RENEWABLES 2023 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT

Economic & Social Value Creation

Market Developments

Employment

In 2021, renewable energy employment increased to reach a record high of 12.7 million jobs. 113 (See Figure 2.) The solar PV industry remains the largest employer in the sector with 4.3 million jobs, followed by bioenergy with 3.4 million jobs in 2021 (down from 3.5 million in 2020). 114 Between 2020 and 2021, the number of jobs in hydropower increased from 2.2 million to 2.4 million, and wind energy jobs increased from 1.25 million to 1.4 million. 115 Employment in solar heating and cooling totalled 0.77 million and in “other” technologies totalled 0.43 million. 116

By region, Asia accounted for around two-thirds of all renewable energy jobs in 2021, while the Americas represented 21% and Europe 12%. 117 China was the largest renewable energy employer worldwide with 5.36 million jobs (42% of the global total). 118 Most of the jobs in the solar PV industry, around 3.39 million or 79%, were in Asia. 119 (See Figure 3.) China alone employed around 2.7 million people, representing 63% of the solar PV jobs in 2021. 120

For bioenergy, the Americas accounted for 43% of the global workforce, closely followed by Asia with 39%, while Europe represented only 17%. 121 Around 70% of the jobs in hydropower were in Asia, with the remainder in the Americas (18%), Europe (7%) and the rest of the world (4.5%). 122 Asia had most of the wind energy employment, at almost 60% (China alone accounted for 47% of the total), followed by Europe at 25%, the Americas at 16%, and Africa and Oceania at 2%. 123 Solar heating and cooling jobs were concentrated in Asia, mainly in China with 636,000 jobs (82% of the total in 2021), down from an estimated 670,000 jobs in 2020. 124

Women accounted for one-third (32%) of the renewable energy workforce overall in 2021, and the share of female employees in the solar industry is above average, at 40%. 125 However, most women in solar PV work in administration (58%), and across the energy sector the salaries of female workers remain 20% lower than those of men in equivalent positions. 126

Although the COVID-19 pandemic led to a decline in employment in distributed renewable energy, the sector recovered quickly and in some countries exceeded pre-pandemic employment levels by 2021. 127 Of the estimated more than 500,000 direct jobs in distributed renewables worldwide, most are in African countries (374,000 jobs), followed by India (80,000). 128 In Nigeria, the estimated 50,000 jobs in distributed renewables are nearly equivalent to the estimated 65,000 jobs in the oil and gas industry. 129

FIGURE 2.

Global Renewable Energy Employment, by Technology, 2013-2021

 FIGURE 2.

Source: See endnote 113 for this module.

Local Supply Chains

Global clean energy manufacturing capacity showed strong growth in 2022, with robust expansion in batteries (72%), solar PV (39%), electrolysers (26%) and heat pumps (13%). 130 Wind manufacturing capacity grew much more modestly at around 2%. 131

Solar PV global manufacturing capacity rose nearly 40% to around 640 gigawatts (GW), with 90% of the growth taking place in China. 132 China is home to nearly 80% of the total manufacturing capacity, with Vietnam and India accounting for 5% and 3%, respectively. 133 India's solar PV manufacturing capacity more than doubled from 18 GW in March 2022 to 38 GW in March 2023. 134

Diversification of supply chains is occurring as more countries opt to participate in the global renewable energy supply chain. Maxeom, a Mexico-based solar PV manufacturer, has completed the expansion of its solar PV module plant in Baja California, reaching a combined 2.5 GW with a workforce of around 2,000 people. 135 In June 2023, Germany announced a proposal for 10 GW of solar factories with a requirement to reduce the carbon footprint of the manufacturing process as manufacturers need to demonstrate a carbon dioxide (CO2) footprint below 18 grams per kilowatt-hour. 136

Battery manufacturing throughput totalled 340 gigawatt-hours (GWh) in 2021, and in 2022 this figure nearly doubled to reach 660 GWh. 137 Around 80% of the 2022 additions in manufacturing capacity were in China, with just over 10% in Europe and just under 10% in the United States. 138 France's first electric vehicle battery gigafactory was expected to start operation in summer 2023, creating an estimated 2,000 jobs as the country aims to become self-sufficient in vehicle battery production by 2027. 139

The diversification of renewable energy supply chains can minimise geopolitical risks.

Wind manufacturing capacity was around 100 GW in 2022, with China accounting for more than 60% of this capacity globally, followed by the EU (just under 15%) and the United States (10%). 140 Following years of expansion, the supply chain for the US domestic wind industry contracted in 2021. 141 However, the effect of the Inflation Reduction Act in 2022 was immediate, enabling the industry to begin to stabilise. Two GE subsidiaries announced plans to manufacture offshore wind parts in coastal New York, and at least six other companies are developing or expanding wind facilities around the country. 142

For heat pumps, the global manufacturing capacity is just under 120 GW, with around 35% located in China, 25% in the United States and just under 20% in the EU. 143 Virtually all of the project announcements for heat pumps manufacturing are situated in Europe.

FIGURE 3.

Global Renewable Energy Employment, by Technology and Region, 2021

 FIGURE 3.

Source: See endnote 119 for this module.

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FIGURE 4.

Population with Access to Electricity Through Off-Grid Renewable Energy Systems, 2012 and 2021

 FIGURE 4.

Source: See endnote 153 for this module.

Distributed Renewables for Energy Access

Electricity access worldwide changed little between 2019 and 2021, with an estimated 754 million people lacking access to electricity. 144 The impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic slowed progress towards the goals of universal access to clean cooking and electricity by 2030. In 2020, the number of people in Sub‐Saharan Africa without electricity access increased for the first time since 2013, as many households were unable to pay their energy bills due to the impacts of the pandemic. 145

Preliminary data suggest that in 2022, for the first time in decades, the number of people without access to electricity globally was expected to rise by 20 million to reach 774 million, reflecting the impacts of the pandemic compounded by high energy prices. 146 The rise was expected to occur mainly in Sub-Saharan Africa, home to around 80% of the people who lack access. 147 The African countries with the lowest shares of the population having access to electricity are South Sudan (7%), Chad (11%) and Burundi (12%). 148 Globally, the countries where the most people lack access to electricity remain Nigeria, the DRC and Ethiopia, where in total more than 230 million people are without access. 149

In 2022, 1.2 GW of renewable energy stand-alone systems (including renewable-based mini-grids and off-grid solutions) were added globally, for a total of around 12.4 GW. 150 Off-grid solar PV capacity grew by nearly 0.5 GW, with most of the increase occurring in Asia (nearly 0.4 GW) and Africa (less than 0.1 GW). 151

Decentralised renewables are the fastest way to scale up electricity access and are also more inclusive. 152 The number of people gaining access to electricity through off-grid renewable-based systems i more than doubled from 19 million in 2012 to 41 million in 2021. 153 (See Figure 4.)

As of 2022, an estimated 48 million people globally were connected to around 21,500 mini-grids, for a combined capacity of 7,224 megawatts (MW). 154 Around half of the installed mini-grids are powered by solar energy, followed by hydropower (35%) and fossil fuels (10%). 155 South Asia accounts for 9,600 systems with a total capacity of 407 MW, East Asia and the Pacific for 7,200 systems with a total capacity of 1,530 MW, and Africa for 3,100 systems with a total capacity of 1,960 MW. 156 (See Snapshot: Africa.) By country, most mini-grid projects are in India (18,900), Nigeria (2,700), Tanzania (1,500) and Senegal (1,200). 157

Another 29,400 mini grids are in planning stages, for a total of 2,657 MW, with a potential to connect more than 35 million people, mainly in Africa (9,000 projects) and South Asia (19,000 projects). 158 Solar PV accounts for 99% of all planned projects. 159 Achieving universal access to electricity will require more than 217,000 new mini-grids by 2030, at a cumulative investment cost of nearly USD 127 billion. 160

FIGURE 5.

Volume of Off-Grid Solar Products Sold, by Size and Type of Sale, 2022

 FIGURE 5.

Source: See endnote 162 for this module.

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Snapshot.AFRICA

Africa Minigrids Program – The UN Development Programme's Energy Access Project

The Africa Minigrids Program (AMP) aims to improve access to clean electricity by reducing the cost and increasing the economic viability of renewable energy mini-grids. The AMP was officially launched at the 2022 United Nations Climate Conference in Egypt and is expected to run until 2027. Funded primarily by the Global Environment Facility, the project is being implemented by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in collaboration with RMI and the African Development Bank.

Read more Collapse

Africa Minigrids Program – The UN Development Programme's Energy Access Project

The Africa Minigrids Program (AMP) aims to improve access to clean electricity by reducing the cost and increasing the economic viability of renewable energy mini-grids. The AMP was officially launched at the 2022 United Nations Climate Conference in Egypt and is expected to run until 2027. Funded primarily by the Global Environment Facility, the project is being implemented by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in collaboration with RMI and the African Development Bank.

Active in 21 African countries, the AMP seeks to adapt its implementation strategy to the specifics of the energy sector in each country. The programme strives to foster business model innovation, for example by supporting the digitalisation of mini-grids with innovative models such as pay-as-you-go. The AMP aims to unlock socio-economic benefits for vulnerable communities and to increase resilience to climate change by providing access to clean electricity.

Source: See endnote 156 for this module.

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Electrification in Sub-Saharan Africa has been based largely on off-grid solar PV products. However, the high price environment, with rising inflation rates, has pushed up the cost of components for off-grid systems. In 2022, the costs of both solar and hybrid mini-grids increased by at least 20% on average compared to pre-pandemic levels. 161 Even so, sales of off-grid solar products have continued to grow. In 2022, the number of off-grid solar products sold globally increased by around 2.1 million to some 9.5 million units, of which 6 million were cash-only products ii and 3.5 million were sold on a pay-as-you-go (PAYGo) basis iii . 162 (See Figure 5.)

As in 2021, most sales in 2022 were in Sub-Saharan Africa, which recorded 3.5 million cash-only sales and 3.2 million PAYGo sales (60% and 91% of the respective totals). 163 However, these technologies offer a relatively low level of overall electricity access, since 82% of sales were for portable lanterns and small devices (0-10 watts-peak) and only 18% for solar home systems (above 11 watts-peak). 164

Clean Cooking

In 2021, 2.4 billion people lacked access to clean cooking worldwide, of whom 55% were in Asia and 45% in Africa. 165 Following the COVID-19 pandemic, the population without access to clean cooking was projected to grow as prices of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) rose and as countries began to remove subsidy schemes for LPG and other fuels to reduce pressures on already tight state budgets. 166 Higher fuel prices have pushed some households to revert to using traditional (solid) biomass for cooking, including around 50 million people in the least-developed countries in Asia and Africa in 2020. 167

Renewable energy can play an important role in providing access to clean cooking through solutions such as renewable-based electrification, solar thermal heat and modern bioenergy. In 2022, investment in clean cooking reached a record USD 200 million, although the sector remains heavily under-invested. 168 According to a recent report, investment in clean cooking companies remains in the tens of millions of dollars, well below the USD 4.5 billion of annual investment needed for the clean cooking industry to reach billions of people that still depend on polluting fuels by 2030. 169 In 2020 (latest data available), 88% of the capital going to clean cooking companies was from the private sector. 170 Although grants have been a common source of funding for clean cooking companies, the number of companies receiving grants has declined greatly in the last few years. 171

In 2022, the number of off-grid solar products sold globally increased by around 2.1 million to some 9.5 million units.

Mechanisms to spur investment in clean cooking have expanded in recent years. In 2022, five companies in West Africa (three of them promoting technologies such as biogas, ethanol and improved biomass stoves) were added to the Venture Catalyst programme of the Clean Cooking Alliance, launched in 2021. 172 The Modern Cooking Facility for Africa programme, financed by Sweden and managed by the Nordic Environment Finance Corporation (NEFCO), aims to bridge a critical gap between early-stage support, traditionally offered by challenge funds and (impact) equity, and the concessional/commercial debt needed for scaling in Sub-Saharan African countries. In 2022, the first round included support to cooking service providers of electric, solar thermal, biogas and bioethanol stoves. 173

Innovation in the clean cooking sector includes the introduction of metering technology in biogas, electric, and gasifier pellet stoves, which can play a potential role in the verification of carbon programmes and results-based financing programmes. 174 In 2021, the voluntary carbon offset programme Gold Standard approved a new methodology for certifying CO2 emissions from modern cooking appliances, allowing verification using metered devices. 175 In 2022, the Clean Development Mechanism approved a proposal by Inclusive Energy to monitor and report carbon abatement in biogas digesters. The approval means that remote metering solutions can be used by Gold Standard and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to monitor and report carbon abatement. 176 Other tools for digital monitoring of household biogas cooking projects are being developed to demonstrate their use in cost savings, revenue gains and increased value for carbon offset projects. 177

The growing use of PAYGo business models in the clean cooking sector has been reinforced by the development of metering technologies that allow real-time tracking of the fuel used, including electricity, (bio)ethanol and biogas. The Angaza software platform, which supports more than 200 distribution partners in over 50 countries, has integrated its PAYGo technology into more than 50 devices, including electric cook stoves and biodigesters; PAYGo cookstove sales registered on the platform have reportedly increased at a compound annual growth rate of more than 140% since 2017. 178

Product diversification across fuel types continues to be a relevant strategy in the sector. For example, BURN Manufacturing, a charcoal stove manufacturer, has launched electric pressure cookers for grid-connected consumers in Kenya, and ATEC International, originally a biodigester company operating in Bangladesh and Cambodia, has begun offering magnetic induction cookers to grid-connected consumers. 179 Bundling and diversifying represent a valuable opportunity for cooking enterprises to capitalise on existing distribution networks, reducing customer acquisition costs, potentially increasing revenues and spreading risk among multiple business lines. 180

Biogas could facilitate transitions to clean fuels in rural areas, but support is needed to cover the high upfront cost of biodigesters, the availability of sufficient feedstock, and training on use and maintenance. 181 A major recent development has been the entry of companies selling prefabricated modular biodigesters in African markets. 182 For instance, Sistema.Bio has sold more than 14,000 biodigesters, offering finance, after-sale service and training. 183 In 2019, the company raised USD 12 million in venture capital, followed in 2020 by a EUR 387,000 (USD 413,119) grant from EEP Africa. 184 In 2022, Sistema.Bio closed more than USD 15 million in financing to scale climate-smart clean energy technology. 185 More than 27,000 household biodigesters were installed in 2021 in selected countries in Asia and Africa, providing biogas for clean cooking and bio-slurry as organic fertiliser for agriculture. 186 In 2021, the installation rate rose 10% compared to 2020 and 7% compared to 2019 (pre-COVID). 187

In 2022, Rwanda signed an agreement with KOKO network to establish a USD 25 million renewable cooking fuel utility, including setting up a network of bioethanol cooking fuel vending machines. 188 Households use a modern two-burner bioethanol KOKO Cooker with a smart KOKO Canister that enables access to a network of high-tech “KOKO Point” fuel ATMs, which are refilled by a fleet of Smart MicroTankers. 189

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Footnotes

i Including solar home systems and mini-grids based on solar, hydropower and biogas.

ii Cash sales include a single transaction to a customer. This category also includes products purchased by governments or humanitarian organisations.

iii With PAYGo, customers pay for a product in instalments.

  1. S. Borbonus, “Generating Socio-Economic Values from Renewable Energies: An Overview of Questions and Assessment Methods”, Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies Potsdam, 2017, https://doi.org/10.2312/iass.2017.016. 1
  2. Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP), “A Sure Path to Renewable Energy: Maximizing Socioeconomic Benefits Triggered by Renewables”, World Bank, 2022, https://esmap.org/sites/default/files/esmap-files/Maximizing%20Socioeconomic%20Benefits%20Triggered%20by%20Renewables_Nov16-22.pdf; Borbonus, op. cit. note 1.2
  3. International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), “Renewable Energy and Jobs – Annual Review 2022”, 2022, https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Sep/IRENA_Renewable_energy_and_jobs_2022.pdf. 3
  4. Borbonus, op. cit. note 1.4
  5. Ibid.5
  6. World Health Organization (WHO), “Energizing Health: Accelerating Electricity Access in Health-care Facilities”, 2023, https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240066960. Snapshot: Tanzania from the following sources: WHO, idem; Shine, “Celebrating the Success of Small Grants”, https://theshinecampaign.org/celebrating-the-success-of-small-grants-lessons-from-two-organizations, accessed April 2023; Daily News, “How Solar Power Improves Health Services in Off-grid Rural Areas”, April 3, 2023, https://dailynews.co.tz/how-solar-power-improves-health-services-in-off-grid-rural-areas; World Bank, “Changing Lives and Livelihoods in Tanzania, One Electricity Connection at a Time”, June 28, 2022, https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2022/06/28/changing-lives-and-livelihoods-in-tanzania-one-electricity-connection-at-a-time.6
  7. Global Women Energy Network, “Powering a Gender-Just Energy Transition”, 2023, https://www.globalwomennet.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/FINAL_230315_GGKP_Gender_Report13_0.pdf.7
  8. GOGLA, “Off-grid Solar Market Trends Report 2022”, World Bank, 2022, https://www.esmap.org/Off-Grid_Solar_Market_Trends_Report_2022. 8
  9. REN21 Policy Database, see GSR 2023 Data Pack, Reference Tables R1-5, https://www.ren21.net/gsr2023-data-pack/esvc.9
  10. B. Boardman et al., “Energy, Poverty, and Development”, in International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Global Energy Assessment, 2012, https://previous.iiasa.ac.at/web/home/research/Flagship-Projects/Global-Energy-Assessment/GEA_Chapter2_development_hires.pdf; International Energy Agency (IEA) et al., “Tracking SDG 7: The Energy Progress Report”, World Bank, 2022, https://trackingsdg7.esmap.org/data/files/download-documents/sdg7-report2022-full_report.pdf.10
  11. Bluegreen Alliance, “9 Million Jobs from Climate Action: The Inflation Reduction Act”, 2022, https://www.bluegreenalliance.org/site/9-million-good-jobs-from-climate-action-the-inflation-reduction-act. 11
  12. The White House, “Fact Sheet: The Inflation Reduction Act Supports Workers and Families”, 2022, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/08/19/fact-sheet-the-inflation-reduction-act-supports-workers-and-families.12
  13. Clean Energy Canada, “The New Reality”, 2021, https://cleanenergycanada.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Report_CEC_CleanJobs2021.pdf. 13
  14. N. Ford, “Solar Skills Shortage Threatens EU Targets”, Reuters, February 16, 2023, https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/solar-skills-shortage-threatens-eu-targets-2023-02-16. 14
  15. European Commission, “Pact for Skills: Launch of Large-Scale Renewable Energy Skills Partnership”, 2023, https://energy.ec.europa.eu/news/pact-skills-launch-large-scale-renewable-energy-skills-partnership-2023-03-21_en. 15
  16. M. Merdekawati et al., “Job Creation Towards Achieving the Regional Renewable Energy Target”, 2022, https://aseanenergy.sharepoint.com/PublicationLibrary/Forms/AllItems.aspx?id=%2FPublicationLibrary%2F2022%2FPublication%202022%2FPB%2006%202022%2Epdf&parent=%2FPublication
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  17. A. Tyagi et al., “India´s Expanding Clean Energy Workforce”, Natural Resources Defense Council, 2022, https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default
    /files/indias-clean-energy-workforce-450-gw-target-report.pdf    . 17
  18. Malabo Montpellier Panel, “Policy Innovations to Power the Transformation of Africa's Agriculture and Food System”, 2019, https://www.mamopanel.org/media/uploads/files/ENERGIZED_Report.pdf. 18
  19. A. Nnamani, “Nigeria's Solar Power Project to Create 250,000 Jobs, Electrify 5 Million Homes by 2023 – Osibanjo”, The Sun, October 7, 2021, https://sunnewsonline.com/nigerias-solar-power-project-to-create-250000-jobs-electrify-5-million-homes-by-2023-osibanjo. 19
  20. Ford, op. cit. note 14. 20
  21. Ibid. 21
  22. World Resources Institute, “Spain's National Strategy to Transition Coal-Dependent Communities”, December 23, 2021, https://www.wri.org/update/spains-national-strategy-transition-coal-dependent-communities. 22
  23. World Resources Institute, “Scotland: Re-skilling through the Oil and Gas Transition Training Fund”, 2021, https://www.wri.org/update/scotland-re-skilling-through-oil-and-gas-transition-training-fund23
  24. World Resources Institute, “Czech Republic: The RE:START Strategy to Coordinate Three Regions' Energy and Economic Transitions”, 2021, https://www.wri.org/update/czech-republic-restart-strategy-coordinate-three-regions-energy-and-economic-transitions. 24
  25. IEA, “Skills Development and Inclusivity for Clean Energy Transitions”, 2022, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/
    953c5393-2c5b-4746-bf8e-016332380221/Skillsdevelopment
    andinclusivityforcleanenergytransitions.pdf    . 25
  26. Prime Minister of Australia, “National Net Zero Authority”, May 5, 2023, https://www.pm.gov.au/media/national-net-zero-authority. 26
  27. IRENA, “World Energy Transitions Outlook 2022”, 2022, https://www.irena.org/Digital-Report/World-Energy-Transitions-Outlook-2022; IRENA, “Renewable Energy and Jobs – Annual Review 2021”, 2021, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_823807.pdf. 27
  28. IEA, op. cit. note 25. 28
  29. Ibid. 29
  30. Government of Canada, “Green Jobs in Natural Resources”, 2013,
    https://natural-resources.canada.ca/climate-change/canadas-
    green-future/green-jobs/87    .30
  31. European Commission, “A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age”, 2023, https://commission.europa.eu/system/files/2023-02/COM_2023_62_2_EN_ACT_A%20Green%20Deal%20Industrial%20Plan%20for%20the%20Net-Zero%20Age.pdf; UK Government, “Offshore Wind Sector Deal”, 2020, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/offshore-wind-sector-deal/offshore-wind-sector-deal; A. Roy, “Empower Women to Achieve Just Energy Transition”, Observer Research Foundation, 2022, https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/empower-women-to-achieve-just-energy-transition. 31
  32. E. Cecelski and S. Oparaocha, “The Lack of Gender Targets for Clean Energy Is Harming Women and Girls”, SDG Action, 2023, https://sdg-action.org/the-lack-of-gender-targets-for-clean-energy-is-harming-women-and-girls. 32
  33. Ibid. 33
  34. IEA, op. cit. note 25. 34
  35. Ibid. 35
  36. Ibid. Snapshot: United States from the following sources: IRENA, op. cit. note 3; Ørsted, “North America's Building Trades Unions and Ørsted Agree to Build an American Offshore Wind Energy Industry with American Lab”, May 5, 2022, https://us.orsted.com/news-archive/2022/05/national-offshore-wind-agreement; P. Smith and S. Lee, “Unions Jockey for Offshore Wind Leasing Wins in Hostile States”, Bloomberg Law, July 12, 2022, https://news.bloomberglaw.com/daily-labor-report/unions-vie-to-get-in-on-ground-floor-of-offshore-wind-industry; N. Groom, “Vineyard Wind Strikes Labor Union Pact for U.S. Offshore Wind Farm”, Reuters, July 16, 2021, https://www.reuters.com/business/sustainable-business/vineyard-wind-strikes-labor-union-pact-us-offshore-wind-farm-2021-07-16; H. McCarron, “Mayflower Wind, Labor Unions Sign Pact for Offshore Wind Jobs”, May 10, 2023, https://eu.capecodtimes.com/story/news/2022/10/06/mayflower-wind-labor-unions-sign-pact-off-shore-wind-jobs/8169753001.36
  37. IRENA, op. cit. note 3. 37
  38. IEA, “Gender and Energy Data Explorer”, 2022, https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/gender-and-energy-data-explorer?Topic=Employment&Indicator=Gender+wage+gap+conditional+on+skills; Cecelski and Oparaocha, op. cit. note 32. 38
  39. REN21 Policy Database, see GSR 2023 Data Pack, Reference Table R3, https://www.ren21.net/gsr2023-data-pack/esvc.39
  40. Ibid.40
  41. US Department of Energy, “$82 Million Investment to Increase US Solar Manufacturing and Recycling”, CleanTechnica, April 24, 2023, https://cleantechnica.com/2023/04/24/82-million-investment-to-increase-u-s-solar-manufacturing-recycling.41
  42. N. Groom, "US to Expand Solar Panel Tariffs After Probe Finds Chinese Evasion”, Reuters, December 2, 2022, https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/us-says-solar-imports-four-southeast-asian-countries-were-dodging-china-tariffs-2022-12-02; D. Iaconangelo, “How US Crackdown on China's Human Rights Record Hits Solar”, Energy Wire, March 18, 2022, https://www.eenews.net/articles/how-u-s-crackdown-on-chinas-human-rights-record-hits-solar.42
  43. D. Carroll, “Australia to Earmark $10 Billion Fund to Support Clean Energy Manufacturing”, pv magazine, March 31, 2023, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2023/03/31/australia-to-earmark-10-billion-fund-to-support-clean-energy-manufacturing.43
  44. International Trade Administration, “Brazil – Country Commercial Guide”, March 27, 2023, https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/brazil-energy.44
  45. IRENA, “The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan – Renewables Readiness Assessment”, 2021, https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2021/Feb/IRENA_RRA_Jordan_2021.pdf. 45
  46. JMK Research and Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis, “India's Photovoltaic Manufacturing Capacity Set to Surge”, 2023, https://jmkresearch.com/renewable-sector-published-reports/indias-photovoltaic-manufacturing-capacity-set-to-surge. 46
  47. V. Srivastava, “Cabinet Approves Second Tranche of Rs 19,500 Crore Solar PLI Scheme”, BQ Prime, September 1, 2022, https://www.bqprime.com/business/cabinet-approves-second-tranche-of-rs-19500-crore-solar-pli-scheme; Shri R.K. Singh, Union Power and NRE Minister, “A Number of Steps Taken to Make India Self-reliant in Solar PV Module Manufacturing as Well as Their Exports”, Press Information Bureau, Government of India, March 21, 2023, https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1909269.47
  48. D. Omondi, “Power Companies Operating Mini-grids to Get Tax Refunds”, The Standard, January 14, 2022, https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/business/news/article/2001434330/power-companies-operating-mini-grids-to-get-tax-refunds.48
  49. North Africa Post, “Zimbabwe Bans Raw Lithium Exports as Demand, Prices Soar”, December 28, 2022, https://northafricapost.com/63912-zimbabwe-bans-raw-lithium-exports-as-demand-prices-soar.html; H. Muhammad, “Zimbabwe, DR Congo Ban Lithium, Cobalt Exports – How It Impacts Battery, EV Industry in Indonesia?” February 14, 2023, https://indonesiabusinesspost.com/world/zimbabwe-dr-congo-ban-lithium-cobalt-exports-how-it-impacts-battery-ev-industry-in-indonesia; Q. Zhou, “Indonesia to Ban Bauxite Export from June 2023: An Explainer”, ASEAN Briefing, 2022, https://www.aseanbriefing.com/news/indonesia-to-ban-bauxite-export-from-june-2023. 49
  50. The Business Standard, “China Bans Core Solar Panel Technologies' Export”, February 1, 2023, https://www.tbsnews.net/world/global-economy/china-bans-core-solar-panel-technologies-export-577842. 50
  51. BloombergNEF, “Energy Transition Investment Trends”, January 2023, https://about.bnef.com/energy-transition-investment.51
  52. GOGLA, op. cit. note 8; IRENA, “Renewable Capacity Statistics 2023”, 2023, https://www.irena.org/Publications/2023/Mar/ Renewable-capacity-statistics-2023.52
  53. L. Cozzi et al., ”For the First Time in Decades, the Number of People Without Access to Electricity Is Set to Increase in 2022”, IEA, November 3, 2022, https://www.iea.org/commentaries/for-the-first-time-in-decades-the-number-of-people-without-access-to-electricity-is-set-to-increase-in-2022. 53
  54. IEA, “World Energy Outlook 2022”, 2022, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/830fe099-5530-48f2- a7c1-11f35d510983/WorldEnergyOutlook2022.pdf.54
  55. IEA et al., op. cit. note 10; IEA, op. cit. note 54. Figure 1 from REN21, Policy Database, see GSR 2023 Data Pack, Reference Table R1, https://www.ren21.net/gsr2023-data-pack/esvc.55
  56. IEA, op. cit. note 54.56
  57. IRENA and African Development Bank, “Renewable Energy Market Analysis: Africa and Its Regions”, 2022, https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Jan/IRENA_Market_Africa_2022.pdf.57
  58. GOGLA, op. cit. note 8.58
  59. IRENA, “Renewable Energy Targets in 2022: A Guide to Design”, 2022, https://mc-cd8320d4-36a1-40ac-83cc-3389-cdn-endpoint.azureedge.net/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Nov/IRENA_RE_targets_2022.pdf.59
  60. REN21, op. cit. note 55.60
  61. IEA et al., op. cit. note 10.61
  62. Ibid.62
  63. Ibid.63
  64. Government of India, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, “Office Memorandum: Framework for Promotion of Decentralised Renewable Energy Livelihood Applications”, 2022, https://mnre.gov.in/img/documents/uploads/file_f-1644909209115.pdf.64
  65. Ibid.65
  66. Ibid.66
  67. Sustainable Energy for All, “Chilling Prospects 2022: The Role of National Cooling Action Plans in Delivering the Global Environment Agenda”, 2022, https://www.seforall.org/data-stories/role-of-national-cooling-action-plans. 67
  68. REN21, op. cit. note 55.68
  69. Ibid.69
  70. Ibid.70
  71. IEA, op. cit. note 54.71
  72. Snapshot: Haiti from the following sources: EarthSpark International, “Clean, Reliable, Grid Electricity Is Possible! Solar Powered Microgrids, Community-Led Development, and Feminist Electrification”, http://www.earthsparkinternational.org/microgrid-electricity-in-haiti.html, accessed May 14, 2023; G. Peggram, “EarthSpark; Powering Resilience in Haiti”, Mobile for Development, April 22, 2022, https://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/blog/earthspark-powering-resilience-in-haiti; US Trade and Development Agency, “Expanding Rural Electricity Access in Haiti”, March 5, 2021, https://ustda.gov/success_story/expanding-rural-electricity-access-in-haiti; United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, “Feminist Electrification: Ensuring Pro-Women Outcomes in Rural Energy Access | Haiti”, 2018, https://unfccc.int/climate-action/momentum-for-change/women-for-results/feminist-electrification; B. Neal and J. Mendelson, “Making Electricity More Accessible in Haiti”, Inkstick, June 10, 2022, https://inkstickmedia.com/making-electricity-more-accessible-in-haiti; A. Tisa, “Solving Energy Poverty in Haiti, EarthSpark Bridges Funding with Truss”, Miller Center for Social Entrepreneurship, July 8, 2022, https://www.millersocent.org/earthspark-solving-energy-poverty-in-haiti-bridges-funding-with-truss; World Bank, “Open Data”, https://data.worldbank.org, accessed May 14, 2023.72
  73. Clean Cooking Alliance, “Women and Clean Cooking”, https://cleancooking.org/the-issues/women-and-clean-cooking, accessed June 2, 2023.73
  74. Cecelski and Oparaocha, op. cit. note 32. 74
  75. B. Khavari et al., “A Geospatial Approach to Understanding Clean Cooking Challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa”, Nature Sustainability, Vol. 6 (2023), pp. 447-457, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-022-01039-8. 75
  76. United Nations Commission on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), “Commodities at a Glance: Special Issue on Access to Energy in Sub-Saharan Africa”, 2023, https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/ditccom2023d1_en.pdf. 76
  77. Cecelski and Oparaocha, op. cit. note 32. 77
  78. IEA, “It's Time to Make Clean Energy Investment in Emerging and Developing Economies a Top Global Priority”, June 9, 2021, https://www.iea.org/news/it-s-time-to-make-clean-energy-investment-in-emerging-and-developing-economies-a-top-global-priority.78
  79. Ibid.79
  80. J. St. John, “Manufacturing vs. Deployment: The Clean Energy Tax-credit Conundrum”, Canary Media, June 7, 2023, https://www.canarymedia.com/articles/clean-energy-manufacturing/manufacturing-vs-deployment-the-clean-energy-tax-credit-conundrum. 80
  81. Ibid.81
  82. IEA, “The State of Clean Technology Manufacturing”, 2023, https://www.iea.org/reports/the-state-of-clean-technology-manufacturing.82
  83. J. Touriño Jacobo, “New Initiative Aims to Scale Up Renewable Energy Manufacturing in Africa”, PV Tech, January 23, 2023, https://www.pv-tech.org/new-initiative-aims-to-scale-up-renewable-energy-manufacturing-in-africa.83
  84. The Brief, “Namibia Set for N$9bn Renewables Funding from European Investment Bank”, November 8, 2022, https://thebrief.com.na/index.php/component/k2/item/2008-namibia-set-for-n-9bn-renewables-funding-from-european-investment-bank.84
  85. IEA, op. cit. note 82.85
  86. Ibid.86
  87. Ibid.87
  88. IRENA, “Off-grid Renewable Energy Solutions to Expand Electricity Access: An Opportunity Not to Be Missed”, 2019, https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/Jan/IRENA_Off-grid_RE_Access_2019.pdf.88
  89. GOGLA, op. cit. note 8. 89
  90. Ibid.90
  91. IEA, op. cit. note 54; ESMAP, “Mini-grids for Half a Billion People”, September 27, 2022, https://www.esmap.org/mini_grids_for_half_a_billion_people_the_report. 91
  92. IRENA, “Global Landscape of Renewable Energy Finance 2023”, 2023, https://www.irena.org/Publications/2023/Feb/Global-landscape-of-renewable-energy-finance-2023.92
  93. L. Fortes and D. Corbyn, “Off-grid Solar Investment Boomed in 2022 but the Sun Did Not Shine on All Companies Equally”, GOGLA, April 5, 2023, https://www.gogla.org/about-us/blogs/off-grid-solar-investment-boomed-in-2022-but-the-sun-did-not-shine-on-all-companies.93
  94. Ibid.94
  95. Ibid.95
  96. Ibid. 96
  97. Green Climate Fund, “Energy Generation and Access”, https://www.greenclimate.fund/results/energy-generation-access, accessed April 8, 2023.97
  98. World Bank, “World Bank Group Announces Major Initiative to Electrify Sub-Saharan Africa with Distributed Renewable Energy”, November 9, 2023, https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/11/09/world-bank-group-announces-major-initiative-to-electrify-sub-saharan-africa-with-distributed-renewable-energy.98
  99. Ibid.99
  100. Fortes and Corbyn, op. cit. note 93.100
  101. World Bank, “Window 5 Operations Manual, Development Bank of Rwanda”, 2023, https://www.brd.rw/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/REF_Window_5_Operations_Manual.pdf.101
  102. IRENA, “Innovation Landscape for a Renewable-powered Future”, 2019, https://www.irena.org/publications/2019/Feb/Innovation-landscape-for-a-renewable-powered-future. Snapshot: Germany from the following sources: ABO Wind, “Renewables and Tourism”, https://www.abo-wind.com/uk/community/renewables-tourism.html, accessed April 10, 2023; M. Biben, “Zapadlý kout Německa bohatne z větru a slunce. Elektřiny vyrobí trojnásobek spotřeby a topí odpad”, Hospodářské noviny, November 14, 2022, https://archiv.hn.cz/c1-67131440-zapadly-kout-nemecka-bohatne-z-vetru-a-slunce-elektriny-vyrobi-trojnasobek-spotreby-a-topi-odpady.102
  103. M-KOPA, “Products”, November 14, 2020, https://m-kopa.com/products.103
  104. Sun King, “Powering Access to Brighter Lives”, https://sunking.com, accessed June 16, 2023.104
  105. ZOLA Electric, “Power Anywhere”, https://zolaelectric.com, accessed June 16, 2023.105
  106. d.light, “Solar Home Systems Outdoor & Solar Lanterns”, https://www.dlight.com, accessed June 16, 2023.106
  107. IEA, “The Role of Local Energy Communities in Clean Energy Transitions”, 2023, https://www.iea.org/events/the-role-of-local-energy-communities-in-clean-energy-transitions.107
  108. Australian Government, Department of Climate Change, Energy,
    the Environment and Water, “Powering Australia”, May 16, 2023,
    https://www.energy.gov.au/government-priorities/australias-
    energy-strategies-and-frameworks/powering-australia    .108
  109. U.S. Department of Agriculture, “Biden-Harris Administration Makes Historic, $11 Billion Investment to Advance Clean Energy Across Rural America Through Investing in America Agenda”, https://www.usda.gov/media/press-releases/2023/05/16/biden-
    harris-administration-makes-historic-11-billion-investment    .109
  110. Institute for Local Self-Reliance, “Californiaʻs Community Solar
    Program”, 2023, https://ilsr.org/californias-community-solar-program.110
  111. REN21 Policy Database, see GSR 2023 Data Pack, Reference Table R5, https://www.ren21.net/gsr2023-data-pack/esvc.111
  112. U.S. Department of Energy, “National Community Solar Partnership Targets”, https://www.energy.gov/communitysolar/national-community-solar-partnership-targets accessed June 2, 2023.112
  113. IRENA, op. cit. note 3.113
  114. Ibid.114
  115. Ibid.115
  116. Ibid.116
  117. Ibid.117
  118. Ibid.118
  119. Figure 3 from Ibid.119
  120. Ibid.120
  121. Ibid.121
  122. Ibid.122
  123. Ibid.123
  124. Ibid.124
  125. IRENA, “Solar PV Energy: A Gender Perspective”, 2022, https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Sep/IRENA_Solar_PV_Gender_perspective_2022.pdf?rev=61477241eb9e4db2932757698c554dc2. 125
  126. Ibid.; Cecelski and Oparaocha, op. cit. note 32. 126
  127. Power for All, “Powering Jobs Census 2022: The Energy Access Workforce”, 2022, https://www.powerforall.org/resources/reports/renewable-energy-jobs-sub-saharan-africa-and-india-2022-power-all. 127
  128. Ibid. 128
  129. Power for All, “Powering Jobs Census 2022: Focus on Nigeria”, 2022, https://www.powerforall.org/resources/reports/powering-jobs-census-2022-focus-nigeria; Power for All, op. cit. note 127.129
  130. IEA, op. cit. note 82. 130
  131. Ibid.131
  132. Ibid.132
  133. Ibid.133
  134. Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis and JMK Research, “India's Photovoltaic Manufacturing Capacity Set to Surge”, JMK Research, 2023, https://jmkresearch.com/renewable-sector-published-reports/indias-photovoltaic-manufacturing-capacity-set-to-surge.134
  135. V. Thompson, “Maxeon's PV Module Capacity Hits 2.5 GW in Mexico”, June 27, 2023, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2023/06/27/maxeons-pv-module-capacity-hits-2-5-gw-in-mexico.135
  136. S. Enkhardt, “Germany Seeking Proposals for 10 GW of Solar
    Factories”, pv magazine, June 26, 2023, https://www.pv-magazine.
    com/2023/06/26/germany-seeking-proposals-for-10-gw-of-
    solar-factories    .136
  137. IEA, op. cit. note 82. 137
  138. Ibid.138
  139. K. Willsher, “France Opens First Electric Vehicle Battery Gigafactory”, The Guardian (UK), May 30, 2023, https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/may/30/france-opens-first-electric-vehicle-battery-gigafactory.139
  140. Ibid.140
  141. M. Gallucci, “US Wind Manufacturing Makes a Comeback Thanks to Inflation Reduction Act”, pv magazine, June 5, 2023, https://www.canarymedia.com/articles/clean-energy-manufacturing/us-wind-manufacturing-makes-a-comeback-thanks-to-inflation-reduction-act.141
  142. Ibid.142
  143. IEA, op. cit. note 82.143
  144. Based on IEA, op. cit. note 54.144
  145. Ibid.145
  146. Ibid.146
  147. Ibid.147
  148. Ibid.148
  149. REN21, op. cit. note 55. 149
  150. IRENA, “Renewable Capacity Statistics 2023”, 2023, https://www.irena.org/Publications/2023/Mar/Renewable-capacity-statistics-2023.150
  151. Ibid.151
  152. IRENA and SELCO Foundation, “Fostering Livelihoods with Decentralised Renewable Energy: An Ecosystems Approach”, 2022, https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Jan/IRENA_Livelihood_Decentralised_Renewables_2022.pdf.152
  153. IRENA, “Off-grid Renewable Energy Statistics 2022”, 2022, https://www.irena.org/Publications/2022/Dec/Off-grid-renewable-energy-statistics-2022.153
  154. ESMAP, op. cit. note 91. Snapshot: Africa based on the following sources: United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), “Africa Minigrids Program”, 2022, https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/2022-09/AMP-brochure-july-22-EN_0.pdf; UNDP, “Somalia Launches Ambitious Solar Minigrids Program to Increase Energy Access”, 2023, https://www.undp.org/energy/press-releases/somalia-launches-ambitious-solar-minigrids-program-increase-energy-access; UNDP, “Africa Minigrids Program”, 2022, https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/2022-09/AMP-brochure-july-22-EN_0.pdf.154
  155. ESMAP, op. cit. note 91.155
  156. Ibid.156
  157. Ibid.157
  158. Ibid.158
  159. Ibid.159
  160. Ibid.160
  161. Based on IEA, op. cit. note 54. 161
  162. GOGLA, op. cit. note 58.162
  163. Ibid. 163
  164. Ibid. 164
  165. Based on IEA, op. cit. note 54.165
  166. Based on IEA, “Africa Energy Outlook 2022”, https://www.iea.org/reports/africa-energy-outlook-2022. 166
  167. Based on IEA, “World Energy Outlook 2021”, https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2021. 167
  168. Energy Planets, “Clean Cooking Hits Record $200m Investment in 2022”, March 17, 2023, https://www.energyplanets.org/clean-cooking-hits-record-200m-investment-in-2022.168
  169. Clean Cooking Alliance, “2022 Clean Cooking Industry Snapshot”, 2023, https://cleancooking.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/CCA-2022-Clean-Cooking-Industry-Snapshot.pdf.169
  170. Ibid.170
  171. Ibid.171
  172. Clean Cooking Alliance, “Clean Cooking Alliance Adds Five Companies to its Venture Catalyst Program”, May 2022, https://cleancooking.org/news/clean-cooking-alliance-adds-five-companies-to-its-venture-catalyst-program.172
  173. NEFCO, “Modern Clean Cooking Facility for Africa”, https://www.nefco.int/call-for-proposals-for-modern-cooking-facility-for-africa, accessed May 2023.173
  174. Modern Cooking Facility for Africa, “What's the Future of Clean Cooking? Driving Sustainable Fuels and Innovative Business Models”, May 18, 2022, https://www.moderncooking.africa/2022/05/18/future-clean-cooking-sustainable-fuels-and-business.174
  175. Ibid. 175
  176. Ibid.176
  177. Ibid.; Inclusive Energy, “Who's Counting, Exploring If Data Pays in Biogas Carbon Projects”, 2023, https://static1.squarespace.com/static/6380a6194d1af74b3422b87f/t/642c0bff1afe2d5d297daf1a/1680608267909/230404+Who%27s+Counting_Web1.2.pdf.177
  178. Clean Cooking Alliance, op. cit. note 169.178
  179. Ibid.179
  180. ESMAP, “The State of Access to Modern Energy Cooking Services”, 2020, https://cleancooking.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/598-1.pdf.180
  181. IEA et al., op. cit note 10.181
  182. IRENA, “Renewable Energy Market Analysis, Africa and Its Regions”, 2022, https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Jan/IRENA_Market_Africa_2022.pdf.182
  183. Sistema, “Sistema.bio Closes Over $15MM in Financing to Scale Climate-smart Clean Energy Technology for Farmers”, 2022, https://sistema.bio/blog/2022-investment-press-release.183
  184. Ibid. 184
  185. Ibid. 185
  186. SNV, “Household Bio-digester Installations in Selected Countries in Africa and Asia in 2021”, 2022, https://a.storyblok.com/f/191310/b8ca144d18/snv-20biodigester-20status-20brief-20-28final-29.pdf.186
  187. Ibid. 187
  188. Africa Energy Portal, “Rwanda: Koko Networks to Invest $25m for Ecological Cooking”, April 4, 2022, https://africa-energy-portal.org/news/rwanda-koko-networks-invest-25m-ecological-cooking.188
  189. Koko, “Rwanda Signs Agreement with Koko”, 2022, https://rdb.rw/rwanda-signs-agreement-with-koko-to-establish-25-million-renewable-cooking-fuel-utility.189