURAL ENERGY Biogas digesters, average cost for Asia and Africa (weighted average across countries based on number of installations) from SNV, Domestic Biogas Newsletter, September 2011, http://www. snvworld.org/en/download/publications/snv_domestic_biogas_ newsletter_issue_5_September_2011.pdf; wind capital cost data based on what is representative for Africa, from B. Klimbie, “Small and Medium Wind for Off-Grid Electrification,” presentation at International Off-Grid Renewable Energy Conference and Exhibition (IOREC), 2 November 2012, cited in IRENA, Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2012…, op. cit. this note, p. 34; LCOE from Alliance for Rural Electrification, cited in Simon Rolland, “Campaigning for Small Wind: Facilitating Off-Grid Uptake,” Renewable Energy World, March–April 2013, pp. 47–49. David Lecoque, Alliance for Rural Electrification; Paul Bertheau, Reiner Lemoine Institut; Nico Peterschmidt, INSENSUS—all personal communications with REN21, May 2014. All other data from past editions of REN21, Renewables Global Status Report (Paris: REN21 Secretariat, various years). ENDNOTES 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS – WIND POWER