Snapshot.UNITED STATES

Diversity and Equity in the Offshore Wind Power Workforce

A number of new collective bargaining agreements between contractors and unions – known as project labour agreements (PLAs) – related to renewables have been adopted by key actors in the US offshore wind power industry. In 2022, Ørsted, one of the world's largest offshore wind energy developers, entered into a National Offshore Wind Agreement with US building trades unions, in part to diversify the company's renewable energy workforce and to incorporate social and equity considerations into its work and hiring. The agreement sets a standard for wages, local training programmes, and workplace health and safety. In addition, Work Equity Committees are established for each project to prioritise hiring women, people of colour, local environmental justice communities and gender non-conforming people.

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Diversity and Equity in the Offshore Wind Power Workforce

A number of new collective bargaining agreements between contractors and unions – known as project labour agreements (PLAs) – related to renewables have been adopted by key actors in the US offshore wind power industry. In 2022, Ørsted, one of the world's largest offshore wind energy developers, entered into a National Offshore Wind Agreement with US building trades unions, in part to diversify the company's renewable energy workforce and to incorporate social and equity considerations into its work and hiring. The agreement sets a standard for wages, local training programmes, and workplace health and safety. In addition, Work Equity Committees are established for each project to prioritise hiring women, people of colour, local environmental justice communities and gender non-conforming people.

Other companies that have entered into or are negotiating PLAs include Dominion Energy, Vineyard Wind and Mayflower Wind. Vineyard Wind´s PLA includes hiring targets for women and people of colour, while Mayflower Wind is committed to hiring a diverse workforce and paying prevailing wages.

Source: See endnote 36 for this module.

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  29. Ibid. 29
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  33. Ibid. 33
  34. IEA, op. cit. note 25. 34
  35. Ibid. 35
  36. Ibid. Snapshot: United States from the following sources: IRENA, op. cit. note 3; Ørsted, “North America's Building Trades Unions and Ørsted Agree to Build an American Offshore Wind Energy Industry with American Lab”, May 5, 2022, https://us.orsted.com/news-archive/2022/05/national-offshore-wind-agreement; P. Smith and S. Lee, “Unions Jockey for Offshore Wind Leasing Wins in Hostile States”, Bloomberg Law, July 12, 2022, https://news.bloomberglaw.com/daily-labor-report/unions-vie-to-get-in-on-ground-floor-of-offshore-wind-industry; N. Groom, “Vineyard Wind Strikes Labor Union Pact for U.S. Offshore Wind Farm”, Reuters, July 16, 2021, https://www.reuters.com/business/sustainable-business/vineyard-wind-strikes-labor-union-pact-us-offshore-wind-farm-2021-07-16; H. McCarron, “Mayflower Wind, Labor Unions Sign Pact for Offshore Wind Jobs”, May 10, 2023, https://eu.capecodtimes.com/story/news/2022/10/06/mayflower-wind-labor-unions-sign-pact-off-shore-wind-jobs/8169753001.36
  37. IRENA, op. cit. note 3. 37
  38. IEA, “Gender and Energy Data Explorer”, 2022, https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/gender-and-energy-data-explorer?Topic=Employment&Indicator=Gender+wage+gap+conditional+on+skills; Cecelski and Oparaocha, op. cit. note 32. 38
  39. REN21 Policy Database, see GSR 2023 Data Pack, Reference Table R3, https://www.ren21.net/gsr2023-data-pack/esvc.39
  40. Ibid.40
  41. US Department of Energy, “$82 Million Investment to Increase US Solar Manufacturing and Recycling”, CleanTechnica, April 24, 2023, https://cleantechnica.com/2023/04/24/82-million-investment-to-increase-u-s-solar-manufacturing-recycling.41
  42. N. Groom, "US to Expand Solar Panel Tariffs After Probe Finds Chinese Evasion”, Reuters, December 2, 2022, https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/us-says-solar-imports-four-southeast-asian-countries-were-dodging-china-tariffs-2022-12-02; D. Iaconangelo, “How US Crackdown on China's Human Rights Record Hits Solar”, Energy Wire, March 18, 2022, https://www.eenews.net/articles/how-u-s-crackdown-on-chinas-human-rights-record-hits-solar.42
  43. D. Carroll, “Australia to Earmark $10 Billion Fund to Support Clean Energy Manufacturing”, pv magazine, March 31, 2023, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2023/03/31/australia-to-earmark-10-billion-fund-to-support-clean-energy-manufacturing.43
  44. International Trade Administration, “Brazil – Country Commercial Guide”, March 27, 2023, https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/brazil-energy.44
  45. IRENA, “The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan – Renewables Readiness Assessment”, 2021, https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2021/Feb/IRENA_RRA_Jordan_2021.pdf. 45
  46. JMK Research and Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis, “India's Photovoltaic Manufacturing Capacity Set to Surge”, 2023, https://jmkresearch.com/renewable-sector-published-reports/indias-photovoltaic-manufacturing-capacity-set-to-surge. 46
  47. V. Srivastava, “Cabinet Approves Second Tranche of Rs 19,500 Crore Solar PLI Scheme”, BQ Prime, September 1, 2022, https://www.bqprime.com/business/cabinet-approves-second-tranche-of-rs-19500-crore-solar-pli-scheme; Shri R.K. Singh, Union Power and NRE Minister, “A Number of Steps Taken to Make India Self-reliant in Solar PV Module Manufacturing as Well as Their Exports”, Press Information Bureau, Government of India, March 21, 2023, https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1909269.47
  48. D. Omondi, “Power Companies Operating Mini-grids to Get Tax Refunds”, The Standard, January 14, 2022, https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/business/news/article/2001434330/power-companies-operating-mini-grids-to-get-tax-refunds.48
  49. North Africa Post, “Zimbabwe Bans Raw Lithium Exports as Demand, Prices Soar”, December 28, 2022, https://northafricapost.com/63912-zimbabwe-bans-raw-lithium-exports-as-demand-prices-soar.html; H. Muhammad, “Zimbabwe, DR Congo Ban Lithium, Cobalt Exports – How It Impacts Battery, EV Industry in Indonesia?” February 14, 2023, https://indonesiabusinesspost.com/world/zimbabwe-dr-congo-ban-lithium-cobalt-exports-how-it-impacts-battery-ev-industry-in-indonesia; Q. Zhou, “Indonesia to Ban Bauxite Export from June 2023: An Explainer”, ASEAN Briefing, 2022, https://www.aseanbriefing.com/news/indonesia-to-ban-bauxite-export-from-june-2023. 49
  50. The Business Standard, “China Bans Core Solar Panel Technologies' Export”, February 1, 2023, https://www.tbsnews.net/world/global-economy/china-bans-core-solar-panel-technologies-export-577842. 50
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  52. GOGLA, op. cit. note 8; IRENA, “Renewable Capacity Statistics 2023”, 2023, https://www.irena.org/Publications/2023/Mar/ Renewable-capacity-statistics-2023.52
  53. L. Cozzi et al., ”For the First Time in Decades, the Number of People Without Access to Electricity Is Set to Increase in 2022”, IEA, November 3, 2022, https://www.iea.org/commentaries/for-the-first-time-in-decades-the-number-of-people-without-access-to-electricity-is-set-to-increase-in-2022. 53
  54. IEA, “World Energy Outlook 2022”, 2022, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/830fe099-5530-48f2- a7c1-11f35d510983/WorldEnergyOutlook2022.pdf.54
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  56. IEA, op. cit. note 54.56
  57. IRENA and African Development Bank, “Renewable Energy Market Analysis: Africa and Its Regions”, 2022, https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Jan/IRENA_Market_Africa_2022.pdf.57
  58. GOGLA, op. cit. note 8.58
  59. IRENA, “Renewable Energy Targets in 2022: A Guide to Design”, 2022, https://mc-cd8320d4-36a1-40ac-83cc-3389-cdn-endpoint.azureedge.net/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Nov/IRENA_RE_targets_2022.pdf.59
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  62. Ibid.62
  63. Ibid.63
  64. Government of India, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, “Office Memorandum: Framework for Promotion of Decentralised Renewable Energy Livelihood Applications”, 2022, https://mnre.gov.in/img/documents/uploads/file_f-1644909209115.pdf.64
  65. Ibid.65
  66. Ibid.66
  67. Sustainable Energy for All, “Chilling Prospects 2022: The Role of National Cooling Action Plans in Delivering the Global Environment Agenda”, 2022, https://www.seforall.org/data-stories/role-of-national-cooling-action-plans. 67
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  69. Ibid.69
  70. Ibid.70
  71. IEA, op. cit. note 54.71
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  73. Clean Cooking Alliance, “Women and Clean Cooking”, https://cleancooking.org/the-issues/women-and-clean-cooking, accessed June 2, 2023.73
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  76. United Nations Commission on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), “Commodities at a Glance: Special Issue on Access to Energy in Sub-Saharan Africa”, 2023, https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/ditccom2023d1_en.pdf. 76
  77. Cecelski and Oparaocha, op. cit. note 32. 77
  78. IEA, “It's Time to Make Clean Energy Investment in Emerging and Developing Economies a Top Global Priority”, June 9, 2021, https://www.iea.org/news/it-s-time-to-make-clean-energy-investment-in-emerging-and-developing-economies-a-top-global-priority.78
  79. Ibid.79
  80. J. St. John, “Manufacturing vs. Deployment: The Clean Energy Tax-credit Conundrum”, Canary Media, June 7, 2023, https://www.canarymedia.com/articles/clean-energy-manufacturing/manufacturing-vs-deployment-the-clean-energy-tax-credit-conundrum. 80
  81. Ibid.81
  82. IEA, “The State of Clean Technology Manufacturing”, 2023, https://www.iea.org/reports/the-state-of-clean-technology-manufacturing.82
  83. J. Touriño Jacobo, “New Initiative Aims to Scale Up Renewable Energy Manufacturing in Africa”, PV Tech, January 23, 2023, https://www.pv-tech.org/new-initiative-aims-to-scale-up-renewable-energy-manufacturing-in-africa.83
  84. The Brief, “Namibia Set for N$9bn Renewables Funding from European Investment Bank”, November 8, 2022, https://thebrief.com.na/index.php/component/k2/item/2008-namibia-set-for-n-9bn-renewables-funding-from-european-investment-bank.84
  85. IEA, op. cit. note 82.85
  86. Ibid.86
  87. Ibid.87
  88. IRENA, “Off-grid Renewable Energy Solutions to Expand Electricity Access: An Opportunity Not to Be Missed”, 2019, https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/Jan/IRENA_Off-grid_RE_Access_2019.pdf.88
  89. GOGLA, op. cit. note 8. 89
  90. Ibid.90
  91. IEA, op. cit. note 54; ESMAP, “Mini-grids for Half a Billion People”, September 27, 2022, https://www.esmap.org/mini_grids_for_half_a_billion_people_the_report. 91
  92. IRENA, “Global Landscape of Renewable Energy Finance 2023”, 2023, https://www.irena.org/Publications/2023/Feb/Global-landscape-of-renewable-energy-finance-2023.92
  93. L. Fortes and D. Corbyn, “Off-grid Solar Investment Boomed in 2022 but the Sun Did Not Shine on All Companies Equally”, GOGLA, April 5, 2023, https://www.gogla.org/about-us/blogs/off-grid-solar-investment-boomed-in-2022-but-the-sun-did-not-shine-on-all-companies.93
  94. Ibid.94
  95. Ibid.95
  96. Ibid. 96
  97. Green Climate Fund, “Energy Generation and Access”, https://www.greenclimate.fund/results/energy-generation-access, accessed April 8, 2023.97
  98. World Bank, “World Bank Group Announces Major Initiative to Electrify Sub-Saharan Africa with Distributed Renewable Energy”, November 9, 2023, https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/11/09/world-bank-group-announces-major-initiative-to-electrify-sub-saharan-africa-with-distributed-renewable-energy.98
  99. Ibid.99
  100. Fortes and Corbyn, op. cit. note 93.100
  101. World Bank, “Window 5 Operations Manual, Development Bank of Rwanda”, 2023, https://www.brd.rw/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/REF_Window_5_Operations_Manual.pdf.101
  102. IRENA, “Innovation Landscape for a Renewable-powered Future”, 2019, https://www.irena.org/publications/2019/Feb/Innovation-landscape-for-a-renewable-powered-future. Snapshot: Germany from the following sources: ABO Wind, “Renewables and Tourism”, https://www.abo-wind.com/uk/community/renewables-tourism.html, accessed April 10, 2023; M. Biben, “Zapadlý kout Německa bohatne z větru a slunce. Elektřiny vyrobí trojnásobek spotřeby a topí odpad”, Hospodářské noviny, November 14, 2022, https://archiv.hn.cz/c1-67131440-zapadly-kout-nemecka-bohatne-z-vetru-a-slunce-elektriny-vyrobi-trojnasobek-spotreby-a-topi-odpady.102
  103. M-KOPA, “Products”, November 14, 2020, https://m-kopa.com/products.103
  104. Sun King, “Powering Access to Brighter Lives”, https://sunking.com, accessed June 16, 2023.104
  105. ZOLA Electric, “Power Anywhere”, https://zolaelectric.com, accessed June 16, 2023.105
  106. d.light, “Solar Home Systems Outdoor & Solar Lanterns”, https://www.dlight.com, accessed June 16, 2023.106
  107. IEA, “The Role of Local Energy Communities in Clean Energy Transitions”, 2023, https://www.iea.org/events/the-role-of-local-energy-communities-in-clean-energy-transitions.107
  108. Australian Government, Department of Climate Change, Energy,
    the Environment and Water, “Powering Australia”, May 16, 2023,
    https://www.energy.gov.au/government-priorities/australias-
    energy-strategies-and-frameworks/powering-australia
    .108
  109. U.S. Department of Agriculture, “Biden-Harris Administration Makes Historic, $11 Billion Investment to Advance Clean Energy Across Rural America Through Investing in America Agenda”, https://www.usda.gov/media/press-releases/2023/05/16/biden-
    harris-administration-makes-historic-11-billion-investment
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  110. Institute for Local Self-Reliance, “Californiaʻs Community Solar
    Program”, 2023, https://ilsr.org/californias-community-solar-program.110
  111. REN21 Policy Database, see GSR 2023 Data Pack, Reference Table R5, https://www.ren21.net/gsr2023-data-pack/esvc.111
  112. U.S. Department of Energy, “National Community Solar Partnership Targets”, https://www.energy.gov/communitysolar/national-community-solar-partnership-targets accessed June 2, 2023.112
  113. IRENA, op. cit. note 3.113
  114. Ibid.114
  115. Ibid.115
  116. Ibid.116
  117. Ibid.117
  118. Ibid.118
  119. Figure 3 from Ibid.119
  120. Ibid.120
  121. Ibid.121
  122. Ibid.122
  123. Ibid.123
  124. Ibid.124
  125. IRENA, “Solar PV Energy: A Gender Perspective”, 2022, https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Sep/IRENA_Solar_PV_Gender_perspective_2022.pdf?rev=61477241eb9e4db2932757698c554dc2. 125
  126. Ibid.; Cecelski and Oparaocha, op. cit. note 32. 126
  127. Power for All, “Powering Jobs Census 2022: The Energy Access Workforce”, 2022, https://www.powerforall.org/resources/reports/renewable-energy-jobs-sub-saharan-africa-and-india-2022-power-all. 127
  128. Ibid. 128
  129. Power for All, “Powering Jobs Census 2022: Focus on Nigeria”, 2022, https://www.powerforall.org/resources/reports/powering-jobs-census-2022-focus-nigeria; Power for All, op. cit. note 127.129
  130. IEA, op. cit. note 82. 130
  131. Ibid.131
  132. Ibid.132
  133. Ibid.133
  134. Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis and JMK Research, “India's Photovoltaic Manufacturing Capacity Set to Surge”, JMK Research, 2023, https://jmkresearch.com/renewable-sector-published-reports/indias-photovoltaic-manufacturing-capacity-set-to-surge.134
  135. V. Thompson, “Maxeon's PV Module Capacity Hits 2.5 GW in Mexico”, June 27, 2023, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2023/06/27/maxeons-pv-module-capacity-hits-2-5-gw-in-mexico.135
  136. S. Enkhardt, “Germany Seeking Proposals for 10 GW of Solar
    Factories”, pv magazine, June 26, 2023, https://www.pv-magazine.
    com/2023/06/26/germany-seeking-proposals-for-10-gw-of-
    solar-factories
    .136
  137. IEA, op. cit. note 82. 137
  138. Ibid.138
  139. K. Willsher, “France Opens First Electric Vehicle Battery Gigafactory”, The Guardian (UK), May 30, 2023, https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/may/30/france-opens-first-electric-vehicle-battery-gigafactory.139
  140. Ibid.140
  141. M. Gallucci, “US Wind Manufacturing Makes a Comeback Thanks to Inflation Reduction Act”, pv magazine, June 5, 2023, https://www.canarymedia.com/articles/clean-energy-manufacturing/us-wind-manufacturing-makes-a-comeback-thanks-to-inflation-reduction-act.141
  142. Ibid.142
  143. IEA, op. cit. note 82.143
  144. Based on IEA, op. cit. note 54.144
  145. Ibid.145
  146. Ibid.146
  147. Ibid.147
  148. Ibid.148
  149. REN21, op. cit. note 55. 149
  150. IRENA, “Renewable Capacity Statistics 2023”, 2023, https://www.irena.org/Publications/2023/Mar/Renewable-capacity-statistics-2023.150
  151. Ibid.151
  152. IRENA and SELCO Foundation, “Fostering Livelihoods with Decentralised Renewable Energy: An Ecosystems Approach”, 2022, https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Jan/IRENA_Livelihood_Decentralised_Renewables_2022.pdf.152
  153. IRENA, “Off-grid Renewable Energy Statistics 2022”, 2022, https://www.irena.org/Publications/2022/Dec/Off-grid-renewable-energy-statistics-2022.153
  154. ESMAP, op. cit. note 91. Snapshot: Africa based on the following sources: United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), “Africa Minigrids Program”, 2022, https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/2022-09/AMP-brochure-july-22-EN_0.pdf; UNDP, “Somalia Launches Ambitious Solar Minigrids Program to Increase Energy Access”, 2023, https://www.undp.org/energy/press-releases/somalia-launches-ambitious-solar-minigrids-program-increase-energy-access; UNDP, “Africa Minigrids Program”, 2022, https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/2022-09/AMP-brochure-july-22-EN_0.pdf.154
  155. ESMAP, op. cit. note 91.155
  156. Ibid.156
  157. Ibid.157
  158. Ibid.158
  159. Ibid.159
  160. Ibid.160
  161. Based on IEA, op. cit. note 54. 161
  162. GOGLA, op. cit. note 58.162
  163. Ibid. 163
  164. Ibid. 164
  165. Based on IEA, op. cit. note 54.165
  166. Based on IEA, “Africa Energy Outlook 2022”, https://www.iea.org/reports/africa-energy-outlook-2022. 166
  167. Based on IEA, “World Energy Outlook 2021”, https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2021. 167
  168. Energy Planets, “Clean Cooking Hits Record $200m Investment in 2022”, March 17, 2023, https://www.energyplanets.org/clean-cooking-hits-record-200m-investment-in-2022.168
  169. Clean Cooking Alliance, “2022 Clean Cooking Industry Snapshot”, 2023, https://cleancooking.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/CCA-2022-Clean-Cooking-Industry-Snapshot.pdf.169
  170. Ibid.170
  171. Ibid.171
  172. Clean Cooking Alliance, “Clean Cooking Alliance Adds Five Companies to its Venture Catalyst Program”, May 2022, https://cleancooking.org/news/clean-cooking-alliance-adds-five-companies-to-its-venture-catalyst-program.172
  173. NEFCO, “Modern Clean Cooking Facility for Africa”, https://www.nefco.int/call-for-proposals-for-modern-cooking-facility-for-africa, accessed May 2023.173
  174. Modern Cooking Facility for Africa, “What's the Future of Clean Cooking? Driving Sustainable Fuels and Innovative Business Models”, May 18, 2022, https://www.moderncooking.africa/2022/05/18/future-clean-cooking-sustainable-fuels-and-business.174
  175. Ibid. 175
  176. Ibid.176
  177. Ibid.; Inclusive Energy, “Who's Counting, Exploring If Data Pays in Biogas Carbon Projects”, 2023, https://static1.squarespace.com/static/6380a6194d1af74b3422b87f/t/642c0bff1afe2d5d297daf1a/1680608267909/230404+Who%27s+Counting_Web1.2.pdf.177
  178. Clean Cooking Alliance, op. cit. note 169.178
  179. Ibid.179
  180. ESMAP, “The State of Access to Modern Energy Cooking Services”, 2020, https://cleancooking.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/598-1.pdf.180
  181. IEA et al., op. cit note 10.181
  182. IRENA, “Renewable Energy Market Analysis, Africa and Its Regions”, 2022, https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Jan/IRENA_Market_Africa_2022.pdf.182
  183. Sistema, “Sistema.bio Closes Over $15MM in Financing to Scale Climate-smart Clean Energy Technology for Farmers”, 2022, https://sistema.bio/blog/2022-investment-press-release.183
  184. Ibid. 184
  185. Ibid. 185
  186. SNV, “Household Bio-digester Installations in Selected Countries in Africa and Asia in 2021”, 2022, https://a.storyblok.com/f/191310/b8ca144d18/snv-20biodigester-20status-20brief-20-28final-29.pdf.186
  187. Ibid. 187
  188. Africa Energy Portal, “Rwanda: Koko Networks to Invest $25m for Ecological Cooking”, April 4, 2022, https://africa-energy-portal.org/news/rwanda-koko-networks-invest-25m-ecological-cooking.188
  189. Koko, “Rwanda Signs Agreement with Koko”, 2022, https://rdb.rw/rwanda-signs-agreement-with-koko-to-establish-25-million-renewable-cooking-fuel-utility.189