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159 02 RENEWABLES 2014 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 40 The IEA (“World Energy Statistics,” op. cit. note 1) reports direct use in China being 162 PJ (45 TWh) in 2011 and global direct use being 335 PJ (93 TWh), while Lund, Freeston, and Boyd (op. cit. note 1) report direct use in China in 2009 being 46.3 PJ (12.9 TWh) and global use 223 PJ (62 TWh). 41 See all sources in Endnote 38. 42 PannErgy, ”Projekt bemutatása,” http://pannergy.com/ projektek/#miskolc. 43 Mannvit, “Geothermal Energy Development in Hungary,” http:// www.mannvit.com/GeothermalEnergy/ProjectExampleinfo/ geothermal-energy-development-in-hungary. 44 Enel, “Monteverdi M.Mo (PI): Inaugurato L’Impianto di Teleriscaldamento. Collaborazione Tra Comune, Regione ed Enel Green Power,” 4 April 2013, http://www.enel.it/it-IT/ media_investor/comunicati/comunicati_regione/toscana/release. aspx?iddoc=1658368. 45 Stadtwerke München, op. cit. note 28; “SWM Geothermie- Kraftwerk in Sauerlach eröffnet,” op. cit. note 28. 46 Antics, Bertani, and Sanner, op. cit. note 32. 47 Ibid. 48 Geodynamics, “Completion of 1 MWe Habanero Pilot Plant demonstration,” press release (Milton, Australia: 8 October 2013), http://www.geodynamics.com.au/getattachment/75e9468a- 0e17-4e2f-8501-839968abd7e0/Completion-of-1-MWe- Habanero-Pilot-Plant-demonstra.aspx; Geodynamics, “Innamincka (EGS) Project,” http://www.geodynamics.com.au/ Our-Projects/Innamincka-Deeps.aspx. 49 The turbine is referred to as “radial outflow turbine” and is said to excel at several operational parameters, including generating efficiency. Exergy, “Exergy Brings Geothermal Energy into the Future for Enel Green Power,” op. cit. note 29; Exergy, “Radial Outflow Turbine,” op. cit. note 29. 50 Ormat, “Ormat Reaches Commercial Operation of the Newly Refurbished Mammoth G1 Power Plant,” op. cit. note 19. 51 See for example, Magnus Gehringer and Victor Loksha, World Bank Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP), Geothermal Handbook: Planning and Financing Power Generation (Washington, DC: June 2012), Figure 1.11, p. 28. 52 Chevron, “Geothermal – Harnessing Renewable Energy for Power Generation,” http://www.chevron.com/deliveringenergy/ geothermal; Ormat, “Company Profile,” http://www.ormat.com/ company-profile; Enel Green Power, “Geothermal Energy,” http:// www.enelgreenpower.com/en-GB/doc/plants/geotermia.pdf. 53 Ormat, op. cit. note 52; Ormat, “Ormat Successfully Completed the Ngatamariki Geothermal Plant,” press release (Reno, NV: 3 September 2013), http://www.ormat.com/news/latest-items/ ormat-successfully-completed-ngatamariki-geothermal-plant; Turboden, “Company,” http://www.turboden.eu/en/about/about- company.php; Turboden, op. cit. note 27; Exergy, “Exergy Brings Geothermal Energy into the Future for Enel Green Power,” op. cit. note 29. 54 Japan based on data compiled by Bloomberg New Energy Finance, provided by Dumas, op. cit. note 11; see, for example, Gehringer and Loksha, op. cit. note 51, Figure 1.11, p. 28; Siemens, “Steam Turbines for Geothermal Power Plants,” http:// www.energy.siemens.com/hq/pool/hq/power-generation/steam- turbines/downloads/Geothermal_Steam_Turbines.pdf; Ansaldo Energia, “Ansaldo Energia,” http://ansaldoenergia.it/easyNews/ NewsLeggi.asp?NewsID=1. 55 Doug Hollett, Geothermal Technologies Office, DOE, “Hot Rock and Hard Places,” presentation for the Geothermal Resources Council Annual Meeting 2013, Reno, NV, 30 September 2013, http://www.geothermal.org. 56 Ibid.; DOE, “Geothermal Technologies Program Coproduction Factsheet” (Washington, DC: February 2012), http://www1.eere. energy.gov/geothermal/pdfs/gtp_coproduction_factsheet.pdf. 57 Another example of this is the 1 MWe/12.4 MWth ORC plant in Altheim, Austria, which supplies the town of 5,000 people with district heat but engages power generation during peak load periods for additional revenue and improved plant economics. Bundesverband Geothermie, “The Altheim Rankine Cycle Turbogenerator,” http://www.geothermie.de/wissenswelt/archiv/ englisch/the-altheim-rankine-cycle-turbogenerator.html. 58 Géothermie Perspectives, “Central EGS Soultz-sous-Forêts, Alsace,” 16 January 2014, http://www.geothermie-perspectives. fr/article/centrale-egs-soultz-forets-alsace. 59 DOE, “How an Enhanced Geothermal System Works,” http:// www1.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/egs_animation.html. 60 Adam H. Goldstein and Ralph Braccio, 2013 Market Trends Report, prepared by Booz Allen Hamilton (Washington, DC: DOE, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Geothermal Technologies Office, January 2014), p. vi. 61 Ibid., p. 39; Philippe Dumas, European Geothermal Energy Council, personal communication with REN21, May 2014. 62 The hydro-shearing used to enhance permeability of the rock is different from shale gas fracturing in that it uses only water at lower pressure and no chemicals, but instances of small fracture- induced seismic activity have still raised public concern. Burkhard Sanner, President, European Geothermal Energy Council, personal communication with REN21, 14 January 2013. 63 Gehringer and Loksha, op. cit. note 51, Figure 2.1, p. 52. 64 Ibid. 65 Dumas, op. cit. note 61. 66 S. Fraser et al., European Geothermal Risk Insurance Fund EGRIF, June 2013, http://www.geoelec.eu/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/ D-3.2-GEOELEC-report-on-risk-insurance.pdf. 67 Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation (JOGMEC), “Geothermal,” http://www.jogmec.go.jp/english/geothermal/; DOE, EERE, Geothermal Technologies Office, “Financial Opportunities,” http://www1.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/ current_opportunities.html. 68 World Bank, “Full Steam Ahead: World Bank Seeks ‘Global Push’ for Geothermal Energy Revolution,” 6 March 2013, http://www. worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2013/03/06/full-steam-ahead- world-bank-seeks-global-push-for-geothermal-energy-revolution; Pierre Audinet, World Bank ESMAP, “Global Geothermal Development Plan,” presentation for Knowledge Exchange Forum, Paris, 27–28 November 2013, http://www.esmap.org/ sites/esmap.org/files/ESMAP_Paris_Geothermal_Energy_KEF_ Optimized.pdf.