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155 02 RENEWABLES 2014 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT vol. 15 (2014), pp. 88–96; sustainability impacts depend on the feedstock and the production process used, per European Biofuels Technology Platform, “Biodiesel in Europe,” 7 April 2014, http://www.biofuelstp.eu/biodiesel.html#hvo. 83 F.O. Licht, “Biodiesel: World Production, by Country (1000 t),” op. cit. note 8. HVO is produced primarily by Neste under the trademark “NExBTL” with production capacity in Finland (380 kilotonnes/year), Rotterdam (800 kt/yr ), and Singapore (800 kt/yr) from feedstocks including animal wastes and vegetable oils, and also by Preem in Sweden using forest-based tall oil as feedstock. 84 Navigant Research, “Biofuels for transportation markets,” 10 February 2014, http://www.navigantresearch.com/research/ biofuels-for-transportation-markets. 85 Ibid. 86 F.O. Licht, op. cit. note 8, both sources; APAC Biofuel Consultants, “Australian biofuels 2013-14; policy and growth” (Adelaide, Australia: October 2013), http://www.eccoaustralia.com/media/ files/4484.pdf. 87 Natural and Biogas Vehicle Association, “Sweden,” 10 September 2012, http://www.ngvaeurope.eu/sweden; BiMe-Trucks, “Infrastructure for Liquid Methane – Fillling Stations,”http://www.bimetrucks.com/toppmeny/ fillingstations.4.4e71cfb112f54fdc91b80002369.html, viewed May 2014. 88 “Wärtsilä to produce biofuel for buses in Oslo,” Renewable Energy Focus, 20 February 2014, http://www.renewableenergyfocus. com/view/37027/w-rtsil-to-produce-biofuel-for-buses-in-norway/. 89 Sustainable Biomass Partnership Web site, http://www. sustainablebiomasspartnership.org; Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil Web site, http://www.rspo.org; RFA Web site, http://www. ethanolrfa.org. 90 See discussion in IPCC, op. cit. note 3. 91 See, for example, Royal Dutch Airlines, “Sustainable Biofuels – Road to sustainable aviation fuels,” http://www.klm.com/ csr/en/climate/footprint/biofuels/index.html, viewed 15 May 2014; African Biofuel and Emission Reduction (East Africa) Ltd, “Corporate Social Responsibility,” http://africabiofuel.com/ Corporate_Social_Responsibility.aspx, viewed 15 May 2014; and Sunbird Bioenergy, “Sustainability Goals,” http://www. sunbirdbioenergy.com/Sunbird_Bioenergy_Sustainability_ Principles.html, viewed 15 May 2014. 92 As of early 2014, most of the bio-refinery plants produce biofuels with animal feed as a co-product, and not a wide range of multi- products. RFA, “Biorefinery Locations,” updated 22 March 2014, http://www.ethanolrfa.org/bio-refinery-locations/. A map showing U.S. plant locations at March 2014 is available at U.S. Department of Energy, “Integrated Biorefineries,” updated 11 April 2014, http://www1.eere.energy.gov/bioenergy/integrated_biorefineries. html. 93 Amyris, “Amyris refinery successfully restarts industrial production in Brazil,” 15 April 2014, http://www.amyris.com/ News/381/Amyris-Biorefinery-Successfully-Restarts-Industrial- Production-in-Brazil. For biorefinery plants in other countries, see IEA Bioenergy Task 42 Web site, http://www.iea-bioenergy.task42- biorefineries.com/en/ieabiorefinery.htm. See also BP, “Largest UK Bio-Refinery Is Officially Opened in Hull,” press release (London: 8 July 2013), http://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/press/ press-releases/the-uk-s-largest-bio-refinery-is-officially-opened- in-hull0.html. 94 Hu Honoa Bioenergy in Hawaii upgraded a 1972 bagasse-fed CHP plant to a 21.5 MW power plant fed by locally grown feedstocks (such as short-rotation eucalyptus) with a power purchase agreement in place with the Hawaii Electric Light Company; see “PPA approved for Hawaii biomass power plant,” Bioenergy Insight, January-February 2014, http://issuu. com/horseshoemedialtd/docs/bioenergy_jan-feb_2014). In Wisconsin, the WE Energies, 50 MWe cogeneration plant, based on a Metso circulating fluidised bed boiler and GE steam turbine generator, began operations in November after four years of development. Approximately 500,000 tonnes/year of bark, waste wood, and sawdust will produce steam to supply Domtar Corporation’s century-old paper mill on demand; see “Wisconsin cogeneration plant now operational,” Biomass Magazine, 30 December 2013, http://biomassmagazine.com/ articles/9827/wisconsin-cogeneration-plant-now-operational/. Leidos Holdings, an engineering company, acquired the Plainfield 37.5 MW power plant in Virginia in October 2013 from previous owner Enova Energy after it failed to complete construction of the USD 225 million facility. It has now been completed and, using demolition timber for fuel, a 15-year power purchase agreement has been negotiated with Connecticut Light and Power; see “Plainfield biomass plant substantially complete and operational,” Bioenergy Insight, January-February 2014, http://issuu.com/ horseshoemedialtd/docs/bioenergy_jan-feb_2014. In the small town of Covington, TN, (population ~ 9,000), a PHG Energy downdraft gasifier fed with sewage sludge and wood waste and linked with a GE 125 kW organic Rankine cycle generator came on line in September 2013 after only six months of construction; see “Trash to cash for Covington,” Bioenergy International, vol. 70, no. 1 (2014), p. 15, http://www.exakta.se/x-online/ bioenergi/2014/1401/#/16/. 95 Mourant, op. cit. note 57, p. 20. 96 Preliminary 2012 data in GSR 2013, Figure 6, p. 28, have since been lowered to 21.0 million tonnes due to unexpected plant closures including a Norwegian plant of 450,000 tonnes capacity. Preliminary data for 2013, also used for Reference Table R3, from the following: P. Lamers et al., “Woody biomass trade for energy,” in M. Junginger, C.S. Goh, and A. Faaij eds., International Bioenergy Trade: History, status & outlook on securing sustainable bioenergy supply, demand and markets (Berlin: Springer, 2013), pp. 41–64; AEBIOM, European Bioenergy Outlook – Statistical Report (Brussels: 2013); Hawkins Wright, “The Outlook for Wood Pellet Demand,” presented at The U.S. Industrial Pellet Association’s 3rd Annual Exporting Pellets Conference, Miami, FL, 28 October 2013; C.S. Goh et al., “Wood pellet market and trade: a global perspective,” Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining, vol. 7 (2013), pp. 24–42; P. Lamers et al., “Developments in international solid biofuel Trade…,” op. cit. note 13. 97 Data and Figure 7 from ibid. 98 Canadian Biomass, “North American Pellet Export Growth Continues,” Canadian Biomass Magazine, 23 April 2014, http:// www.canadianbiomassmagazine.ca/content/view/4533/96/. 99 AEBIOM, “International Biomass Torrefaction Council,” http:// www.aebiom.org/?p=6442, viewed May 2014; below 200,000 tonnes from M. Wild, Principal, Wild and Partners, LLC, Vienna, personal communication with REN21, spring 2014. Torrefaction is a thermal pre-treatment process in air applicable to all solid biomass to give pellets with lower volatiles and higher heat values than wood pellets. Hydrothermal carbonisation uses water as the medium to produce “bio-coal” pellets as processed by SunCoal and AVA-CO2; see “SunCoal Industries,” https://www.facebook. com/SunCoalIndustries, viewed May 2014, and “AVA-CO2, pioneer of hydrothermal carbonisation (HTC), is today putting the first industrial-size HTC plant in the world into operation in Karlsruhe, Germany,” Business Wire, 26 October 2010, http:// www.businesswire.com/news/home/20101026006679/en/AVA- CO2-Introduces-Industrial-Size-Hydrothermal-Carbonisation- HTC-Plant. 100 Biomass Pellets Trade & Power, “CMT’s Biomass Pellets Trade & Power Taps into Growing Biomass Demand in North Asia,” http:// www.cmtevents.com/aboutevent.aspx?ev=130929, viewed 15 May 2014; Keeley Downey, “Looking to the future,” Bioenergy Insight, January-February 2014, p. 55, http://issuu.com/ horseshoemedialtd/docs/bioenergy_jan-feb_2014. 101 Ibid. 102 Ibid. 103 Proceedings of the 4th Biomass Pellets Trade and Power Conference, op. cit. note 58. 104 Biogas production rates continually vary with temperature and feedstock, so measuring the plant capacity, the electricity generated, and/or the useful heat produced are the common indicators used. However, the biogas industry can now benefit from development of a new Siemens continuous automatic monitoring technology, per Andrea Hoferichter, “Maximum Methane,” Pictures of the Future, Spring 2011, http://www. siemens.com/innovation/apps/pof_microsite/_pof-spring-2011/_ html_en/biogas-plants.html. 105 David Collins, “DEFRA AD Strategy Annual Report – 2012/2013,” 23 July 2013, http://www.biogas.org.uk/news/ defra-ad-strategy-annual-report-2012-13. 106 These sites offer the potential to produce sufficient biogas to generate 1 TWh per year of electricity, per Philip Simpson, “More uses for food wastes,” Bioenergy Insight, January/February 2014, p. 37, http://issuu.com/horseshoemedialtd/docs/bioenergy_jan- feb_2014. See also DEFRA, “Landfill Directive,”, http://archive.