RENEWABLES 2023 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT

Renewables in Energy Demand

Challenges and Opportunities for the Uptake of Renewables in Buildings

Challenges

Because many heating systems are stand-alone units (e.g., individual fossil gas boilers or oil furnaces), replacing them would require significant investment, time and workforce, especially in the case of multi-dwelling housing such as large apartment buildings.

Implementing renewable-based district heating systems requires high upfront investment, which is often not feasible for residents without government support and incentives.

Image

The number of engineers and installers currently available to replace household energy systems with new systems is insufficient to meet the workforce levels needed to achieve climate goals.

Modern “clean cooking” still depends largely on the use of traditional bioenergy and fossil gas fuels, and applications of electrified technologies are limited mostly to developed countries.

Incumbent fossil fuel companies continue to invest heavily in public relations campaigns designed to slow the transition to renewables in buildings.

Image

Opportunities

The use of renewables in buildings would help reduce heating and other energy costs – especially for low-income households – and limit the vulnerability of households to fossil fuel price swings.

Greater electrification of buildings would contribute to demand response and system flexibility, helping to achieve higher levels of renewable energy integration.

In regions with high levels of new construction, designing efficient and renewable heating systems (and buildings) would help to avoid costly renovations or upgrades at a later stage.

In regions with high shares of existing building stock, there is an opportunity to greatly improve the efficiency of these buildings and to lower energy bills for consumers.

Image
Leapfrogging via renewables is a way to provide energy access to those currently without access to modern energy sources.

New business models (such as heat-as-a-service) provide an opportunity for consumers to avoid upfront expenses associated with changing their heating systems.

Image
  1. International Energy Agency (IEA), “World Energy Balances 2020: Extended Energy Balances,” August 2022, https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-balances, all rights reserved, as modified by the Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century (REN21).1
  2. Ibid.2
  3. Ibid.3
  4. Ibid.4
  5. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), “Decarbonising Buildings in Cities and Regions,” June 2022, https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/urban-rural-and-regional-development/decarbonising-buildings-in-cities-and-regions_a48ce566-en.5
  6. IEA, op. cit. note 1.6
  7. Ibid. 7
  8. IEA, “Buildings – Analysis,” September 2022, https://www.iea.org/reports/buildings.8
  9. Ibid.9
  10. Figure 3 from IEA, op. cit. note 1.10
  11. Ibid.11
  12. Figure 4 from Ibid.12
  13. IEA, op. cit. note 1.13
  14. Ibid.14
  15. Ibid.15
  16. Ibid.16
  17. IEA et al., “Tracking SDG 7: The Energy Progress Report 2022,” 2022, https://trackingsdg7.esmap.org/data/files/download-documents/sdg7-report2022-full_report.pdf; L. Cozzi et al., “For the First Time in Decades, the Number of People Without Access to Electricity Is Set to Increase in 2022 – Analysis,” IEA, November 3, 2022, https://www.iea.org/commentaries/for-the-first-time-in-decades-the-number-of-people-without-access-to-electricity-is-set-to-increase-in-2022.17
  18. IEA et al., op. cit. note 17.18
  19. Cozzi et al., op. cit. note 17; Empresa de Pesquisa Energética, “Brazilian Energy Balance – Year 2021,” 2022, https://www.epe.gov.br/sites-pt/publicacoes-dados-abertos/publicacoes/PublicacoesArquivos/publicacao-675/topico-638/BEN2022.pdf. 19
  20. See Box 2 in “Global Overview” in REN21, “Renewables 2022 Global Status Report,” 2022, www.ren21.net/gsr-2022.20
  21. Figure 5 from IEA, “Heating – Analysis,” 2022, https://www.iea.org/reports/heating.21
  22. IEA, op. cit. note 1.22
  23. IEA, “Renewables 2022 – Analysis,” 2022, https://www.iea.org/reports/renewables-2022.23
  24. IEA, op. cit. note 1.24
  25. IEA, op. cit. note 21.25
  26. IEA, “Heat Pumps – Analysis,” 2022, https://www.iea.org/reports/heat-pumps; IEA, op. cit. note 1.26
  27. IEA, op. cit. note 1. 27
  28. IEA, op. cit. note 1; IEA, op. cit. note 21. 28
  29. IEA, “Energy Efficiency 2022 – Analysis,” 2022, https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-efficiency-2022.29
  30. IEA, op. cit. note 1; B. Naran, R. Padmanabhi and P. Rosane, “Tracking Incremental Energy Efficiency Investments in Certified Green Buildings,” Climate Policy Initiative, December 16, 2021, https://www.climatepolicyinitiative.org/publication/incremental-investments-in-energy-efficiency-in-green-buildings.30
  31. Ibid.31
  32. J. Psaropoulos, “Is Ukraine War Speeding Europe's Transition to Renewable Energy?” Al Jazeera, November 6, 2022, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/6/is-ukraine-war-speeding-europes-transition-to-renewable-energy; IEA, “Executive Director Rebuts Three Myths About Today's Global Energy Crisis,” September 7, 2022, https://www.iea.org/news/executive-director-rebuts-three-myths-about-today-s-global-energy-crisis. Snapshot: Europe based on the following sources: Eurostat, “Energy Balance Visualisation Tool,” https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/infographs/energy_balances/enbal.html, accessed November 14, 2022; IEA, “A 10-Point Plan to Reduce the European Union's Reliance on Russian Natural Gas – Analysis,” March 2022, https://www.iea.org/reports/a-10-point-plan-to-reduce-the-european-unions-reliance-on-russian-natural-gas; G. Zachmann, G. Sgaravatti and B. McWilliams, “European Natural Gas Imports,” Bruegel, https://www.bruegel.org/dataset/european-natural-gas-imports, accessed November 14, 2022; European Commission, “REPowerEU: Joint European Action for More Affordable, Secure and Sustainable Energy,” May 18, 2022, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:fc930f14-d7ae-11ec-a95f-01aa75ed71a1.0001.02/DOC_1&format=PDF; B. Claeys, J. Rosenow and M. Anderson, “Is REPowerEU the Right Energy Policy Recipe to Move Away from Russian Gas?” Euractiv, June 27, 2022, https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy/opinion/is-repowereu-the-right-energy-policy-recipe-to-move-away-from-russian-gas; Odyssee-Mure, “EU Heating Energy | Heating Energy Consumption by Energy Source,” https://www.odyssee-mure.eu/publications/efficiency-by-sector/households/heating-energy-consumption-by-energy-sources.html, accessed November 14, 2022; D. Gibb et al., “Turning Off the Gas: Stronger and Coherent EU Policy to Accelerate the Fossil Gas Phaseout,” Regulatory Assistance Project, October 18, 2022, https://www.raponline.org/knowledge-center/turning-off-gas-stronger-coherent-eu-policy-accelerate-fossil-gas-phaseout; Buildings Performance Institute of Europe, “EPBD Recast: New Provisions Need Sharpening to Hit Climate Targets,” January 20, 2022, https://www.bpie.eu/publication/epbd-recast-new-provisions-need-sharpening-to-hit-climate-targets.32
  33. Ember, “EU's Record Growth in Wind and Solar Avoids €11bn in Gas Costs During War,” October 18, 2022, https://ember-climate.org/press-releases/eus-record-growth-in-wind-and-solar-avoids-e11bn-in-gas-costs-during-war.33
  34. IEA, op. cit. note 23; BloombergNEF, “Energy Transition Factbook 2022,” September 2022, https://assets.bbhub.io/professional/sites/24/BloombergNEF-CEM-2022-Factbook.pdf.34
  35. IEA, op. cit. note 23.35
  36. Bnamericas, “Ministry of Energy Launches National Heat and Cold Strategy,” June 24, 2021, https://www.bnamericas.com/en/news/ministry-of-energy-launches-national-heat-and-cold-strategy; Government of the UK, “Heat and Buildings Strategy,” October 29, 2021, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/heat-and-buildings-strategy; Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland, “National Heat Study,” https://www.seai.ie/data-and-insights/national-heat-study, accessed October 29, 2022.36
  37. N. Kurmayer, “Netherlands to Ban Fossil Heating from 2026, Make Heat Pumps Mandatory,” Euractiv, May 17, 2022, https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy-environment/news/netherlands-to-ban-fossil-heating-by-2026-make-heat-pumps-mandatory.37
  38. L. Sunderland and D. Gibb, “Taking the Burn Out of Heating for Low-Income Households,” Regulatory Assistance Project, December 1, 2022, https://www.raponline.org/knowledge-center/taking-burn-out-of-heating-low-income-households.38
  39. D. Gibb, S. Thomas and J. Rosenow, “Metrics Matter: Efficient Renewable Heating and Cooling in the Renewable Energy Directive,” Regulatory Assistance Project, September 6, 2022, https://www.raponline.org/knowledge-center/metrics-matter-efficient-renewable-heating-cooling-renewable-energy-directive.39
  40. European Parliament, “Renewable Energy Directive – Amendments Adopted in Sept 2022,” September 14, 2022, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-9-2022-0317_EN.pdf.40
  41. R. Lowes et al., “A Policy Toolkit for Global Mass Heat Pump Deployment,” Regulatory Assistance Project, November 14,
    2022, https://www.raponline.org/knowledge-center/policy-toolkit-global-mass-heat-pump-deployment. 41
  42. Chinese Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, “14th Five-Year' Building Energy Efficiency and Green Building Development Plan,” 2021, www.mohurd.gov.cn/gongkai/fdzdgknr/zfhcxjsbwj/202203/20220311_765109.html.42
  43. IEA, “World Energy Outlook 2022,” October 2022, https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2022.43
  44. REN21 Policy Database. See Reference Table R1 in the GSR 2023 Data Pack, www.ren21.net/gsr2023-data-pack.44
  45. G. De Clercq, “France Ends Gas Heaters Subsidies, Boosts Heat Pumps in Bid to Cut Russia Reliance,” Reuters, March 16, 2022, https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/france-ends-gas-heaters-subsidies-boosts-heat-pumps-bid-cut-russia-reliance-2022-03-16.45
  46. B. Epp, “Fund of EUR ٣ Billion for Decarbonising German District Heating,” Solar Thermal World, August 30, 2022, https://solarthermalworld.org/news/fund-of-eur-3-billion-for-decarbonising-german-district-heating.46
  47. Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico, “Real Decreto 477/2021, de 29 de junio, por el que se aprueba la concesión directa a las comunidades autónomas y a las ciudades de ceuta y melilla de ayudas para la ejecución de diversos programas de incentivos ligados al autoconsumo y al almacenamiento, con fuentes de energía renovable, así como a la implantación de sistemas térmicos renovables en el sector residencial, en el marco del plan de recuperación, transformación y resiliencia,” 2021, https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2021/06/29/477; A. Rosell, “More Than EUR 1 Billion of Incentives Available in Spain,” Solar Thermal World, October 12, 2022, https://solarthermalworld.org/news/more-than-eur-1-billion-of-incentives-available-in-spain.47
  48. Government of the UK, “Ditching Costly Gas and Oil Is Cheaper Thanks to Heat Pump Scheme,” May 23, 2022, https://www.gov.uk/government/news/ditching-costly-gas-and-oil-is-cheaper-thanks-to-heat-pump-scheme.48
  49. E. Hougaard, “Energistyrelsen åbner for ansøgninger til tilskudsordning for etablering af eldrevne varmepumper og solvarmeanlæg til produktion af fjernvarme,” Energistyrelsen, July 12, 2022, https://ens.dk/presse/energistyrelsen-aabner-ansoegninger-til-tilskudsordning-etablering-af-eldrevne-varmepumper-og.49
  50. B. Epp, “EUR ٦٥ Million Provided for Solar District Heating in Kosovo,” Solar Thermal World, July 7, 2022, https://solarthermalworld.org/news/eur-65-million-provided-for-solar-district-heating-in-kosovo.50
  51. cking, “What the ‘Inflation Reduction Act of 2022' Means for Solar,” Solar Energy International, August 22, 2022, https://www.solarenergy.org/what-the-inflation-reduction-act-of-2022-means-for-solar.51
  52. United News of India, “UP Targets to Generate 22k MW Solar Energy in Next 5 Yrs,” November 16, 2022, http://www.uniindia.com/~/up-targets-to-generate-22k-mw-solar-energy-in-next-5-yrs/Business Economy/news/2861956.htm.52
  53. R. Desmornes, “The Inflation Reduction Act ‘Pumps Up' Heat Pumps,” HVAC Solutions, November 4,2022, https://www.hvac.com/resources/inflation-reduction-act-heat-pump-rebates; Rewiring America, “High-Efficiency Electric Home Rebate Act,” 2022, https://www.rewiringamerica.org/policy/high-efficiency-electric-home-rebate-act.53
  54. D. Gibb and M. Morawiecka, “Cleaning Up Heat: The Changing Economics for Heat Pumps in Poland,” Regulatory Assistance Project, November 7, 2022, https://www.raponline.org/knowledge-center/cleaning-up-heat-the-changing-economics-for-heat-pumps-in-poland.54
  55. Bercy Infos, “MaPrimeRénov': la prime pour la rénovation énergétique,” December 30, 2022, https://www.economie.gouv.fr/particuliers/prime-renovation-energetique.55
  56. Figure 6 from REN21 Policy Database, op. cit. note 44.56
  57. J. Cheng, “Importance of Energy Standards in Supporting Affordable Growth of the High Efficiency Heat Pump Market in China,” 8th IEA-Tsinghua Joint Workshop: Making Buildings Zero-Carbon Ready by 2030 – Near-term Solutions for Heating Systems, 27 October, 2022, https://www.iea.org/events/the-8th-iea-tsinghua-joint-workshop-making-buildings-zero-carbon-ready-by-2030-near-term-solutions-for-heating-systems. Snapshot: China based on the following sources: Energy Foundation China, “Synthesis Report 2022 on China's Carbon Neutrality: Electrification in China's Carbon Neutrality Pathways,” 13 November, 2022, https://www.efchina.org/Reports-en/report-lceg-20221104-en; IEA, “Clean Winter Heating Plan in Northern China (2017-2021) – Policies,” May 17,2021, https://www.iea.org/policies/7906-clean-winter-heating-plan-in-northern-china-2017-2021; 65% from Energy Foundation China, “Research on the Control Strategy of Scattered Coal Pollution in the ‘14th Five-Year Plan' Period,” November 9, 2021, https://www.efchina.org/Attachments/Report/report-cemp-20220305-7/%E6%89%A7%E8%A1%8C%E6%91%98%E8%A6%81-%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E4%BA%94-%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%95%A3%E7%85%A4%E6%B1%A1%E6%9F%93%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E7%AD%96%E7%95%A5%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6.pdf (using Google Translate); B. Epp, “China: Beijing Mandates Solar Hot Water Systems,” Solar Thermal World, March 23, 2012, https://solarthermalworld.org/news/china-beijing-mandates-solar-hot-water-systems; Chinese Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, “‘14th Five-Year' Building Energy Efficiency and Green Building Development Plan,” 2022, https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xwdt/tzgg/202206/P020220602315650388122.pdf; C. Farand, “China's Ambitious Rooftop Solar Pilot Helps Drive ‘Blistering' Capacity Growth,” Climate Home News, July 14, 2022, https://www.climatechangenews.com/2022/07/14/chinas-ambitious-rooftop-solar-pilot-helps-drive-blistering-capacity-growth; Government of China, “'The 14th Five-Year Plan' Building Energy Conservation and Green Building Development Plan' was issued to complete the energy-saving renovation of existing buildings with an area of more than 350 million square meters by 2025,” March 22, 2022, http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2022-03/22/content_5680355.htm.57
  58. Energy Foundation China, op. cit. note 57.58
  59. D. Gibb and A. Jahn, “‘Game On' for Germany's Heat Pump Transformation,” Regulatory Assistance Project, July 20, 2022, https://www.raponline.org/blog/game-on-germany-heat-pump-transformation.59
  60. N. Kurmayer, “Netherlands to Ban Fossil Heating from 2026, Make Heat Pumps Mandatory,” Euractiv, May 17, 2022, https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy-environment/news/netherlands-to-ban-fossil-heating-by-2026-make-heat-pumps-mandatory.60
  61. Data as of 9 February 2023, from Building Decarbonization Coalition, “Zero Emissions Building Ordinances,” 2022, https://www.buildingdecarb.org/zeb-ordinances.html.61
  62. Ibid.62
  63. L. Louis-Prescott and R. Golden, “How Local Governments and Communities Are Taking Action to Get Fossil Fuels Out of Buildings,” RMI, August 9, 2022, https://rmi.org/taking-action-to-get-fossil-fuels-out-of-buildings.63
  64. E. Pontecorvo, “California's 2030 Ban on Gas Heaters Opens a New Front in the War on Fossil Fuels,” Grist, September 26, 2022, https://grist.org/buildings/californias-2030-ban-on-gas-heaters-opens-a-new-front-in-the-war-on-fossil-fuels; New York State Public Service Commission, “PSC Breathes New Life into Popular Con Edison Clean Heat Program,” November 8, 2022, https://ar.dps.ny.gov/system/files/documents/2022/10/psc-breathes-new-life-into-popular-con-edison-clean-heat-program.pdf.64
  65. T. DiChristopher and A. Duquiatan, “States That Outlaw Gas Bans Account for 31% of US Residential/Commercial Gas Use,” S&P Global Commodity Insights, June 9, 2022, https://www.spglobal.com/marketintelligence/en/news-insights/latest-news-headlines/states-that-outlaw-gas-bans-account-for-31-of-us-residential-commercial-gas-use-70749584.65
  66. European Commission, op. cit. note 32.66
  67. E. Christensen, “California's New Building Energy Efficiency Standards, Mandating Solar + Storage, Are Set to Go into Effect on January 1, 2023,” August 1, 2022, https://www.energytoolbase.com/newsroom/blog/californias-new-building-energy-efficiency-standards-mandating-solar-storage.67
  68. J. Spector, “California Is Finally Unlocking Community Solar for the Masses,” Canary Media, September 8, 2022, https://www.canarymedia.com/articles/solar/california-is-finally-unlocking-community-solar-for-the-masses.68
  69. J. John, “New California Rooftop-Solar Plan Drops ‘Solar Tax,' But Fears Remain,” Canary Media, November 10, 2022, https://www.canarymedia.com/articles/solar/new-california-rooftop-solar-plan-drops-solar-tax-but-fears-remain.69
  70. CTV News, “N.S. Government Kills Electric Utility's Bid to Impose ‘Net-Metering' Charge on Solar,” Atlantic, February 2, 2022, https://atlantic.ctvnews.ca/n-s-government-kills-electric-utility-s-bid-to-impose-net-metering-charge-on-solar-1.5764723.70
  71. IEA, op. cit. note 1.71
  72. Global Alliance for Buildings and Construction, “2022 Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction,” 2022, http://globalabc.org/our-work/tracking-progress-global-status-report.72
  73. Chinese Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, op. cit. note 57.73
  74. Global Alliance for Buildings and Construction, op. cit. note 72.74
  75. D. Rajeev, “Energy Conservation Bill 2022: Implications and Next Steps,” The Economic Times, December 28, 2022, https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/renewables/energy-conservation-bill-2022-implications-and-next-steps/articleshow/96562493.cms.75
  76. T. Sawachi, “Context for Building Heating Systems and How Their Energy Efficiencies Are Evaluated in a Building Energy Code of Japan,” 8th IEA-Tsinghua Joint Workshop: Making Buildings Zero-Carbon Ready by 2030 – Near-term Solutions for Heating Systems, October 2022, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/9820c21f-47dc-431d-8b11-28b99dfab44c/
    Session1Presentation4TakaoSawachiContextforbuilding
    heatingsystemsinJapan.pdf    .76
  77. IEA, op. cit. note 21.77
  78. Based on USD 489.6 billion global new investment in renewable power capacity in 2022 (not including hydropower projects larger than 50 MW), from BloombergNEF, “Energy Transition Investment Trends 2023,” 2023, https://about.bnef.com/energy-transition-investment; 50% from M. Santamouris and K. Vasilakopoulou, “Present and Future Energy Consumption of Buildings: Challenges and Opportunities Towards Decarbonisation,” E-Prime – Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy, Vol. 1 (January 1, 2021): 100002, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prime.2021.100002.78
  79. K. Mathiesen et al., “Putin's War Accelerates the EU's Fossil Fuel Detox,” Politico, October 12, 2022, https://www.politico.eu/article/vladimir-putin-war-ukraine-accelerates-eu-fossil-fuel-detox.79
  80. BloombergNEF, op. cit. note 78; IEA, “World Energy Investment 2022,” 2022, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b0beda65-8a1d-46ae-87a2-f95947ec2714/WorldEnergyInvestment2022.pdf.80
  81. IEA, op. cit. note 80.81
  82. B. Epp, “37 MW Solar District Heating Plant in the Netherlands with Outstanding Features,” Solar Thermal World, November 11, 2022, https://solarthermalworld.org/news/37-mw-solar-district-heating-plant-in-the-netherlands-with-outstanding-features.82
  83. International District Energy Association, “Canada Infrastructure Bank, CIBC and Markham District Energy Close $270 Million District Energy Infrastructure Investment,” November 25, 2022, https://www.districtenergy.org/blogs/district-energy/2022/11/25/canada-infrastructure-bank-cibc-and-markham-distri.83
  84. B. Epp, “Fund of EUR 3 Billion for Decarbonising German District Heating,” Solar Thermal World, August 30, 2022, https://solarthermalworld.org/news/fund-of-eur-3-billion-for-decarbonising-german-district-heating; A. Walstad, “Germany Ploughs €3bn into Phasing out District Heating Gas,” Gas Outlook, August 18, 2022, https://gasoutlook.com/analysis/germany-ploughs-e3bn-into-phasing-out-district-heating-gas.84
  85. IEA, op. cit. note 80; Solar Heat Europe, “Solar Heat Market Report 2021,” December 2022, http://solarheateurope.eu/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Solar_Heat_Market_Report-2021.pdf.85
  86. Solar Heat Europe, op. cit. note 85.86
  87. IEA, “Energy Efficiency 2022,” 2022, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/7741739e-8e7f-4afa-a77f-49dadd51cb52/EnergyEfficiency2022.pdf.87
  88. IEA, op. cit. note 80.88
  89. Ibid.89
  90. IEA, “Approximately 100 Million Households Rely on Rooftop Solar PV by 2030 – Analysis,” September 2022, https://www.iea.org/reports/approximately-100-million-households-rely-on-rooftop-solar-pv-by-2030.90
  91. IEA, “Solar PV – Analysis,” September 2022, https://www.iea.org/reports/solar-pv.91
  92. Ibid.92
  93. IEA Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme (PVPS), “Trends in PV Applications 2022,” 2022, https://iea-pvps.org/trends_reports/trends-2022; IEA, op. cit. note 91.93
  94. IEA PVPS, op. cit. note 93.94
  95. Ibid.95
  96. Ibid.96
  97. Ibid.97
  98. Fortum, “Fortum and Microsoft Announce World's Largest Collaboration to Heat Homes, Services and Businesses with Sustainable Waste Heat from New Data Centre Region,” March 17, 2022, https://www.fortum.com/media/2022/03/fortum-and-microsoft-announce-worlds-largest-collaboration-heat-homes-services-and-businesses-sustainable-waste-heat-new-data-centre-region; IrishCentral, “Heat Created by Amazon Data Center in Dublin to Be Used in Local Housing,” September 22, 2021, https://www.irishcentral.com/news/amazon-data-center-dublin-heat-local-housing; World Economic Forum, “Your Data Could Warm You Up This Winter, Here's How,” August 8, 2022, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/08/sustainable-data-centre-heating; P. Judge, “Vienna Hospital to Get Waste Heat from Interxion Data Center,” Data Center Dynamics, April 27, 2022, https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/vienna-hospital-to-get-waste-heat-from-interxion-data-center.98
  99. IEA, op. cit. note 1.99
  100. International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), “Bioenergy for the Transition: Ensuring Sustainability and Overcoming Barriers,” August 2022, https://www.irena.org/publications/2022/Aug/Bioenergy-for-the-Transition.100
  101. N. Kurmayer, “As Winter Looms, Germans Increasingly Turn to Wood for Heating,” Euractiv, September 23, 2022, https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy/news/as-winter-looms-germans-increasingly-turn-to-wood-for-heating; Euronews, “Energy Crisis: Germans Turn to Wood Burning Stoves to Save on Gas,” November 11, 2022, https://www.euronews.com/green/2022/11/11/energy-crisis-in-germany-rising-trend-in-wood-burning-stoves-to-save-on-gas; H. Thompson, “Wood Pellet Shortages in France Cause Prices to Soar,” Connexionfrance, 15 September, 2022, https://www.connexionfrance.com/article/French-news/Wood-pellet-shortages-in-France-cause-prices-to-soar; D. Brooks, “Wood Pellets May Be Scarcer, and More Costly, This Winter,” NH Business Review, October 21, 2022, https://www.nhbr.com/wood-pellets-may-be-scarcer-and-more-costly-this-winter; United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, “Wood Energy on the Rise in Europe,” November 4, 2022, https://unece.org/climate-change/press/wood-energy-rise-europe.101
  102. IRENA, op. cit. note 100.102
  103. IEA, op. cit. note 21.103
  104. W. Weiss and M. Spörk-Dür, “Solar Heat Worldwide: Edition 2022,” May 2022, https://www.iea-shc.org/Data/Sites/1/publications/Solar-Heat-Worldwide-2022.pdf.104
  105. Ibid.105
  106. B. Epp, “IEA SHC Solar Award Winner: Social Housing Project in Namibia,” Solar Thermal World, October 18, 2022, https://solarthermalworld.org/news/iea-shc-solar-award-winner-social-housing-project-in-namibia; Southern African Solar Thermal Demonstration and Training Initiative (SOLTRAIN), “Solar Thermal Roadmaps,” https://soltrain.org/assets/roadmaps, accessed November 20, 2022.106
  107. J. Meyer, “Strongly Downsized, But Crisis-Ridden Solar Collector Industry in Germany,” Solar Thermal World, August 2, 2022, https://solarthermalworld.org/news/strongly-downsized-but-crisis-ridden-solar-collector-industry-in-germany; J. Meyer, “Survey of German Solar Collector Industry: ‘Daily Struggle to Procure Materials,'” Solar Thermal World, August 4, 2022, https://solarthermalworld.org/news/survey-of-german-solar-collector-industry-daily-struggle-to-procure-materials; E. Gerden, “Russian Solar Thermal Industry in Deep Crisis,” Solar Thermal World, September 18, 2022, https://solarthermalworld.org/news/russian-solar-thermal-industry-in-deep-crisis.107
  108. Weiss and Spörk-Dür, op. cit. note 104; B.Epp, “37 MW solar district heating plant in the Netherlands with outstanding features,” Solar Thermal World, November 11, 2022, https://solarthermalworld.org/news/37-mw-solar-district-heating-plant-in-the-netherlands-with-outstanding-features.108
  109. Weiss and Spörk-Dür, op. cit. note 104.109
  110. J. Lund and A. Toth, “Direct Utilization of Geothermal Energy 2020 Worldwide Review,” Geothermics, Vol. 90 (February 2021): 101915, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0375650520302078. 110
  111. Ibid.111
  112. Ibid.112
  113. C. Cariaga, “Sinopec Launches Expanded Geothermal Heating in China for Winter,” ThinkGeoEnergy, November 17, 2022, https://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/sinopec-launches-expanded-geothermal-heating-for-winter.113
  114. Ibid.; D. Olick, “Largest-Ever Geothermal Grid Under This Texas Housing Development Is Saving Homeowners Serious Money,” CNBC, 2022, https://www.cnbc.com/2022/09/01/geothermal-powered-housing-development-saves-homeowners-big-bucks.html; US Department of Energy, “Community Geothermal Heating and Cooling Design and Deployment,” July 12, 2022, https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/articles/community-geothermal-heating-and-cooling-design-and-deployment.114
  115. IEA Geothermal, “2021 Annual Report,” October 2022, https://iea-gia.org/publications-2/annual-reports.115
  116. C. Cariaga, “Canada to Invest in Geothermal Projects in Nova Scotia,” ThinkGeoEnergy, November 10, 2022, https://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/canada-to-invest-on-geothermal-projects-in-nova-scotia.116
  117. C. Cariaga, “EGEC Market Report 2021 Highlights Post-COVID Resurgence of Geothermal,” ThinkGeoEnergy, June 14, 2022, https://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/egec-market-report-2021-highlights-post-covid-resurgence-of-geothermal. 117
  118. Ibid. 118
  119. C. Cariaga, “Meudon, France Targets Geothermal District Heating by 2026,” ThinkGeoEnergy, November 7, 2022, https://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/meudon-france-targets-geothermal-district-heating-by-2026; C. Cariaga, “Germany Aims for 100 New Geothermal Projects by 2030,” ThinkGeoEnergy, November 11, 2022, https://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/germany-aims-for-100-new-geothermal-projects-by-2030; C. Cariaga, “Geothermal Heating Plant in Torun, Poland Officially Opens,” ThinkGeoEnergy, October 13, 2022, https://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/geothermal-heating-plant-in-torun-poland-officially-opens. 119
  120. C. Cariaga, “Wien Energie to Build First Geothermal Heating Plant in Vienna, Austria,” ThinkGeoEnergy, November 15, 2022, https://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/wien-energie-to-build-first-geothermal-heating-plant-in-vienna-austria.120
  121. J. Rosenow et al., “Heating Up the Global Heat Pump Market,” Nature Energy (September 7, 2022): 1-4, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-022-01104-8; IEA, op. cit. note 26.121
  122. Installatore Professionale, “Climatizzazione: incrementi a tre cifre per le pompe di calore idroniche nel primo semestre 2022,” July 29, 2022, https://www.installatoreprofessionale.it/news/905-climatizzazione-incrementi-a-tre-cifre-per-le-pompe-di-calore-idroniche-nel-primo-semestre-2022.html; M. Beerling, “Reactie Vereniging Warmtepompen op Gasmonitor 2022,” Vereniging Warmtepompen, September 5, 2022, https://warmte-pompen.nl/reactie-vereniging-warmtepompen-op-gasmonitor-2022; PORT PC, “Ponad dwukrotny wzrost sprzedaży powietrznych pomp ciepła w I poł. 2022 roku!,” Polska Organizacja Rozwoju Technologii Pomp Ciepła, August 17, 2022, https://portpc.pl/ponad-dwukrotny-wzrost-sprzedazy-powietrznych-pomp-ciepla-w-i-pol-2022-roku; J. Hirvonen, “Record High Sales Growth of 80% Recorded for Heat Pumps in the First Six Months of the Year in Finland,” SULPU, July 19, 2022, https://www.sulpu.fi/record-high-sales-growth-of-80-recorded-for-heat-pumps-in-the-first-six-months-of-the-year-in-finland; Bundesverband der DeutschenHeizungsindustrie, “Heizungsindustrie: Solider Markt in Dynamischem Umfeld,” August 12, 2022, https://www.bdh-industrie.de/presse/pressemeldungen/artikel/heizungsindustrie-solider-markt-in-dynamischem-umfeld; Norsk Varmepumpeforening, “Boligeiere har skjønt det- når kommer bedriftene? Varmepumpeforeningen,” 2022, https://www.novap.no/artikler/boligeiere-vil-spare-strom-hvor-blir-det-av-bedriftene.122
  123. Air Conditioning, Heating & Refrigeration Institute, “AHRI Releases June 2022 U.S. Heating and Cooling Equipment Shipment Data,” August 12, 2022, https://www.ahrinet.org/sites/default/files/2022-09/June2022StatisticalRelease.pdf.123
  124. IEA, op. cit. note 21; T. Nowak, “LinkedIn Post on Heat Pump Manufacturer Announcements,” 2022, https://www.linkedin.com/posts/thomasnowakeu_conversation-activity-6970985100586950657-VNc1.124
  125. IEA, op. cit. note 21. 125
  126. IEA, op. cit. note 1.126
  127. C. Delmastro, IEA, personal communication with REN21, October 25, 2022.127
  128. European Commission, “Innovative Waste Heat Recovery Experiment in Sweden,” https://cordis.europa.eu/article/id/436169-innovative-waste-heat-recovery-experiment-in-sweden, accessed November 20, 2022; Delmastro, op. cit. note 127; J. Yoon, OECD, personal communication with REN21, November 15, 2022.128
  129. T. Gualtieri and K. Pohjanpalo, “How Cold Seawater Can Heat Helsinki's Homes,” Bloomberg, October 18, 2022, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-10-18/helsinki-utility-finds-a-surprising-heat-source-icy-seawater.129
  130. Sustainable Energy for All, “Chilling Prospects: Tracking Sustainable Cooling for All,” 2022, https://www.seforall.org/chilling-prospects-2022; IEA, “Space Cooling – Analysis,” 2022, https://www.iea.org/reports/space-cooling.130
  131. IEA, op. cit. note 130.131
  132. Delmastro, op. cit. note 127.132
  133. K. Cromartie, “GEG Successfully Breaks Ground on Geothermal Cooling Project in India,” September 6, 2022, http://gegpower.is/geg-successfully-breaks-ground-on-geothermal-cooling-project-in-india; A. Richter, “US Firm Plans Geothermal Deep Closed-Loop Cooling System in Bali, Indonesia,” ThinkGeoEnergy, March 19, 2022, https://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/us-firm-plans-geothermal-deep-closed-loop-cooling-system-in-bali-indonesia.133