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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW 148 Photovoltaics 2014-2018, op. cit. note 1. 66 Fifteen countries and 8 in 2010 from BP, “Renewable Power,” http:// www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/about-bp/energy-economics/ statistical-review-of-world-energy-2013/review-by-energy-type/ renewable-energy/renewable-power-.html, viewed 11 May 2014; three additional based on information from BP, “Renewables in this Review,” http://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/about-bp/ energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy-2013/review- by-energy-type/renewable-energy/renewables-in-this-review.html, viewed 11 May 2014. The countries are Austria, Belgium, Denmark, El Salvador, Finland, Germany, Iceland, Republic of Ireland, Italy, Kenya, Lithuania, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom, from idem, and based on BP, “Statistical Review of World Energy 2013 Workbook,” data from “Electricity Generation,” and “Other Renewables TWh,” http://www.bp.com/en/global/ corporate/about-bp/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world- energy-2013.html. 67 Leidreiter, op. cit. note 21; 100ee-Regionen, http://100ee.deenet. org/, viewed 27 April 2014; Institut dezentrale Energietechnologien (IdE) GmbH, 100 RE Regions in Germany, Europe and the World (Kassel: IdE, January 2014), http://100ee.deenet.org/ fileadmin/redaktion/100ee/Downloads/broschuere/Good- Practice_Broschuere_Inhalt_Web.pdf. Also, see Energy Agency of Upper Austria, “The Upper Austrian Energy Strategy ‘Energy Future 2030’,” April 2013, http://www.esv.or.at/english/energy- in-upper-austria/; “Spanish Island to be Fully Powered by Wind, Water,” Earthtechling.com, 28 April 2014, http://earthtechling. com/2014/04/spanish-island-to-be-fully-powered-by-wind-water/. See also Reference Tables R12–R15 for targets. 68 Djibouti from “Djibouti—Vers une croissance verte,” La Nation ler Quotidien Djiboutien, 5 May 2014, http://www.lanationdj.com/ djibouti-vers-croissance-verte/#; Scotland and Tuvalu from GWEC, op. cit. note 1, p. 15. 69 Joß Bracker, Oeko-Institut e.V. - Institute for Applied Ecology, personal communication with REN21, 17 and 22 April 2014. 70 Ibid; and Hungary, based on domestic hydropower, from M. Prantner, Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment, and Energy, personal communication with REN21, 10 April 2014. 71 Australia from “GreenPower,” viewed 1 May 2013, http://www. greenpower.gov.au; South Africa from “How to Buy Green Electricity Certificate (GECs),” http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/electricity/ GreenElectricity/Pages/Howtopurchasegreenelectricitycertificates. aspx, viewed 15 February 2013; Canada from, for example, Bullfrog Power, http://www.bullfrogpower.com/index.cfm; Japan from United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), “Low Carbon Green Growth Roadmap for Asia and the Pacific. Case Study: Stimulating Consumer Interest in Businesses That Go Green—Japan’s Green Power Certificate Scheme,” 2012, http://www.unescap.org. 72 The capacity equivalent of this demand is about 17 GW, from J. Heeter and T. Nicholas, Status and Trends in the U.S. Voluntary Green Power Market (2012 Data) (Golden, CO: NREL, October 2013), p. v, http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60210.pdf. Note that total green power market sales in the United States rose 36% from 2010 to 2012. The vast majority comes from wind power, from idem. 73 Ambitious targets from Chris Meehan, “US Companies’ Use of Solar Increases 40% Over 2012,” Renewable Energy World, 23 October 2013, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/ blog/post/2013/10/companies-use-of-solar-in-u-s-increases- 40-over-2012; for companies installing and operating their own systems see, for example, “Google’s Still a Big Fan of Renewable Energy,” Renewable Energy World, 18 October 2013, http://www. renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2013/10/googles- still-a-big-fan-of-renewable-energy?cmpid=SolarNL-Saturday- October19-2013; “Apple Owns Biggest Private Solar Power System in US,” Fox News, 22 March 2013, http://www.foxnews. com/tech/2013/03/22/apple-owns-biggest-private-solar-power- system-in-us/; corporate long-term power purchase agreements, from James Montgomery, “Microsoft vs. Apple Still Making Headlines—in Renewable Energy,” Renewable Energy World, 5 November 2013, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/ news/article/2013/11/microsoft-vs-apple-still-making-headlines- in-renewable-energy; Rahul Sachitanand, “Big business groups to push renewable energy space by raising capacity,” Economic Times (India), 13 February 2013, http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes. com/2013-02-14/news/37100144_1_renewable-energy-kiran- energy-k-subramanya; Stefan Nicola, “BMW Taps Wind to Guard Profits in Merkel’s Nuclear Switch,” Renewable Energy World, 19 February 2013, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/ article/2013/02/bmw-taps-wind-to-guard-profits-in-merkels- nuclear-switch; Christopher Martin, “US Auto Factory Chooses Wind Energy for On-Site Power Generation,” Bloomberg, 10 January 2014, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/ article/2014/01/u-s-auto-factory-chooses-wind-energy-for-on-site- power-generation; Meg Cichon, “IKEA Enters US Wind Market with Largest Renewables Investment to Date,” Renewable Energy World, 10 April 2014, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/ article/2014/04/ikea-sticks-with-renewables-commitment-makes- largest-investment-to-date; Nathan Paluck, “Mexico’s New Opened Energy Market Attracts Renewables,” Renewable Energy World, 8 May 2014, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/ article/2014/05/mexicos-newly-opened-energy-market-attracts- renewables?cmpid=WNL-Friday-May9-2014 74 “Australia’s First Community-Owned Wind Farm in Daylesford,” Castlemaine Independent, 18 October 2013, http://www. castlemaineindependent.org/2013/10/australias-community- owned-wind-farm-daylesford/; “Australian Community Solar Project Begins Operation,” PV News, January 2013, p. 11; The Greens, “Unleashing Community-Owned Energy,” http://greens.org.au/ community-energy, viewed 3 March 2014. In Japan, community- owned power has been important since 2011, and this trend is accelerating, per Tetsu Iida, ISEP, personal communication with REN21, 14 January 2014. Thailand from IEA-PVPS, Trends in Photovoltaic Applications: Survey Report of Selected IEA Countries Between 1992 and 2012 (Brussels: 2013). North America from, for example, “CAW Owned and Operated Wind Turbine Begins Operation in Port Elgin, Ontario,” 25 March 2013, http://www. caw.ca/en/12003.htm; as of July 2013, the capacity of existing community solar projects in the United States exceeded 14 MW, with an additional 13 MW of projects under development, from Heeter and Nicholas, op. cit. note 72. Europe based on information available at Communitypower.eu, viewed 20 March 2014; more than 80,000 people in Germany hold shares in collectively run electricity and heat systems; in Denmark, more than 100 wind energy co-operatives have combined ownership of three-fourths of Denmark’s turbines, from Anna Leidreiter, “The Last Word: Local Development Through Community-led Renewable Energy,” Renewable Energy World, March–April 2013, pp. 54–55; Andrew Williams, “Sharing Renewable Energy: Solar Power Co-operatives in the UK,” Renewable Energy World, 8 August 2013, http:// www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2013/08/ sharing-renewable-energy-solar-power-co-operatives-in-the-uk. 75 In Denmark, more than 100 wind energy co-operatives have combined ownership of three-fourths of Denmark’s turbines, from Leidreiter, op. cit. note 74; Craig Morris, “Citizens Own Half of German Renewable Energy,” 29 October 2013, http:// energytransition.de/2013/10/citizens-own-half-of-german- renewables/?pk_campaign=nl8. See also Agentur fur Erneuerbare Energien, “Energiegenossenschaften in Deutschland,” http://www.unendlich-viel-energie.de/mediathek/grafiken/ energiegenossenschaften-in-deutschland, viewed 9 May 2014; and Christoph Burger and Jens Weinmann, “Bioenergy in China: Can China Learn from Germany’s Experience?” 10 March 2014, http://knowledge.ckgsb.edu.cn/2014/03/10/technology/bioenergy- in-china/; 20 million Germans from Leidreiter, op. cit. note 21; 100ee-Regionen, http://100ee.deenet.org/, viewed 27 April 2014; Institut dezentrale Energietechnologien (IdE), “GmbH, 100 RE Regions in Germany, Europe and the World” (Kassel: IdE, January 2014), http://100ee.deenet.org/fileadmin/redaktion/100ee/ Downloads/broschuere/Good-Practice_Broschuere_Inhalt_Web. pdf; “Legambiente presenta Comuni Rinnovabili 2014. Sono 700mila gli impianti da fonti pulite distribuiti nel 100% dei Comuni,” Legambiente.it, 7 May 2014, http://www.legambiente.it/contenuti/ comunicati/legambiente-presenta-comuni-rinnovabili-2014-sono- 700mila-gli-impianti-da-fonti (using Google Translate). 76 See, for example, A.C. Orrell et al., 2012 Market Report on Wind Technologies in Distributed Applications (Richland, WA: Pacific Northwest Laboratory, August 2013), http://www1.eere.energy.gov/ wind/pdfs/2012_distributed_wind_technologies_market_report. pdf, and Market and Industry Trends section of this report. 77 See, for example, “Microgrid Resources Coalition Launched at IDEA Campus Energy Conference,” PR Web, 18 February 2014, http://www.prweb.com/releases/2014/02/prweb11594223.htm; Darrell Delamaide, “Dawn of Microgrids,” EnergyBiz Magazine, September/October 2013, http://www.energybiz.com/magazine/ article/325109/dawn-microgrids; Justin Gerdes, “How Microgrids are Bolstering the Nation’s Power Infrastructure,” Smithsonian, 15 November 2013, http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/ how-microgrids-are-bolstering-the-nations-power-infrastructure-