RENEWABLES 2023 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT

Renewables in Energy Demand

Policy

Policy action to boost the uptake of renewable heating and cooling in buildings typically takes the form of either national target-setting – such as pursuing a defined share of renewable heating and cooling by a certain date – or specific support policies, such as financial incentives or regulatory policies. By the end of 2022, 80 national and sub-national jurisdictions had in place renewable energy regulatory (43 jurisdictions) or fiscal/financial (57 jurisdictions) policies for buildings. 19 jurisdictions had both.

Globally, only a few overarching targets exist for the use of renewables in buildings, and/or for renewables to supply a rising share of heating and cooling needs. The EU's Renewable Energy Directive sets an indicative target for Member States to increase the share of renewables in heating and cooling (of which buildings is a large share) by 1.1% annually by 2030, or 1.3% when waste heat is involved. 39 In late 2022, the European Parliament suggested raising this share to 2.5%. 40

An increasing number of countries have technology-based targets for renewables in buildings. In addition to the EU's regional heat pump target, several individual European countries, such as Germany, Ireland, and the United Kingdom, have announced national targets for annual heat pump installations that are up to 10 times greater than the annual installations completed in 2021. 41 In April 2022, China's Building Energy Efficiency and Green Building Development Plan entered into force, targeting more than 50 gigawatts (GW) of solar PV on buildings and geothermal heat coverage of 100 million square metres. 42

The spread of net zero emission pledges around the world has the potential to accelerate the uptake of renewables in buildings. However, recent pledges have not necessarily been transformed into actionable policy, nor have they resulted in a decrease in fossil fuel investment in the countries making them. 43

Many countries have provided financial incentives for renewables in buildings. The most common form of support is subsidies, but incentives also include tax credits, rebates and loans. During 2022, 17 national and sub-national jurisdictions – mainly in Europe but also in Australia, India, Japan and the United States – introduced new financial support policies for renewables in buildings, bringing the total number of countries and sub-national jurisdictions offering such support to 57. 44

In Europe, France removed financial support for fossil gas boilers and increased its funding for renewable heating solutions by
EUR 1,000 (USD 1,067) per application. 45 Germany earmarked
EUR 3 billion (USD 3.2 billion) to expand its district heating and cooling sector and transition it to renewables, funding up to 40% of the cost of new grids that rely on at least 75% renewable energy. 46 Spain made available around EUR 660 million (USD 705 million) for installing renewable heating and cooling systems and energy storage systems in residential buildings, as well as
EUR 100 million (USD 107 million) for renewable district heating and cooling networks – Spain's first explicit subsidy for that technology. 47

Snapshot.EUROPE

Strategies to Phase Out Russian Fossil Gas in European Buildings via Renewables

The Russian Federation's invasion of Ukraine in early 2022 and the coinciding European energy crisis turned the region's attention to the role of fossil gas. The EU has depended heavily on Russian gas imports, which supplied around 40% of regional gas demand in 2021 (155 out of the 389 billion cubic metres consumed). These imports dropped dramatically in 2022: in July and August, the EU imported nearly 70% less Russian gas than during the same period in 2021.

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Strategies to Phase Out Russian Fossil Gas in European Buildings via Renewables

The Russian Federation's invasion of Ukraine in early 2022 and the coinciding European energy crisis turned the region's attention to the role of fossil gas. The EU has depended heavily on Russian gas imports, which supplied around 40% of regional gas demand in 2021 (155 out of the 389 billion cubic metres consumed). These imports dropped dramatically in 2022: in July and August, the EU imported nearly 70% less Russian gas than during the same period in 2021.

Fossil gas contributes nearly 40% of the energy used for space heating in European buildings and accounts for around 33% of the region's total energy use. In response to the events in Ukraine, in May 2022 the European Commission announced the REPowerEU plan to “rapidly reduce our dependence on Russian fossil fuels by fast-forwarding the clean transition”. The plan targets reducing the EU's fossil gas use by 124 billion cubic metres by 2030.

To achieve this goal, REPowerEU recommends increasing the EU-wide renewable energy target to 45% of total final energy consumption by 2030 (up from 38%) and boosting the energy savings target to 13% (up from 9%). It also includes measures that could further swap fossil gas demand in buildings for renewables: doubling the deployment rate of heat pumps, doubling the deployment of solar PV (more than 320 GW, by 2025) and proposing a solar rooftop obligation for some types of buildings. Although REPowerEU is not law, it has fed into ongoing negotiations between the European Parliament and Council updating some key directives.

Another key policy plank for phasing out fossil gas is the Energy Performance in Buildings Directive (EPBD), the EU's main lever for renovating and decarbonising buildings. The policies proposed in the EPBD are intended to double the annual renovation rate of buildings. However, there are concerns that the proposed changes to the EPBD may fall short of the depth and rate required to reach the EU's 2030 climate targets.

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Source: See endnote 32 for this module.

The United Kingdom launched a programme that provides GBP 450 million (USD 543 million), or up to GBP 5,000 (USD 6,029) per installation, to replace fossil heating systems with heat pumps. 48 Denmark also increased its available subsidies for heat pumps and solar thermal. 49 The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development provided EUR 65 million (USD 69 million) to build solar district heating systems in Pristina, Kosovo. 50

In the United States, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 allocated USD 4.5 billion in rebates for electric appliances (including heat pumps), USD 4.3 billion for home energy efficiency rebates and a 30% investment tax credit for purchases of ground-source heat pumps and of residential and commercial solar. 51 Uttar Pradesh, India announced rebates to farmers and citizens of up to 100% for distributed solar deployment. 52

In some cases, the financial incentives vary based on household income, providing extra benefits for low-income homeowners. Within the US Inflation Reduction Act, the High Efficiency Electric Home Rebate Act offers point-of-sale rebates for electrification projects – including purchases of heat pumps – and low-income households can be reimbursed for 100% of the project costs (up to USD 14,000). 53 In Poland, subsidies for renewable heating solutions vary based on household income. 54 France's MaPrimeRénov programme provides funding for renewable heat installations and energy efficiency measures, with amounts increasing for lower-income households. 55

Regulations can have a great impact on how renewable energy is used in buildings. Regulatory policies include those that mandate clean technology deployment, restrict the use of fossil fuels, and set standards for building performance or mandatory electrification. At least 21 national (and 22 sub-national) jurisdictions had such regulations by the end of 2022. 56 (See Figure 6)

China introduced its first binding national energy efficiency standard that promotes the use of renewables in buildings, aiming for an 8% share by 2025 – up from around 4% in 2020, excluding biomass. 57 (See Snapshot: China) The country's 2022 Work Plan on Energy Saving and Environment Protection in Government and Public Buildings requires installing heat pumps to meet the heating needs of 2 million square metres of public and government buildings. 58

FIGURE 6.

Regulatory Policies in Buildings, by Building Type, as of End-2022

 FIGURE 6.

Notes: In 2021, 67 countries had mandatory building energy codes at the national level. This number has not been updated in 2022. Policies also exist for Industrial buildings. By the end of 2022, nine countries (China, Indonesia, Japan, Morocco, New Zealand, Philippines, the Slovak Republic, Spain and Türkiye) had regulatory policies for industrial buildings. For more information, see the Industry in Focus module.

Source: See endnote 56 for this module.

Snapshot.CHINA

Decarbonising Buildings With Renewables

Energy use in buildings is responsible for 21% of China's energy-related CO2 emissions. Indirect emissions from the burning of fossil fuels to produce electricity and heat make up most of this, but on-site fuel combustion is responsible for around 600 megatonnes of CO2 emissions per year, or around 6% of China's energy-related emissions.

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Decarbonising Buildings With Renewables

Energy use in buildings is responsible for 21% of China's energy-related CO2 emissions. Indirect emissions from the burning of fossil fuels to produce electricity and heat make up most of this, but on-site fuel combustion is responsible for around 600 megatonnes of CO2 emissions per year, or around 6% of China's energy-related emissions.

China faces various challenges in decarbonising its buildings, including a lack of public awareness and of a sufficient workforce to install and maintain renewable heating and cooling technologies. Additionally, China's Renewable Energy Law does not recognise the ambient heat provided by heat pumps as a “renewable” resource. Energy tariffs also do not encourage electrification, as coal and gas retain an economic advantage.

As China's population has urbanised, great differences remain between rural and urban areas. In rural areas, coal-fired stoves supply around 42% of heating in households. In urban settings, however, district energy networks supply more than 85% of space heating. These are based largely on fossil fuels, with around 72% of district heating alone provided by coal, in the form of coal boilers and combined heat-and-power plants.

In 2017, China launched a campaign to phase out coal and gas in its predominantly rural northern provinces. The goal was to use “clean sources” to supply 70% of the region's heating needs by 2021 (a share of 65% was achieved by 2020, based on the latest data available) and to install heat pumps to cover 500 million square metres. China provided up to CNY 1 billion (USD 140 million) to each of 62 pilot cities to replace coal boilers with cleaner alternatives, and some jurisdictions, such as Beijing, set mandatory solar thermal ordinances.

Going forward, China's 14th Five-Year Building Energy Efficiency and Green Building Development Plan aims to rapidly increase the deployment of renewables in buildings. As the country's first binding national energy efficiency standard, the plan applies to all new buildings. It targets at least 350 million square metres of energy-saving renovation and stipulates that on-site renewables provide 8% of the energy demand in urban buildings. The law provides a strong incentive for electrification, especially of new buildings, by requiring that the share of electricity in buildings' energy demand should exceed 55% by 2025. China also plans to install 50 GW of solar PV on all new public buildings and factories by 2025 and to install heat pumps for 2 million square metres of public and government buildings.

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Source: See endnote 57 for this module.

Germany's coalition agreement laid out an obligation, expected to apply in January 2024, that all new heating systems must run on 65% renewable energy, effectively ruling out the use of stand-alone oil furnaces and gas boilers. 59 The Netherlands, which in 2018 prohibited the connection of new buildings to the gas grid, announced additional measures in 2022 to make heat pumps mandatory for all new buildings as of 2022 and to ban all fossil heating by 2026. 60

As of February 2023, at least 100 US jurisdictions (covering 11 states) had introduced binding ordinances for zero-emission buildings. 61 Although most measures target new construction, some also include renovations and equipment replacement, as in cities in California, Utah and Washington state. 62 Overall, around 31 million people in the United States live in a jurisdiction with a building electrification policy. 63 California has banned the sale of fossil gas heating systems by 2030, and a programme in New York state provides more than USD 500 million for electrifying space and water heating. 64 However, backlash to such measures has resulted in more than 20 US states – covering around 30% of the country's gas demand in buildings – prohibiting efforts to ban fossil gas use. 65

Obligations to install rooftop solar PV on buildings also have proliferated. The REPowerEU proposal includes an obligation to install rooftop solar on every public building by 2025. 66 In 2022, the US state of California introduced a solar-plus-storage mandate that all new buildings that are required to install solar must also have a battery storage system. 67 The state also rolled out a new community solar subscription model. 68 However, California has struggled to reform its net metering policies, after dropping a proposal to charge owners of rooftop PV a monthly fee. 69 Likewise, Nova Scotia, Canada scrapped a plan to charge a monthly fee to building owners who sell solar electricity back to the grid. 70

Building energy codes are another regulatory lever to increase the penetration of renewables. By reducing the energy intensity of buildings, such codes can enable higher shares of renewable energy use. Additionally, building energy codes increasingly mandate the deployment of renewables. However, as of 2022 only 80 countries had building energy codes (up from 79 in 2021), most of which were voluntary. 71 As of late 2022, only 40% of countries had mandatory building energy codes. 72 China's new buildings law, which includes the country's first binding national energy efficiency standard, sets new construction standards for green buildings that apply to all new buildings; it also targets at least 250 million square metres of energy-saving renovation. 73

South Africa has mandated that all new buildings be designed and constructed to be net zero energy by 2030; Kenya has a similar mandate for 2035 and Nigeria for 2050. 74 India's 2022 energy conservation act applies its mandatory building energy code to residential buildings. 75 Japan initiated a programme that gradually increases mandatory performance standards for buildings. 76 In the United States, the California Building Energy Code, updated in 2022, includes requirements to install demand response technologies for heating systems to enable their automated control. 77

  1. International Energy Agency (IEA), “World Energy Balances 2020: Extended Energy Balances,” August 2022, https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-balances, all rights reserved, as modified by the Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century (REN21).1
  2. Ibid.2
  3. Ibid.3
  4. Ibid.4
  5. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), “Decarbonising Buildings in Cities and Regions,” June 2022, https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/urban-rural-and-regional-development/decarbonising-buildings-in-cities-and-regions_a48ce566-en.5
  6. IEA, op. cit. note 1.6
  7. Ibid. 7
  8. IEA, “Buildings – Analysis,” September 2022, https://www.iea.org/reports/buildings.8
  9. Ibid.9
  10. Figure 3 from IEA, op. cit. note 1.10
  11. Ibid.11
  12. Figure 4 from Ibid.12
  13. IEA, op. cit. note 1.13
  14. Ibid.14
  15. Ibid.15
  16. Ibid.16
  17. IEA et al., “Tracking SDG 7: The Energy Progress Report 2022,” 2022, https://trackingsdg7.esmap.org/data/files/download-documents/sdg7-report2022-full_report.pdf; L. Cozzi et al., “For the First Time in Decades, the Number of People Without Access to Electricity Is Set to Increase in 2022 – Analysis,” IEA, November 3, 2022, https://www.iea.org/commentaries/for-the-first-time-in-decades-the-number-of-people-without-access-to-electricity-is-set-to-increase-in-2022.17
  18. IEA et al., op. cit. note 17.18
  19. Cozzi et al., op. cit. note 17; Empresa de Pesquisa Energética, “Brazilian Energy Balance – Year 2021,” 2022, https://www.epe.gov.br/sites-pt/publicacoes-dados-abertos/publicacoes/PublicacoesArquivos/publicacao-675/topico-638/BEN2022.pdf. 19
  20. See Box 2 in “Global Overview” in REN21, “Renewables 2022 Global Status Report,” 2022, www.ren21.net/gsr-2022.20
  21. Figure 5 from IEA, “Heating – Analysis,” 2022, https://www.iea.org/reports/heating.21
  22. IEA, op. cit. note 1.22
  23. IEA, “Renewables 2022 – Analysis,” 2022, https://www.iea.org/reports/renewables-2022.23
  24. IEA, op. cit. note 1.24
  25. IEA, op. cit. note 21.25
  26. IEA, “Heat Pumps – Analysis,” 2022, https://www.iea.org/reports/heat-pumps; IEA, op. cit. note 1.26
  27. IEA, op. cit. note 1. 27
  28. IEA, op. cit. note 1; IEA, op. cit. note 21. 28
  29. IEA, “Energy Efficiency 2022 – Analysis,” 2022, https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-efficiency-2022.29
  30. IEA, op. cit. note 1; B. Naran, R. Padmanabhi and P. Rosane, “Tracking Incremental Energy Efficiency Investments in Certified Green Buildings,” Climate Policy Initiative, December 16, 2021, https://www.climatepolicyinitiative.org/publication/incremental-investments-in-energy-efficiency-in-green-buildings.30
  31. Ibid.31
  32. J. Psaropoulos, “Is Ukraine War Speeding Europe's Transition to Renewable Energy?” Al Jazeera, November 6, 2022, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/6/is-ukraine-war-speeding-europes-transition-to-renewable-energy; IEA, “Executive Director Rebuts Three Myths About Today's Global Energy Crisis,” September 7, 2022, https://www.iea.org/news/executive-director-rebuts-three-myths-about-today-s-global-energy-crisis. Snapshot: Europe based on the following sources: Eurostat, “Energy Balance Visualisation Tool,” https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/infographs/energy_balances/enbal.html, accessed November 14, 2022; IEA, “A 10-Point Plan to Reduce the European Union's Reliance on Russian Natural Gas – Analysis,” March 2022, https://www.iea.org/reports/a-10-point-plan-to-reduce-the-european-unions-reliance-on-russian-natural-gas; G. Zachmann, G. Sgaravatti and B. McWilliams, “European Natural Gas Imports,” Bruegel, https://www.bruegel.org/dataset/european-natural-gas-imports, accessed November 14, 2022; European Commission, “REPowerEU: Joint European Action for More Affordable, Secure and Sustainable Energy,” May 18, 2022, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:fc930f14-d7ae-11ec-a95f-01aa75ed71a1.0001.02/DOC_1&format=PDF; B. Claeys, J. Rosenow and M. Anderson, “Is REPowerEU the Right Energy Policy Recipe to Move Away from Russian Gas?” Euractiv, June 27, 2022, https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy/opinion/is-repowereu-the-right-energy-policy-recipe-to-move-away-from-russian-gas; Odyssee-Mure, “EU Heating Energy | Heating Energy Consumption by Energy Source,” https://www.odyssee-mure.eu/publications/efficiency-by-sector/households/heating-energy-consumption-by-energy-sources.html, accessed November 14, 2022; D. Gibb et al., “Turning Off the Gas: Stronger and Coherent EU Policy to Accelerate the Fossil Gas Phaseout,” Regulatory Assistance Project, October 18, 2022, https://www.raponline.org/knowledge-center/turning-off-gas-stronger-coherent-eu-policy-accelerate-fossil-gas-phaseout; Buildings Performance Institute of Europe, “EPBD Recast: New Provisions Need Sharpening to Hit Climate Targets,” January 20, 2022, https://www.bpie.eu/publication/epbd-recast-new-provisions-need-sharpening-to-hit-climate-targets.32
  33. Ember, “EU's Record Growth in Wind and Solar Avoids €11bn in Gas Costs During War,” October 18, 2022, https://ember-climate.org/press-releases/eus-record-growth-in-wind-and-solar-avoids-e11bn-in-gas-costs-during-war.33
  34. IEA, op. cit. note 23; BloombergNEF, “Energy Transition Factbook 2022,” September 2022, https://assets.bbhub.io/professional/sites/24/BloombergNEF-CEM-2022-Factbook.pdf.34
  35. IEA, op. cit. note 23.35
  36. Bnamericas, “Ministry of Energy Launches National Heat and Cold Strategy,” June 24, 2021, https://www.bnamericas.com/en/news/ministry-of-energy-launches-national-heat-and-cold-strategy; Government of the UK, “Heat and Buildings Strategy,” October 29, 2021, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/heat-and-buildings-strategy; Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland, “National Heat Study,” https://www.seai.ie/data-and-insights/national-heat-study, accessed October 29, 2022.36
  37. N. Kurmayer, “Netherlands to Ban Fossil Heating from 2026, Make Heat Pumps Mandatory,” Euractiv, May 17, 2022, https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy-environment/news/netherlands-to-ban-fossil-heating-by-2026-make-heat-pumps-mandatory.37
  38. L. Sunderland and D. Gibb, “Taking the Burn Out of Heating for Low-Income Households,” Regulatory Assistance Project, December 1, 2022, https://www.raponline.org/knowledge-center/taking-burn-out-of-heating-low-income-households.38
  39. D. Gibb, S. Thomas and J. Rosenow, “Metrics Matter: Efficient Renewable Heating and Cooling in the Renewable Energy Directive,” Regulatory Assistance Project, September 6, 2022, https://www.raponline.org/knowledge-center/metrics-matter-efficient-renewable-heating-cooling-renewable-energy-directive.39
  40. European Parliament, “Renewable Energy Directive – Amendments Adopted in Sept 2022,” September 14, 2022, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-9-2022-0317_EN.pdf.40
  41. R. Lowes et al., “A Policy Toolkit for Global Mass Heat Pump Deployment,” Regulatory Assistance Project, November 14,
    2022, https://www.raponline.org/knowledge-center/policy-toolkit-global-mass-heat-pump-deployment. 41
  42. Chinese Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, “14th Five-Year' Building Energy Efficiency and Green Building Development Plan,” 2021, www.mohurd.gov.cn/gongkai/fdzdgknr/zfhcxjsbwj/202203/20220311_765109.html.42
  43. IEA, “World Energy Outlook 2022,” October 2022, https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2022.43
  44. REN21 Policy Database. See Reference Table R1 in the GSR 2023 Data Pack, www.ren21.net/gsr2023-data-pack.44
  45. G. De Clercq, “France Ends Gas Heaters Subsidies, Boosts Heat Pumps in Bid to Cut Russia Reliance,” Reuters, March 16, 2022, https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/france-ends-gas-heaters-subsidies-boosts-heat-pumps-bid-cut-russia-reliance-2022-03-16.45
  46. B. Epp, “Fund of EUR ٣ Billion for Decarbonising German District Heating,” Solar Thermal World, August 30, 2022, https://solarthermalworld.org/news/fund-of-eur-3-billion-for-decarbonising-german-district-heating.46
  47. Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico, “Real Decreto 477/2021, de 29 de junio, por el que se aprueba la concesión directa a las comunidades autónomas y a las ciudades de ceuta y melilla de ayudas para la ejecución de diversos programas de incentivos ligados al autoconsumo y al almacenamiento, con fuentes de energía renovable, así como a la implantación de sistemas térmicos renovables en el sector residencial, en el marco del plan de recuperación, transformación y resiliencia,” 2021, https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2021/06/29/477; A. Rosell, “More Than EUR 1 Billion of Incentives Available in Spain,” Solar Thermal World, October 12, 2022, https://solarthermalworld.org/news/more-than-eur-1-billion-of-incentives-available-in-spain.47
  48. Government of the UK, “Ditching Costly Gas and Oil Is Cheaper Thanks to Heat Pump Scheme,” May 23, 2022, https://www.gov.uk/government/news/ditching-costly-gas-and-oil-is-cheaper-thanks-to-heat-pump-scheme.48
  49. E. Hougaard, “Energistyrelsen åbner for ansøgninger til tilskudsordning for etablering af eldrevne varmepumper og solvarmeanlæg til produktion af fjernvarme,” Energistyrelsen, July 12, 2022, https://ens.dk/presse/energistyrelsen-aabner-ansoegninger-til-tilskudsordning-etablering-af-eldrevne-varmepumper-og.49
  50. B. Epp, “EUR ٦٥ Million Provided for Solar District Heating in Kosovo,” Solar Thermal World, July 7, 2022, https://solarthermalworld.org/news/eur-65-million-provided-for-solar-district-heating-in-kosovo.50
  51. cking, “What the ‘Inflation Reduction Act of 2022' Means for Solar,” Solar Energy International, August 22, 2022, https://www.solarenergy.org/what-the-inflation-reduction-act-of-2022-means-for-solar.51
  52. United News of India, “UP Targets to Generate 22k MW Solar Energy in Next 5 Yrs,” November 16, 2022, http://www.uniindia.com/~/up-targets-to-generate-22k-mw-solar-energy-in-next-5-yrs/Business Economy/news/2861956.htm.52
  53. R. Desmornes, “The Inflation Reduction Act ‘Pumps Up' Heat Pumps,” HVAC Solutions, November 4,2022, https://www.hvac.com/resources/inflation-reduction-act-heat-pump-rebates; Rewiring America, “High-Efficiency Electric Home Rebate Act,” 2022, https://www.rewiringamerica.org/policy/high-efficiency-electric-home-rebate-act.53
  54. D. Gibb and M. Morawiecka, “Cleaning Up Heat: The Changing Economics for Heat Pumps in Poland,” Regulatory Assistance Project, November 7, 2022, https://www.raponline.org/knowledge-center/cleaning-up-heat-the-changing-economics-for-heat-pumps-in-poland.54
  55. Bercy Infos, “MaPrimeRénov': la prime pour la rénovation énergétique,” December 30, 2022, https://www.economie.gouv.fr/particuliers/prime-renovation-energetique.55
  56. Figure 6 from REN21 Policy Database, op. cit. note 44.56
  57. J. Cheng, “Importance of Energy Standards in Supporting Affordable Growth of the High Efficiency Heat Pump Market in China,” 8th IEA-Tsinghua Joint Workshop: Making Buildings Zero-Carbon Ready by 2030 – Near-term Solutions for Heating Systems, 27 October, 2022, https://www.iea.org/events/the-8th-iea-tsinghua-joint-workshop-making-buildings-zero-carbon-ready-by-2030-near-term-solutions-for-heating-systems. Snapshot: China based on the following sources: Energy Foundation China, “Synthesis Report 2022 on China's Carbon Neutrality: Electrification in China's Carbon Neutrality Pathways,” 13 November, 2022, https://www.efchina.org/Reports-en/report-lceg-20221104-en; IEA, “Clean Winter Heating Plan in Northern China (2017-2021) – Policies,” May 17,2021, https://www.iea.org/policies/7906-clean-winter-heating-plan-in-northern-china-2017-2021; 65% from Energy Foundation China, “Research on the Control Strategy of Scattered Coal Pollution in the ‘14th Five-Year Plan' Period,” November 9, 2021, https://www.efchina.org/Attachments/Report/report-cemp-20220305-7/%E6%89%A7%E8%A1%8C%E6%91%98%E8%A6%81-%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E4%BA%94-%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%95%A3%E7%85%A4%E6%B1%A1%E6%9F%93%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E7%AD%96%E7%95%A5%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6.pdf (using Google Translate); B. Epp, “China: Beijing Mandates Solar Hot Water Systems,” Solar Thermal World, March 23, 2012, https://solarthermalworld.org/news/china-beijing-mandates-solar-hot-water-systems; Chinese Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, “‘14th Five-Year' Building Energy Efficiency and Green Building Development Plan,” 2022, https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xwdt/tzgg/202206/P020220602315650388122.pdf; C. Farand, “China's Ambitious Rooftop Solar Pilot Helps Drive ‘Blistering' Capacity Growth,” Climate Home News, July 14, 2022, https://www.climatechangenews.com/2022/07/14/chinas-ambitious-rooftop-solar-pilot-helps-drive-blistering-capacity-growth; Government of China, “'The 14th Five-Year Plan' Building Energy Conservation and Green Building Development Plan' was issued to complete the energy-saving renovation of existing buildings with an area of more than 350 million square meters by 2025,” March 22, 2022, http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2022-03/22/content_5680355.htm.57
  58. Energy Foundation China, op. cit. note 57.58
  59. D. Gibb and A. Jahn, “‘Game On' for Germany's Heat Pump Transformation,” Regulatory Assistance Project, July 20, 2022, https://www.raponline.org/blog/game-on-germany-heat-pump-transformation.59
  60. N. Kurmayer, “Netherlands to Ban Fossil Heating from 2026, Make Heat Pumps Mandatory,” Euractiv, May 17, 2022, https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy-environment/news/netherlands-to-ban-fossil-heating-by-2026-make-heat-pumps-mandatory.60
  61. Data as of 9 February 2023, from Building Decarbonization Coalition, “Zero Emissions Building Ordinances,” 2022, https://www.buildingdecarb.org/zeb-ordinances.html.61
  62. Ibid.62
  63. L. Louis-Prescott and R. Golden, “How Local Governments and Communities Are Taking Action to Get Fossil Fuels Out of Buildings,” RMI, August 9, 2022, https://rmi.org/taking-action-to-get-fossil-fuels-out-of-buildings.63
  64. E. Pontecorvo, “California's 2030 Ban on Gas Heaters Opens a New Front in the War on Fossil Fuels,” Grist, September 26, 2022, https://grist.org/buildings/californias-2030-ban-on-gas-heaters-opens-a-new-front-in-the-war-on-fossil-fuels; New York State Public Service Commission, “PSC Breathes New Life into Popular Con Edison Clean Heat Program,” November 8, 2022, https://ar.dps.ny.gov/system/files/documents/2022/10/psc-breathes-new-life-into-popular-con-edison-clean-heat-program.pdf.64
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