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156 defra.gov.uk/environment/waste/strategy/legislation/landfill/ documents/landfilldir.pdf, viewed 15 May 2014. 107 Based on information from EBA, op. cit. note 27. 108 Ibid. The Italian feed-in tariff was revised to focus support on small-scale plants that use organic residues as their main feedstock and that incorporate nitrogen recovery. 109 Ibid.; Sherrard, op. cit. note 46. 110 Based on data for 2010 or 2011 from Patrick Serfass, American Biogas Council, “State of the U.S. Biogas Industry,” presentation, http://americanbiogascouncil.org/pdf/ABC-StateoftheInd- BiocyclePolicyPres.pdf, and from American Biogas Council, “Operational Biogas Systems in the U.S.,” http://www. americanbiogascouncil.org/biogas_maps.asp, viewed 10 May 2014. 111 ANEEL, “Combustível Biomassa,” http://www.aneel.gov. br/aplicacoes/capacidadebrasil/CombustivelPorClasse. cfm?Classe=Biomassa, viewed 15 May 2014. 112 See, for example, “Biogas Plants to Convert Residues from Farmed Pigs,” The Pig Site, 13 November 2013, http://www. thepigsite.com/swinenews/34878/biogas-plants-to-convert- residues-from-farmed-pigs, and “Waste not, want not,” Bioenergy Insight, January-February 2014, p. 74, http://issuu.com/ horseshoemedialtd/docs/bioenergy_jan-feb_2014. 113 Ibid. 114 This technology was recently employed in the 2,300 m3 digester on the University of Wisconsin campus, which is fuelled by high dry matter gardening and food wastes. The biogas produced powers a CHP unit that provides 8% of the campus power demand. M. Cocchi, ”Biogas-2,” BE Sustainable, January 2014, p. 21, http://issuu.com/besustainablemagazine/docs/ be-sustainable-january_2014-single. 115 Gobigas meets the growing need for biogas; see http://gobigas.goteborgenergi.se/En/About_us, viewed May 2014. 116 Ibid. 117 Frankfurt School–UNEP Collaborating Centre for Climate & Sustainable Energy Finance and Bloomberg New Energy Finance, Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment 2014 (Frankfurt: 2014). 118 IEA, Tracking Clean Energy Progress, Annual Report to Clean Energy Ministerial (Paris: 2013). 119 RFA, Falling Walls & Rising Tides – 2014 Ethanol Industry Outlook (Washington, DC: 2014), http://ethanolrfa.org/page/-/ rfa-association-site/Resource%20Center/2014%20RFA%20 Outlook%20Presentation.pdf?nocdn=1. 120 A U.S. EPA proposal under consideration would reduce mandates on biofuel production and blending under the Renewables Fuel Standard 2 and remove incentives for the uptake of advanced biofuels, per NACS, op. cit. note 68. The National Biodiesel Board (NBB) sought extension of tax incentives in March 2014, per NBB, “Advanced biofuel trade groups ask for extension of tax incentives,” Biodiesel Magazine, 24 March 2014, http:// biodieselmagazine.com/articles/33863/advanced-biofuel-trade- groups-ask-for-extension-of-tax-incentives. 121 Brazilian Sugarcane Industry Association (UNICA), “Producer prices report,” http://www.unicadata.com.br/preco-ao-produtor. php?idMn=42&tipoHistorico=7, viewed January 2014. 122 Reference Table R4 shows updated production volumes for 2012 and estimates of volumes produced in 2013 for the top 15 countries based on F.O. Licht 2014 data; see Endnote 4 in Reference Tables section. The increase in Brazilian ethanol production could have been due to the continuing low sugar commodity price. Data from F.O. Licht, op. cit. note 69, both sources. Brazil plant data from Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Supply, op. cit. note 69. 123 “POET to build corn ethanol plant in Brazil,” Global BioBusiness, 11 February 2014, http://www.globalbiobusiness.com/nav. asp?l=36&cmd=view&wr=20208&articleid=150. 124 “Animal feed industry in Brazil concerned with increasing corn use for ethanol,” Global BioBusiness, 3 March 2014, http://www.globalbiobusiness.com/nav. asp?l=36&cmd=view&wr=20208&articleid=165. 125 “Largest plant in Argentina commissioned,” Bioenergy International, vol. 70, no. 1 (2014), p. 25, http://www.exakta. se/x-online/bioenergi/2014/1401/#/24/. 126 R. Wagner, “Biodiesel margins down but not out,” Seeking Alpha, 14 January 2014, http://seekingalpha.com/ article/1945231-biodiesel-margins-down-but-not-out. 127 Brazilian Association of Vegetable Oil Industries (ABIOVE), “Preço médio do biodiesel recua 12,7% em 2013, Segundo Abiove” (São Paolo: 4 November 2013), http://www.abiove.org.br/site/_FILES/ Portugues/04112013-184803-agencia_estado_4_nov_2013.pdf. 128 Since all three plants are currently under-utilised, an assessment is questioning whether the cost for support under the Australian government’s Ethanol Production Grants Programme remains justified. See Bureau of Resources and Energy Economics Australia, “An assessment of key costs and benefits associated with the Ethanol Production Grants program” (Canberra: February 2014), http://www.bree.gov.au/sites/default/files/files// publications/other/asssessment-ethanol-production-grants- program.pdf. 129 K. Ugolik, “China New Energy to Build Cassava Biorefinery in Nigeria,” 29 October 2013, http://www.law360.com/ articles/484248/china-new-energy-to-build- cassava-biorefinery-in-nigeria. 130 “Biofuel Companies Reach Important Milestones: Gevo (GEVO) and KiOR (KIOR Start First Commercial Plants, Solazyme (SZYM) Set to Begin Operations in First Major Plant in the Fourth Quarter,” Wall Street Transcript, 22 August 2013, http:// finance.yahoo.com/news/biofuel-companies-reach-important- milestones-151900486.html. Advanced biofuel production capacity in North America increased from 1.8 billion litres in 2012 to around 4 billion litres in 2013, from Environmental Entrepreneurs (E2), cited in Erin Voegele, “Report: 160 Commercial Advanced Biofuel Plants Under Development,” Ethanol Producer Magazine, 4 September 2013, http:// ethanolproducer.com/articles/10206/report-160-commercial- advanced-biofuel-plants-under-development; this follows on from Neste Oil’s “renewable diesel” entry into the U.S. market in 2012, from “Neste Oil Sold its First Batch of NExBTL Renewable Diesel to the US Market,” Marketwired, 26 April 2012, http://www.sys- con.com/node/2263874. See also Bryan Walsh, “Next-Generation Biofuels Are Inching Towards Reality, Gallon by Gallon,” TIME, 11 October 2013, http://nation.time.com/2013/10/11/next- generation-biofuels-are-inching-towards-reality-gallon-by-gallon/. 131 Keeley Downey, “Making waves,” Bioenergy Insight, January- February 2014, pp. 76–77, http://issuu.com/horseshoemedialtd/ docs/bioenergy_jan-feb_2014. 132 RFA, op. cit. note 66. 133 Novozymes, “Commercial-Scale Cellulosic Ethanol Refinery Opens in Italy,” Ethanol Producer, 9 October 2013, http://ethanolproducer.com/articles/10332/ commercial-scale-cellulosic-ethanol-refinery-opens-in-italy. 134 AgroChart, “China. Biofuels Annual. Sep 2013 ,” 8 November 2013, http://www.agrochart.com/en/news/news/081113/ china-biofuels-annual-sep-2013/. 135 “Iogen signs biomass contract in Brazil after a decade of waiting,” Bioenergy Insight, January-February 2014, p. 8, http://issuu.com/ horseshoemedialtd/docs/bioenergy_jan-feb_2014. 136 “Concorde Blue and Lanzatech sign agreement for renewable fuels,” Bioenergy Insight, January-February 2014, p. 25, http:// issuu.com/horseshoemedialtd/docs/bioenergy_jan-feb_2014. 137 “Empyro BV breaks ground of its biomass to liquid pyrolysis plant,” BE Sustainable, 11 February 2014, http://www. besustainablemagazine.com/cms2/empyro-bv-breaks-ground- of-its-biomass-to-liquid-pyrolysis-plant/. Approximately 6,000 tonnes of wood chips is the feedstock, with electricity also being generated for use on site and excess steam sold. “Mercedes- Benz will run fleet tests with Clariant’s Sunliquid 20 cellulosic ethanol,” BE Sustainable, 30 January 2014, http://www. besustainablemagazine.com/cms2/mercedes-benz-will-run-test- fleets-with-clariants-sunliquid-20-cellulosic-ethanol/. 138 “Chapter 8: Transport,” in IPCC, op. cit. note 3. 139 “Boeing sees a great future in what is called ‘green diesel’,” Global BioBusiness, 19 January 2014, http://www.globalbiobusiness. com/nav.asp?l=36&cmd=view&wr=20208&articleid=126. 140 The biofuel based on palm oil and used cooking oil feedstocks presently costs around 2–3 times more to produce than jet fuel, due in part to the high cost of cooking oil collection. Chris Luo, “Aviation biofuel project could kill two birds with one stone - if Sinopec brings cost down,” South China Morning Post, 13 February 2014, http://www.scmp.com/news/china-insider/ article/1427123/aviation-authority-gives-go-ahead-commercial- use-sinopec-biofuel. ENDNOTES 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS – BIOENERGY