RENEWABLES 2023 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT

Renewables in Energy Supply

Solar Photovoltaics (PV)

Key Facts
Solar Photovoltaics (PV)

  • Solar PV maintained its record-breaking streak, with new capacity increasing 37% in 2022, while global solar production reached an average of 6.2%, up from 5% in 2021.
  • For the tenth consecutive year, Asia dominated regionally in new solar PV installations, contributing 64% of the global added capacity in 2022.
  • The leading countries for cumulative installed solar PV capacity remained China, the United States, Japan, India and Germany, while the leading markets for per capita capacity remained Australia, the Netherlands and Germany.
  • Poland was a new entrant to the top 10 solar PV installers (eighth globally and third in Europe), adding 4.9 GW of capacity, nearly 50% more than its capacity added in 2021.
  • Centralised utility-scale solar PV reached a total of 124.8 GW of new installations, driven by tenders and the attractiveness of power purchase agreements. Distributed PV added 115.2 GW and was driven by falling module costs, which made installations more attractive and accessible.
  • Although solar PV panel production remains concentrated in China, more countries have strengthened import barriers and incentives for local manufacturing, pioneered by the United States and India.

The solar PV market continued its steady growth in 2022, with 243 GW of new installations added, 61 GW more than in 2021. 1 (See Figure 24.) This was the largest increase in annual capacity ever recorded and brought the cumulative global solar PV capacity to 1,185 GW, passing the 1-terawatt milestone. 2 This record-breaking increase was possible despite ongoing disruption across the solar supply chain due to both shortages and rising costs of raw materials. 3

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Solar PV contributed an estimated 6.2% of global electricity generation in 2022, up from 5% in 2021. 4 With the expansion of capacity, several countries relied on solar PV generation to meet a large share of their electricity demand. By the end of 2022, at least nine countries had sufficient installed solar PV capacity to meet at least 10% of their electricity demand, up from seven countries in 2021. 5 Around 22 countries had enough installed solar PV capacity to meet 5% of their electricity demand, up from 18 countries in 2020. 6 Spain had the highest share of solar PV in annual generation, at 19.1%, followed by Greece (17.5%), Chile (17%), the Netherlands (15.9%) and Germany (15.7%). 7

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For the tenth consecutive year, Asia dominated regionally in new solar PV installations, followed by the Americas, which again surpassed Europe. 8 The top five countries by capacity added (in descending order) were China, the United States, India, Brazil, and Spain, together comprising around 66% of newly installed capacity (up from 61% in 2021). 9 (See Figure 25.)

FIGURE 24.

Solar PV Global Capacity and Annual Additions, 2012-2022

 FIGURE 24.

Source: See endnote 1 for this section.

The next five markets in 2022 were Germany, Japan, Poland, Australia and the Netherlands. The annual market size required to rank among the top 10 countries in 2022 was 3.9 GW, up from 3.4 GW in 2021. 10 (See Figure 26.) The leading countries for cumulative solar PV capacity remained China, the United States, Japan, India, and Germany, while the leading markets for per capita capacity continued to be Australia, the Netherlands and Germany. 11 (See Figure 27.)

Global rooftop solar PV additions rose around 54% in 2022 to reach 115.2 GW.

Global capacity additions of utility-scale solar PV – large-scale, centralised systems connected to the grid – increased around 25%, to reach a total of 124.8 GW, while rooftop solar PV rose around 54% to reach 115.2 GW. 12 Similar to 2021, installations of rooftop PV in 2022 occurred mainly in China, the United States, Spain, Australia and Germany. 13

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FIGURE 26.

Solar PV Capacity and Additions, Top 10 Countries for Capacity Added, 2022

 FIGURE 26.

Source: See endnote 10 for this section.

FIGURE 27.

Solar PV Global Capacity Additions, Shares of Top 10 Countries and Rest of World, 2022

 FIGURE 27.

Source: See endnote 10 for this section.

FIGURE 27.

Solar PV Global Capacity, by Country, 2012-2022

 FIGURE 27.

Source: See endnote 11 for this section.

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Several countries announced measures in 2022 to expand the share of rooftop PV systems in the energy market. To incentivise residential systems, Norway increased the maximum subsidy per kW installed as well as the maximum system size eligible for rebates, from 15 kW to 20 kW. 14 Germany reduced the value-added tax (VAT) to 0% for residential PV systems up to 30 kW in size and provided tax exemptions to operators of small PV systems. 15 Belgium lowered the VAT for PV installations and heat pumps deployed on buildings constructed in the last ten years. 16 Italy loosened permits for utility-scale PV and simplified the permitting process for commercial rooftop systems up to 200 kW. 17 Portugal and Spain both streamlined permits to promote self-consumption, and for 2022 the Austrian government more than quadrupled the budget of its rooftop solar rebate programme. 18

China's solar PV market experienced unprecedented growth in 2022, adding an estimated 106 GW, or around 93% more than in 2021. 19 Around 58% of the new capacity was distributed solar PV (61.4 GW), while 44.6 GW was centralised solar PV. 20 In total, China's market grew 35.5% in 2022 to reach a cumulative capacity of 414.5 GW, with 165.8 GW (40%) from distributed generation ii and 248.7 GW (60%) from centralised plants. 21 China's market for centralised solar PV plants grew around 18%, while distributed solar PV grew 47%. 22 The country's rooftop market was driven largely by the three-year whole-county rooftop solar scheme, which launched in early 2021 and registered double the number of installations in 2022 compared to 2021. 23

China's added solar PV capacity in 2022 was 93% more than in 2021.

Total electricity production (from all sources) increased 3.6% in China, whereas electricity from solar PV surged 27.8%, to 418 TWh. 24 The country's total electricity demand in 2022 reached 8,840 TWh, with solar PV representing 4.7% of the total. 25

India was again the second largest market in Asia for new solar PV capacity, and third globally. The country added around 18.1 GW in 2022, more than the previous year, representing around 80% of the country's total added power capacity (from all sources). 26 The solar PV additions included around 15.7 GW of utility-scale solar (87%) and 2.4 GW of rooftop PV installations. 27 This brought India's cumulative installed solar PV capacity to around 79 GW. 28

However, this was still well below India's target of 100 GW of solar by 2022. 29 Utility-scale solar fell short by around 2 GW and rooftop PV by a staggering 25 GW. The shortfall can be traced to multiple factors including net metering limits, customs duties that came into effect in April 2022, unsigned renewable power supply agreements that have been tendered but not signed by distribution companies, and banking restrictions (with higher banking charges and the banking period for renewable power changed from annually to monthly). 30

In Japan, the annual growth in solar PV installations stagnated in 2022, with the country again adding around 6.5 GW, to bring the total installed capacity to an estimated 84.5 GW. 31 A new mandate for solar PV announced in Tokyo requires all new homes and buildings to install rooftop PV starting in 2025 iii . 32 Japan also hosts the largest number of agriculture-based solar PV plants globally, as dual-use systems such as agrivoltaics and floating solar PV have major potential in the country considering the limited land availability. 33 (see Niche Solar PV Markets sub-section.) In 2022, around 100 MW of agricultural PV capacity was added in Japan, for a cumulative total of around 300 MW. 34

The solar PV market in the United States contracted in 2022. The country added 18.6 GW during the year, down 16% from 2021 levels, to reach a cumulative capacity of 141.6 GW. 35 For the fourth consecutive year, solar PV was the leading source of US added power generation capacity, accounting for a record half of the total capacity brought online in 2022. 36 The top state for new solar PV additions was California (4.7 GW), followed by Texas (3.3 GW) and Florida (1.7 GW). 37 US solar PV generation totalled 201 TWh, with the bulk of it utility-scale (143 TWh) and the rest grid-connected, distributed rooftop systems (58 TWh); altogether, solar PV contributed 4.7% of US electricity generation in 2022. 38

In March 2022, the US government carried out an investigation after a solar module manufacturer claimed that Chinese companies based in Southeast Asia were exporting panels to the United States while avoiding US anti-dumping and countervailing tariffs in place since 2012. 39 The investigation led to a temporary halt in shipments from module manufacturers, leading to a module shortage in the country and contributing to slower-than-usual annual growth, mainly in the utility-scale market. 40 In another setback for the US solar market, customs officials detained an estimated 10 GW of solar panels from China in 2022 under enforcement of the Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act. 41

The US Inflation Reduction Act, signed in August 2022, is expected to have a positive long-term impact on the solar PV market. 42 Two of the main incentives for solar PV are an increase in the Investment Tax Credit from 26% to 30% for residential and commercial projects, and the approval of large-scale arrays to qualify for Production Tax Credits of up to 2.5 cents per kWh. 43

Brazil continued to lead in solar PV capacity in Latin America, adding nearly 10 GW, a new record and roughly double the amount added in 2021. 44 This included a record 7.6 GW of new distributed capacity and 2.5 GW of centralised PV systems. 45 Market growth in Brazil was driven mainly by high electricity bills and by new regulations for distributed generation. 46 In early 2022, the government made PV systems of up to 5 MW in size eligible for net metering until 2045, and established a grid fee starting in 2023. 47 Other notable capacity additions in Latin America were in Chile (1.8 GW) and Mexico (680 MW), while Panama's largest solar PV plant (120 MW) began operation, with potential annual generation of around 240 GWh. 48

Europe added 40.5 GW of solar PV in 2022 to reach 206 GW of installed capacity, marking another year of outstanding growth. 49 New installations in the EU-27 reached 38.9 GW, 63% more than the 25.9 GW added in 2021. 50 In early 2022, as part of a plan to reduce its reliance on Russian fossil gas and to accelerate the deployment of renewables, the EU announced that it would expedite by more than 20% the target of 420 GW of solar PV by 2030. 51 The top EU additions were in Spain (8.1 GW), Germany (7.5 GW), Poland (4.9 GW), the Netherlands (3.9 GW) and France (2.9 GW), while the leaders for total capacity were Germany, Spain, Italy, France and the Netherlands. 52 Portugal added a notable 2.5 GW in 2022, reflecting 250% year-on-year growth, and Italy added 2.6 GW, with 174% growth. 53

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Germany's solar PV capacity additions were up almost 50% in 2022, well above the 8% growth rate recorded in 2021, and total installations reached 67 GW. 54 The German market was driven mainly by government auctions and more than 3 GW of tenders. 55 Power purchase agreements (PPAs) also played a role, with unsubsidised installations accounting for around 872 MW of capacity added. 56 In 2022, solar PV contributed a record 11.8% of Germany's electricity production, up from 9.8% in 2021. 57

The Russian Federation's invasion of Ukraine stirred up Germany's energy market, pushing the government to release amendments in 2022 supporting renewables in the coming years. To improve energy security and advance climate neutrality, Germany adopted an acceleration scheme (the Easter Package) that revised energy laws and proposed new measures, including higher feed-in tariff (FIT) rates, removal of the FIT surcharge for self-consumed systems of 10-30 kW, and an increase in the auction threshold to 1 MW (previously 300 kW for rooftop and 750 kW for ground-mounted systems). 58

Spain added around 8.1 GW of solar PV in 2022, 65% more than in 2021 (4.9 GW), bringing the country's total capacity to 26.6 GW. 59 Installations included 4.3 GW of utility-scale and 2.7 GW of self-consumption distributed PV systems. 60 Around 47% of the new installations under self-consumption were installed in the industrial sector, 32% in the residential sector and 20% in the commercial sector. 61 Spain's utility-scale PV market continued to be driven by unsubsidised PPAs, while the rooftop PV market, which grew at a steady rate of around 102% in 2022, was driven by high electricity prices. 62 Spain now faces a potential overcapacity challenge, necessitating investments in grid expansion and energy storage. 63

Poland was a new entrant to the list of top 10 solar PV installers in 2022, adding 4.9 GW or nearly 50% more than in 2021 (3.3 GW). 64 Residential prosumers iv represented around 80% of the new capacity, motivated by an attractive net metering scheme and by rising electricity prices. 65 However, the spike in household installations posed challenges for the distribution network, and in April 2022 Poland replaced the net metering scheme with net billing, a slightly less attractive option for households. 66

The Netherlands, the other new entrant to the top 10 installers, added 4 GW of solar PV in 2022. 67 Nearly half of the new installations (1.8 GW) were rooftop PV, up 38% in 2022 and driven largely by the country's net metering scheme. 68 In 2022, the Netherlands boasted Europe's highest share of solar PV in the energy generation mix, at 14% (up from 11.8% in 2021). 69

Australia remained the largest solar PV market in Oceania adding around 3.9 GW in 2022 for a total capacity of nearly 30 GW. 70 Solar PV generation rose around 20% to 34.3 TWh, contributing 14.7% of Australia's total electricity generation; rooftop PV alone accounted for 25.8% of renewable generation and for 9.3% of all generation. 71

By the end of 2022, an estimated 3.4 million homes across Australia had rooftop solar systems installed.

Australia's solar rooftop segment added an estimated 2.8 GW, driven by a 15-20% increase in electricity bills nationwide, although this was less than the 3.3 GW added 2021, due mainly to supply chain disruptions. 72 By year's end, an estimated 3.4 million homes across the country had rooftop solar systems installed. 73 Household battery additions also grew significantly (44%) in 2022, with an estimated 50,000 battery systems added. 74 To facilitate wider uptake of rooftop PV without compromising grid stability, the state of Western Australia has followed the steps of Southern Australia to implement remote disconnection of new and upgraded solar and battery installations. 75

The Middle East and Africa added around 7.2 GW of solar PV in 2022. 76 Africa installed around 950 MW – up 14% from the 833 MW installed in 2021 – bringing the total capacity to at least 10 GW. 77 The region's top installer was Angola, adding around 284 MW, followed by South Africa (111.8 MW), Egypt (80 MW), Ghana (71.3 MW) and Mozambique (41.9 MW). 78

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Niche Solar PV Markets

In addition to conventional PV installations, floating solar PV and agricultural PV v gained greater recognition in 2022, with multiple countries defining supportive measures for these installations. Although the total installed capacity of floating PV plants is difficult to track, with limited documentation of recent additions, the capacity was well over 3 GW by the end of 2022. 79 The top five countries with the highest estimated floating PV potential are the United States, China, Brazil, India and Canada. 80 India's largest project (around 100 MW) was commissioned in 2022, and the Czech Republic also finished building its first floating PV plant in early 2022. 81

Germany's new Easter Package supported the development of agricultural PV, including it as part of the large-scale tender scheme instead of the innovation tender. 82 France, which considers agricultural PV critical in efforts to achieve the country's target of 100 GW of solar by 2050, compiled a new set of standards defining and characterising this approach. 83 Similarly, Italy compiled a detailed list of standards for agricultural PV projects, facilitating the expansion of this market in the country. 84

Building-integrated PV (BIPV) systems and vehicle-integrated PV vi are niche methods of installation that involve the integration of solar PV within the surface of buildings (façades and rooftops) as well as vehicles. In 2022, China released a plan aimed at deploying 50 GW of rooftop and BIPV by the end of 2025. 85 In the Republic of Korea, the Seoul metropolitan government announced a rebate scheme that covers up to 80% of the costs of purchasing and constructing BIPV systems. 86

Solar PV Industry

In 2022, China continued to dominate the global manufacturing of solar panels, with more than an 80% stake across all production stages. 87 A leading barrier to the wider geographical spread of PV manufacturing is the gap in costs between China and other countries that seek to increase domestic production. Compared to China, costs are 10% higher in India, 20% higher in the United States and 35% higher in Europe. 88

The cost of polysilicon vii , which represents around 35% of the total cost of a PV module, continued to increase in 2022. 89 By mid-year, the average cost of polysilicon was USD 45.4 per kilogram, its highest recorded cost in more than a decade, which prompted China's national energy agency and state regulator to ask regional authorities to step in to stop the rampant cost increase. 90 The rise in price is attributed to increased demand, macroeconomic fluctuations and supply chain issues. 91 Although global shipping costs across all industries decreased slightly in 2022, they remained substantially higher than in 2019, before the COVID-19 pandemic, with large impacts on solar PV markets. 92

India continued to support domestic production of solar modules in 2022, both by increasing financial incentives and broadening tax exemptions, and by imposing a high customs duty (40%) on developers to discourage the use of imported solar modules. 93 In Europe, the European Commission is preparing a new legal instrument to ban the sale of goods made with forced labour, including solar panels made in Xinjiang, China, where abuses have reportedly occurred. 94 Germany, in particular, is strategising to restore the country's fully fledged solar PV manufacturing supply chain. 95

In the United States, the government's 2021 ban on imports of materials manufactured in Xinjiang came into effect in June 2022. 96 However, the US solar manufacturing market remains relatively unprepared to meet the rising demand for modules, as the operational cost of US module factories is much higher than in Asia, due mostly to higher labour and electricity costs. 97 In July 2022, the US government announced a USD 56 million investment to expedite domestic solar manufacturing. 98

Cell technologies in 2022 followed somewhat similar trends as previous years. Passivated emitter cell (PERC) vii solar panels continued to dominate over n-type cells, such as tunnel-oxide passivated contact (TOPCon viii ) and heterojunction technology (HJT). 99 However, with PERC cells approaching their theoretical efficiency limit, emerging manufacturers outside of China are pursuing HJT over PERC. 100 Major cell manufacturers in China also have ramped up manufacturing capacity of TOPCon modules. 101

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Footnotes

i Distributed generation refers to systems that provide power to grid-connected consumers, or directly to the grid, but on distribution networks rather than on bulk transmission or off-grid systems. In this section, distributed generation refers to rooftop and ground-mounted PV for residential, commercial and industrial applications.

ii The rooftop space should be more than 20 square metres for homes and less than 2,000 square metres for buildings.

iii Prosumers are those who consume electrical energy as well as produce and export excess electricity to the grid.

iv Agricultural PV uses the same site for both energy and crop production.

v Not to be confused with building and applied PV (BAPV and VAPV), which consist of fitting PV modules onto a surface.

vi Polysilicon is the raw material for crystalline silicon, which is used to manufacture PV wafers.

vii PERC is a technique that reflects solar rays to the rear of the solar cell (rather than being absorbed into the module), thereby ensuring increased efficiency as well as improved performance in low-light environments.

viii TOPCon cells adapt a sophisticated passivation scheme to advance cell architectures for higher efficiencies.

  1. Figure 24 from International Energy Agency (IEA) Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme (PVPS), “Snapshot of Global PV Markets 2023”, 2023, p. 4, https://iea-pvps.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/IEA_PVPS_Snapshot_2023.pdf.1
  2. S. Enkhardt, “Global Solar Capacity Additions Hit 268 GW in 2022, Says BNEF”, pv magazine, December 23, 2022, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2022/12/23/global-solar-capacity-additions-hit-268-gw-in-2022-says-bnef. 2
  3. IEA PVPS, op. cit. note 1, p. 7; McKinsey & Company, “Renewable-energy development in a net-zero world: Disrupted supply chains”, February 2023, https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/electric-power-and-natural-gas/our-insights/renewable-energy-development-in-a-net-zero-world-disrupted-supply-chains. 3
  4. IEA PVPS, op. cit. note 1, p. 14; IEA PVPS, “Snapshot of Global PV Markets 2022”, 2022, p. 18, https://iea-pvps.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/IEA_PVPS_Snapshot_2022-vF.pdf.4
  5. IEA PVPS, op. cit. note 1, p. 14; IEA PVPS, op. cit. note 4, p. 18.5
  6. Ibid., both references.6
  7. Ember, “European Electricity Review 2023”, January 2023, p. 46, https://ember-climate.org/app/uploads/2023/01/Report-European-Electricity-Review-2023.pdf.7
  8. IEA PVPS, op. cit. note 1, pp. 10-11.8
  9. Figure 25 from Ibid., p. 8.9
  10. Figure 26 and 27 from Ibid., p. 8.10
  11. Ibid., p. 5.11
  12. Ibid., p. 9; IEA PVPS, op. cit. note 4, p. 14.12
  13. IEA PVPS, op. cit. note 1, p. 9.13
  14. E. Bellini, “Norway Increases Support for Residential PV”, pv magazine, February 2, 2022, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2022/02/02/norway-increases-support-for-residential-pv.14
  15. P. Molina and S. Enkhardt, “Germany Slashes VAT for Residential PV to 0%”, pv magazine, December 8, 2022, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2022/12/08/germany-slashes-vat-for-residential-pv-to-0.15
  16. E. Bellini, “Belgium Extends VAT Reduction for Residential PV, Heat Pumps”, pv magazine, March 24, 2022, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2022/03/24/belgium-extends-vat-reduction-for-residential-pv-heat-pumps. 16
  17. E. Bellini, “Italy Speeds Up Permits for Solar up to 200 kW, Allocates €267 Million for Rebates”, pv magazine, March 4, 2022, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2022/03/04/italy-speeds-up-permits-for-solar-up-to-200kw-allocates-e267-million-for-rebates. 17
  18. P. Molina, “Portugal Streamlines Permits for Renewables”, pv magazine, April 21, 2022, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2022/04/21/portugal-streamlines-permits-for-renewables; P. Molina, “Spain Streamlines Permits for Utility Scale Solar, Supports Another 7 GW Under Self-consumption”, pv magazine, March 31, 2022, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2022/03/31/spain-streamlines-permits-for-utility-scale-solar-supports-another-7gw-under-self-consumption; S. Enkhardt, “Austria Launches €240 Million Rebate Scheme for Rooftop PV”, pv magazine, April 7, 2022, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2022/04/07/austria-launches-e240-million-rebate-scheme-for-rooftop-pv. 18
  19. IEA PVPS, op. cit. note 1, p. 419
  20. China National Energy Administration (NEA), “Construction and operation of photovoltaic power generation in 2021”, February 17, 2023, http://www.nea.gov.cn/2023-02/17/c_1310698128.htm; China NEA, “Construction and operation of photovoltaic power generation in 2021”, March 9, 2022, http://www.nea.gov.cn/2022-03/09/c_1310508114.htm; China NEA, “Transcript of the online press conference of the National Energy Administration in the first quarter of 2023”, February 13, 2022, http://www.nea.gov.cn/2023-02/13/c_1310697149.htm (using Google Translate). 20
  21. China NEA, “Construction and operation of photovoltaic power generation in 2021”, February 17, 2023, op. cit. note 20.21
  22. Ibid.; China NEA, “Construction and operation of photovoltaic power generation in 2021”, March 9, 2022, op. cit. note 20.22
  23. Ember, “Global Electricity Review 2023”, April 12, 2023, p. 29, https://ember-climate.org/insights/research/global-electricity-review-2023.23
  24. S&P Global Commodity Insights, “China Data: 2022 power demand growth eases to 3.6% in 2022 from 10.3% a year earlier”, January 19, 2023, https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/market-insights/latest-news/coal/011923-china-data-2022-power-demand-growth-eases-to-36-in-2022-from-103-a-year-earlier; Ember, op. cit. note 23, p. 74; China Energy Portal, “2021 electricity & other energy statistics (preliminary)”, January 27, 2022, https://chinaenergyportal.org/en/2021-electricity-other-energy-statistics-preliminary.24
  25. Ember, op. cit. note 23, p. 63.25
  26. India added 13,955.78 MW (probably all in alternating current, although this is not specified) in 2022 based on end-2021 capacity of 49,346.71 MW and end-2022 capacity of 63,302.49 MW, from Government of India, Ministry of Power, Central Electricity Authority (CEA), “All India Installed Capacity (in MW) of Power Stations (as of 31.12.2021) (utilities)”, https://cea.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/installed/2021/12/installed_capacity.pdf, accessed March 27, 2023, and at end 2022 from CEA, “All India Installed Capacity (in MW) of Power Stations (as on 31.12.2022) (utilities)” covering data up to December 31, 2022, https://cea.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/installed/2022/12/IC_Dec_2022.pdf, accessed March 27, 2023. See also the following: U. Gupta, “India Installed 15 GW of Solar in 2022, Says Bridge to India”, pv magazine, February 28, 2023, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2023/02/28/india-installed-15-gw-of-solar-in-2022-says-bridge-to-india; U. Lee, “Solar and Wind Dominate India's Capacity Additions in 2022”, Ember, March 17, 2023, https://ember-climate.org/insights/research/india-data-story-2023; J. Gulia, A. Thayillam and V. Garg, “Rooftop Solar Lagging: Why India Will Miss Its 2022 Solar Target”, JMK Research & Analytics and Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis, April 2022, https://ieefa.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Rooftop-Solar-Lagging_Why-India-Will-Miss-Its-2022-Solar-Target_April-2022.pdf. 26
  27. Mercom India Research, “2022 Q4 and Annual India Solar Market Update – 13 GW installed in 2022”, https://www.mercomindia.com/product/q4-2022-india-solar-market-update.27
  28. IEA PVPS, op. cit. note 1, p. 8.28
  29. Gulia, Thayillam and Garg, op. cit. note 26.29
  30. Ibid., op. cit. note 26.30
  31. I. Kaizuka, “Still Big in Japan?” pv magazine, March 14, 2023, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2023/03/14/still-big-in-japan.31
  32. E. Bellini, “Tokyo Introduces Mandatory PV Requirements for New Buildings, Homes”, pv magazine, December 16, 2022, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2022/12/16/tokyo-introduces-mandatory-pv-requirements-for-new-buildings-homes. 32
  33. R. Efroymson and J. Scurlock, “The International Landscape of Solar Farms and Agrivoltaics”, AgriSolar Clearinghouse, November 9, 2022, https://www.agrisolarclearinghouse.org/the-international-landscape-of-solar-farms-and-agrivoltaics. 33
  34. E. Bellini, “Japan on Track to Hit 90 GW of PV Capacity by 2023”, pv magazine, December 6, 2022, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2022/12/06/japan-on-track-to-hit-90-gw-of-pv-capacity-by-end-2023.34
  35. IEA PVPS, op. cit. note 1, p. 8.35
  36. Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA) and Wood Mackenzie, “U.S. Solar Market Insight Report 2022 Year in Review”, March 9, 2023, https://www.seia.org/research-resources/solar-market-insight-report-2022-year-review.36
  37. Ibid. 37
  38. US Energy Information Administration, “What Is U.S. Electricity Generation by Source?” February 2023, https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=427&t=4.38
  39. T. Sylvia, “US Government to Move Forward with PV Anti-circumvention Investigation”, pv magazine, March 29, 2022, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2022/03/29/us-government-to-move-forward-with-pv-anti-circumvention-investigation; P. Dvorak and K. Blunt, “The Most-Hated Solar Company in America”, Wall Street Journal, May 5, 2022, https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-most-hated-solar-company-in-america-11651752180.39
  40. A. Fischer, “After a Suppressed First Quarter the US Solar Market Is Buoyed by Tariff Suspension”, pv magazine, June 8, 2022, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2022/06/08/after-a-suppressed-first-quarter-the-us-solar-market-is-buoyed-by-tariff-suspension. 40
  41. R. Kennedy, “More Than 3 GW of Solar Panels Held by US Customs Under Forced Labor Law”, pv magazine, August 16, 2022, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2022/08/16/more-than-3-gw-of-solar-panels-held-by-us-customs-under-forced-labor-law. 41
  42. U.S. Congress, “H.R.5376 – inflation Reduction Act of 2022”, 2022, https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/5376; SEIA, “Impact of the Inflation Reduction Act”, https://www.seia.org/research-resources/impact-inflation-reduction-act, accessed May 24, 2023.42
  43. J. Weaver, “What's the Inflation Reduction Act for the Solar Industry?” pv magazine, August 15, 2022, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2022/08/15/whats-in-the-inflation-reduction-act-for-the-solar-industry. 43
  44. ABSOLAR, “Energia solar fotovoltaica no Brasil – Infográfico ABSOLAR”, February 7, 2023, https://www.absolar.org.br/mercado/infografico.44
  45. Ibid.45
  46. L. Neves, “Brazil May Add Another 12 GW of PV This Year”, pv magazine, January 14, 2022, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2022/01/14/brazil-may-add-another-12-gw-of-pv-this-year.46
  47. L. Neves, “Brazil Introduces New Rules for Distributed Generation, Net Metering”, pv magazine, January 10, 2022, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2022/01/10/brazil-introduces-new-rules-for-distributed-generation-net-metering. 47
  48. P. Molina, “Central America's Largest PV Plant Goes Online”, pv magazine, January 27, 2022, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2022/01/07/central-americas-largest-pv-plant-goes-online.48
  49. SolarPower Europe, “EU Market Outlook for Solar Power 2022-2026”, December 2022, p. 7, https://www.solarpowereurope.org/insights/market-outlooks/eu-market-outlook-for-solar-power-2022-2026-2. 49
  50. IEA PVPS, op. cit. note 1, p. 11.50
  51. M. Hall, “The EU Plan to Drastically Ramp Renewables to Replace Russian Gas”, pv magazine, March 9, 2022, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2022/03/09/eu-plan-to-drastically-ramp-renewables-to-replace-russian-gas; European Commission, “REPowerEU: New Industrial Alliance to boost the EU's solar power and energy security”, December 9, 2022, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_22_7617. 51
  52. SolarPower Europe, op. cit. note 49, p. 7. 52
  53. Ibid., p. 7. 53
  54. IEA PVPS, op. cit. note 1, p. 8.54
  55. SolarPower Europe, op. cit. note 49, p. 56.55
  56. Ibid., p. 57; S. Enkhardt, “Germany Installed 7.19 GW of New Solar in 2022”, pv magazine, February 2, 2023, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2023/02/02/germany-installed-7-19-gw-of-new-solar-in-2022. 56
  57. Energy-Charts, “Annual Solar Share of Public Net Electricity Generation in Germany”, March 26, 2023, https://energy-charts.info/charts/renewable_share/chart.htm?l=en&c=DE&share=solar_share&interval=year. 57
  58. German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action, “Federal minister Robert Habeck says Easter package is accelerator for renewable energy as the Federal Cabinet adopts key amendment to accelerate the expansion of renewables”, April 6, 2022, https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Pressemitteilungen/2022/04/20220406-federal-minister-robert-habeck-says-easter-package-is-accelerator-for-renewable-energy.html. 58
  59. SolarPower Europe, op. cit. note 49, p. 7.59
  60. P. Molina, “Spain Installed 6.93 GW of PV in 2022”, pv magazine, March 6, 2023, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2023/03/06/spain-installed-6-93-gw-of-pv-in-2022.60
  61. P. Molina, “Spain Installed 2.5 GW of Distributed PV Systems in 2022”, pv magazine, January 23, 2023, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2023/01/23/spain-installed-2-5-gw-of-distributed-pv-systems-in-2022.61
  62. SolarPower Europe, op. cit. note 49, p. 59.62
  63. Molina, op. cit. note 60.63
  64. SolarPower Europe, op. cit. note 49, pp. 62-63; M. Maisch, “Shifting Sands of the Polish PV Market”, pv magazine, March 27, 2023, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2023/03/27/shifting-sands-of-the-polish-pv-market; IEA PVPS, op. cit. note 1, p. 8.64
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  66. SolarPower Europe, op. cit. note 49, p. 63.66
  67. IEA PVPS, op. cit. note 1, p. 5.67
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  69. Ember, op. cit. note 7, p. 46; preliminary data from IEA PVPS, op. cit. note 1, p. 17.69
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  71. Clean Energy Council, “Clean Energy Australia Report 2023”, April 2023, p. 7, https://assets.cleanenergycouncil.org.au/documents/Clean-Energy-Australia-Report-2023.pdf.71
  72. B. Peacock, “Australia Hits New Rooftop Solar Record”, pv magazine, March 28, 2023, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2023/03/28/australia-hits-new-rooftop-solar-record.72
  73. Clean Energy Council, op. cit. note 71, p. 7.73
  74. Ibid., pp. 7-9.74
  75. D. Carroll, “Western Australia Rolls Out New Rules to Manage Rooftop Solar Sector”, pv magazine, February 18, 2022, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2022/02/18/western-australia-rolls-out-new-rules-to-manage-booming-rooftop-solar-sector. 75
  76. IEA PVPS, op. cit. note 1, p. 11.76
  77. African Solar Industry Association (AFSIA), “Annual Solar Outlook 2023”, January 2023, http://afsiasolar.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/AFSIA-Annual-Outlook-Report-2023-Full-digital-final_compressed-1.pdf. 77
  78. Ibid.78
  79. IEA PVPS, “Trends in PV Applications 2021”, 2021, p. 21, https://iea-pvps.org/trends_reports/trends-in-pv-applications-2021.79
  80. Y. Jin et al., “Energy Production and Water Savings from Floating Solar Photovoltaics on Global Reservoirs”, pv magazine, March 2023, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369201558_Energy_production_and_water_savings_from_floating_solar_photovoltaics_on_global_reservoirs. 80
  81. U. Gupta, “India's Largest Floating PV Plant Goes Online”, pv magazine, June 27, 2022, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2022/06/27/indias-largest-floating-pv-plant-goes-online; E. Bellini, “Czechia's First Floating Photovoltaic Plant”, pv magazine, January 24, 2022, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2022/01/24/czechias-first-floating-photovoltaic-plant.81
  82. SolarPower Europe, op. cit. note 49, pp. 56-57.82
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  84. E. Bellini, “Italian Solar Sector Defines Standards for Agrivoltaics”, pv magazine, March 11, 2022, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2022/
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  86. E. Bellini, “Seoul Launches BIPV Incentive Scheme”, pv magazine, May 2, 2022, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2022/05/02/seoul-launches-bipv-incentive-scheme.86
  87. IEA, “Special Report on Solar PV Global Supply Chains”, July 2022, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/2d18437f-211d-4504-beeb-570c4d139e25/SpecialReportonSolarPVGlobalSupplyChains.pdf. 87
  88. IEA, “Special Report on Solar PV Global Supply Chains”, July 2022, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/2d18437f-211d-4504-beeb-570c4d139e25/SpecialReportonSolarPVGlobalSupplyChains.pdf. 88
  89. J. Gifford, “Higher PV Module Prices May Point to Stable Demand and More Sustainable Pricing Trends”, pv magazine, January 4, 2022, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2022/01/04/higher-pv-module-prices-may-point-to-stable-demand-and-more-sustainable-pricing-trends. 89
  90. V. Shaw, “Chinese Industry Brief: Polysilicon Price Reaches a New High at USD 45.4/kg, Government Takes Action”, pv magazine, August 26, 2022, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2022/08/26/chinese-pv-industry-brief-polysilicon-price-reaches-new-high-at-45-4-kg-government-takes-action. 90
  91. J. Weaver, “Solar Power Prices Rising with Demand”, pv magazine, February 15, 2022, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2022/02/15/solar-power-prices-rising-with-demand.91
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  93. U. Gupta, “India Targets Domestic Production with 40% PV Import Duty, Boost to Manufacturing-linked Incentive”, pv magazine, February 3, 2022, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2022/02/03/india-targets-domestic-production-with-40-pv-import-duty-boost-to-manufacturing-linked-incentive. 93
  94. European Commission, “Commission Moves to Ban Products Made with Forced Labour on the EU Market”, September 14, 2022, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_22_5415.94
  95. M. Hutchins, “Germany Launched Feasibility Study on PV Manufacturing”, pv magazine, March 28, 2023, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2023/03/28/germany-launches-feasibility-study-on-pv-manufacturing.95
  96. N. Groom, “Exclusive: U.S. blocks more than 1,000 solar shipments over Chinese slave labor concerns”, Reuters, November 11, 2022, https://www.reuters.com/world/china/exclusive-us-blocks-more-than-1000-solar-shipments-over-chinese-slave-labor-2022-11-11. 96
  97. R. Kennedy and Tim Sylvia, “Biden Halts Solar Tariffs for Two Years. What's Next?” pv magazine, June 15, 2022, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2022/06/15/biden-halts-solar-tariffs-for-two-years-whats-next.97
  98. US Department of Energy, “Biden-Harris Administration Announces USD 56 Million to Advance U.S. Solar Manufacturing and Lower Energy Costs”, July 14, 2022, https://www.energy.gov/articles/biden-harris-administration-announces-56-million-advance-us-solar-manufacturing-and-lower. 98
  99. J. Gifford, “2022 Review in Trends: Modules (Part I)”, pv magazine, December 28, 2022, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2022/12/28/2022-review-in-trends-modules-part-i.99
  100. Ibid.100
  101. J. Gifford, “2022 Review in Trends: Modules (Part II)”, pv magazine, December 29, 2022, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2022/12/29/2022-review-in-trends-modules-part-ii.101