RENEWABLES 2023 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT

Economic & Social Value Creation

Policy

Governments are increasingly adopting industrial, labour and cross-sectoral policies to increase the social and economic benefits of renewable energy deployment. They are taking steps to promote local value creation for renewable energy manufacturing and deployment through policies and targets, such as local content requirements in renewable power auctions, incentives for the consumption of locally produced technologies, gender and employment targets, and in some cases import bans on products and raw materials. 9

Governments also are recognising the need for a skilled renewable energy workforce and are funding educational and reskilling programmes for workers in the fossil fuel industry whose jobs are gradually being lost. Additionally, there is growing recognition that poverty alleviation and economic growth are intricately linked to access to modern energy services and that renewables are the most efficient and affordable path to universal access. 10

Employment

Expansion of renewable energy manufacturing and deployment – in response to national and regional policies and targets to tackle climate change and boost renewables – are expected to lead to substantial job growth in the sector in the coming years. In the United States, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 is expected to create nearly 5 million jobs in clean energy i . 11 To ensure high-quality jobs, the Act aims to provide strong labour protections, for example by incentivising higher wages in clean energy jobs compared to similar jobs in other sectors. 12 In Canada, the clean energy sector is projected to grow nearly 50% by 2030 – to around 640,000 jobs – due to the country's climate law. 13

In the European Union (EU), more ambitious renewable energy targets aimed at ending the region's dependence on Russian oil and gas are driving increased uptake of renewable technologies. Employment in the EU solar industry alone grew an estimated 30% in 2022, adding around 600,000 jobs. 14 Meeting the targets of the REPowerEU plan will require the creation of an estimated 3.5 million jobs between 2022 and 2030. 15

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), which has set a regional target of 35% renewables in total installed power capacity by 2025, projects an estimated 1.3 million additional jobs in renewables by that year, with more than half of the jobs in solar PV. 16 In India, the Council on Energy, Environment and Water estimates that the country's climate targets will lead to the creation of more than 3.4 million jobs in the wind and on-grid solar power sectors by 2030. 17

In Africa, an estimated 462,000 new green jobs are expected to be created between 2017 and 2025 in South Africa alone, and Morocco's energy efficiency strategy, enacted in 2014, could create as many as 520,000 jobs by 2030. 18 In Nigeria, the Solar Power Strategy aims to support the creation of 250,000 jobs and to benefit up to 25 million people through the installation of 5 million solar home systems and mini-grids. 19

Reskilling Policies to Transition from Fossil Fuels to Renewables

In some economies or regions with historically strong economic activity and employment linked to the fossil fuel sector, the shift from fossil fuels to renewables represents both direct and indirect job losses. The loss of fossil fuel jobs is not necessarily linked in time or geography to the creation of renewable energy jobs ii . In parallel with the transition, some governments have established funds to provide fossil fuel workers with the skills needed for careers in the renewables sector.

To expand the renewable energy workforce and ensure a socially just response to the energy transition, governments are implementing programmes to retrain individuals employed in the fossil fuel sector and to train young people seeking careers in renewable energy industries. An estimated 70% of jobs in the oil and gas industry, representing 22 million workers in 2022, overlap with the skills needed for low-carbon jobs. 20 To tap this potential, some governments have established funds to provide the necessary financial resources.

In Europe, the EU has committed to skills development for renewable jobs as part of the Green Deal Industrial Plan. 21 Spain's Just Transition Strategy aims to support communities affected by the phase-out of coal by providing early retirement and voluntary redundancy for people affected by the closure of mines and by prioritising ex-miners in hiring processes for environmental conservation projects. These goals are mainstreamed into other public policies and plans, including the Annual Employment Policy Plans and school curricula. 22

An estimated 70% of jobs in the oil and gas industry overlap with the skills needed for the energy transition.

In 2022, Scotland created the Transition Training Fund to retrain oil and gas workers for the renewable energy sector (especially wind power). 23 The Czech government's RE:START programme committed USD 3.15 billion to coal regions from 2017 to 2030 to spur economic development and mitigate the impact of dwindling coal jobs. 24 In addition, the Association of European Renewable Energy Research Centres (EUREC), together with several universities and institutions, have developed the European Master in Renewable Energy as a key certification option. 25

In 2023, Australia announced plans to establish a Net Zero Authority to support coal-dependent communities, providing additional funding through the creation of an AUD 400 million (USD 272 million) Industrial Transformation Stream that includes skills development. 26 In the United States, the state of Colorado has committed USD 15 million to support coal-dependent workers and communities, with USD 7 million directly funding worker training programmes. 27

China's 13th Five-Year Plan (2016-2020) has a special USD 15 billion industrial fund to support displaced coal workers, including their resettlement and retraining. 28 In Nigeria, the Micro Grid Academy was opened in Sub-Saharan Africa in 2018, primarily to train young people to work in the field of decentralised renewables. 29

Renewable Jobs for Greater Inclusion

Many governments are addressing the need to increase and diversify the renewable energy workforce, such as by offering programmes to train women, Indigenous Peoples and other marginalised groups. The Canadian Science and Technology Internship Program, adopted in 2017 and aimed at creating inclusive green jobs (including in renewables) for youth, has seen an increase in Indigenous employment. 30 Some governments (such as in the EU and the United Kingdom) are working with industry and educational institutions to attract more students to fields in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics, with the ultimate goal of training a renewable energy workforce. 31

Although most energy policy remains gender-blind, around 10 countries globally have integrated gender considerations into their national energy plans. 32 In 2019, Kenya became the first country to enact a National Gender and Energy Policy. 33 In 2022, Australia adopted the Growing Our Clean Energy Workforce package aimed at fostering women's employment in renewable energy jobs, and the state of Victoria is subsidising 50% of the cost of new female apprenticeships. 34 In Chile, the government-initiated Energia+Mujer programme is targeted at increasing women's participation in renewables. 35

In addition to national policies, some renewable energy companies are leading by example and establishing equality and diversity programmes aimed at ensuring a more inclusive workforce. 36 (See Snapshot: United States.) However, a recent survey found that only 26% of assessed solar companies had strategies to diversify their workforce, while 31% were making efforts to hire more women and 8% were seeking to broaden LGBTIQA+ employment. 37 Several international organisations are developing tools and platforms related to gender and employment in the energy sector. In 2022, the International Energy Agency launched a gender and energy portal to reveal gender gaps, and the World Bank expanded its Regulatory Indicators for Sustainable Energy (RISE) to include gender-specific data. 38

Local Supply Chains

Around 10 countries globally have integrated gender considerations into their national energy plans.

With recent supply chain disruptions and the emergence of renewables as a preferred sector for industrialisation and re-industrialisation, governments are taking concrete policy actions to promote local value chains for renewable energy deployment and manufacturing. Most such policies are aimed at prioritising local content and range from local content requirements in renewable power auctions to import bans on products and raw materials. 39 Regulations governing the use of locally produced materials are in place in more than 20 countries, including 7 advanced economies. 40

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Snapshot.UNITED STATES

Diversity and Equity in the Offshore Wind Power Workforce

A number of new collective bargaining agreements between contractors and unions – known as project labour agreements (PLAs) – related to renewables have been adopted by key actors in the US offshore wind power industry. In 2022, Ørsted, one of the world's largest offshore wind energy developers, entered into a National Offshore Wind Agreement with US building trades unions, in part to diversify the company's renewable energy workforce and to incorporate social and equity considerations into its work and hiring. The agreement sets a standard for wages, local training programmes, and workplace health and safety. In addition, Work Equity Committees are established for each project to prioritise hiring women, people of colour, local environmental justice communities and gender non-conforming people.

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Diversity and Equity in the Offshore Wind Power Workforce

A number of new collective bargaining agreements between contractors and unions – known as project labour agreements (PLAs) – related to renewables have been adopted by key actors in the US offshore wind power industry. In 2022, Ørsted, one of the world's largest offshore wind energy developers, entered into a National Offshore Wind Agreement with US building trades unions, in part to diversify the company's renewable energy workforce and to incorporate social and equity considerations into its work and hiring. The agreement sets a standard for wages, local training programmes, and workplace health and safety. In addition, Work Equity Committees are established for each project to prioritise hiring women, people of colour, local environmental justice communities and gender non-conforming people.

Other companies that have entered into or are negotiating PLAs include Dominion Energy, Vineyard Wind and Mayflower Wind. Vineyard Wind´s PLA includes hiring targets for women and people of colour, while Mayflower Wind is committed to hiring a diverse workforce and paying prevailing wages.

Source: See endnote 36 for this module.

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In the United States, the Inflation Reduction Act provides tax credits for domestic production of offshore wind turbine components, electric vehicles and battery components. In 2022, the US Department of Energy announced investment grants totalling USD 52 million for 19 solar PV manufacturing projects in 12 states. 41 In addition, the United States applies import duties on solar PV modules and cells from most countries, whether to strengthen domestic manufacturing capacity or in response to human rights issues in some exporting countries. 42

In Australia, the parliament approved plans in March 2023 to establish an AUD 15 billion (USD 10 billion) national reconstruction fund to support domestic manufacturing of solar panels, batteries and hydrogen electrolysers. 43 In Brazil, developers are eligible for low-cost financing from the country's development bank only if they use local equipment. 44 Jordan has a requirement for up to 35% local content in solar PV projects, which can be fulfilled by procuring the necessary value of the project through local contractors even if the products and services are being imported. 45

Between 2020 and 2023, India's manufacturing capacity for solar cells and modules grew sharply in response to a combination of import restrictions and production-based incentive schemes for solar PV. 46 In September 2022, India approved a roughly USD 3 billion incentive package for manufacturing high-efficiency solar panels and imposed a basic customs duty on imports of solar PV cells and modules starting in April 2023. 47 In Kenya, as of January 2022, mini-grids that sell power to surrounding communities have received an extra 50% tax credit as part of reforms to the country's Finance Act. 48

Several countries have introduced export bans on strategic renewable energy products, hoping to secure or strengthen their position in the global market. In 2022, countries that introduced export bans on unprocessed raw materials needed for the energy transition included the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) (for lithium and cobalt), Indonesia (for nickel and bauxite) and Zimbabwe (for lithium and cobalt). 49 In early 2023, China banned the export of several core solar panel components, such as large silicon and black silicon, in the hope of maintaining its market leadership. 50 China dominates the solar PV supply chain by manufacturing most of the world's polysilicon, solar wafers and cells.

Distributed Renewables for Energy Access

In 2022, despite the numerous social, economic, and geopolitical challenges, investment in renewables reached a record high of USD 495.42 billion. 51 The installed capacity of distributed renewables for electricity access (DREA) also achieved record levels, with sales of solar PV products growing 24% and installed off-grid capacity growing 11% in 2022. 52 Even so, the number of people worldwide lacking access to electricity was projected to increase by 20 million during the year. 53

Between 2010 and 2020, 45 countries achieved universal access to electricity. 54 However, 113 countries still lacked universal electricity access as of the end of 2022. 55 (See Figure 1.) Of these countries without access, 25 had set targets to achieve universal access to electricity by or before 2030, and another 29 had set targets to improve access; meanwhile, 59 countries remained without electricity access targets. 56

FIGURE 1.

Countries Without Universal Access to Electricity and Clean Cooking, and Status of Targets, as of End-2022

 FIGURE 1.

Source: See endnote 55 for this module.

Although steady progress has been made in urban electrification worldwide, significant challenges remain for energy access in rural areas. 57 Renewable energy systems, particularly off-grid solutions, are generally considered the least-cost solution for electrifying the “last mile”, or unserved populations in rural communities. 58 This is reflected in the widespread adoption of renewable energy targets for rural electrification. 59 As of May 2022, 34 countries had adopted such targets, mostly for off-grid solar PV. 60

Strong quality standards play a key role in improving the affordability and reliability of decentralised renewables and supporting market development. 61 In 2021, quality standards for solar kits, developed by the World Bank's Lighting Global programme, became an official technical specification of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards. 62 By 2022, six countries (Ethiopia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe) had fully adopted the IEC standards, while three countries (the DRC, Papua New Guinea and Tanzania) were in the process of doing so. 63 Also in 2022, India published the Policy Framework for Decentralized Renewable Energy (DRE) Livelihood Applications, which established quality control standards and a strong monitoring framework (among other interventions) to support the adoption of new solar appliances. 64

As temperatures rise in many regions, more countries are facing the need for chilling and space cooling solutions. As of 2022, 5 billion people were living in regions with significant space cooling needs, most of whom did not have access to the necessary means to meet those needs. 65 Space cooling is one of the fastest growing sources of electricity demand. 66 To meet this demand, more governments are creating National Cooling Action Plans (NCAPs), with 30 NCAPs at varying stages of development as of 2022. 67

The number of people without access to electricity was projected to increase by 20 million in 2022.

Interventions to improve energy access also include improving the non-electricity energy needs of households, especially for cooking. As of 2022, as many as 128 countries lacked universal access to clean cooking (more than lacked universal access to electricity). 68 (See Figure 1.) Of these countries, only 19 had official targets to provide universal access to clean cooking by 2030, while another 20 had less ambitious targets. 69 A total of 89 countries were without any targets for access to clean cooking. 70 While some countries are on track to increase access, others have struggled to achieve their objectives. 71

Improving access to clean energy has clear gender implications. 72 (See Snapshot: Haiti.) Women are typically more exposed than men to the adverse health effects of cooking with traditional and polluting fuels (such as traditional uses of biomass, dung and kerosene), which are often the only affordable energy sources for the poorest households in developing countries. 73 Worldwide, nearly 4 million people die each year from diseases attributable to household air pollution. 74 Replacing wood and charcoal stoves with modern renewables in Sub-Saharan Africa could prevent an estimated 463,000 deaths annually and save USD 66 billion in health-care costs. 75

Implementing policies for cleaner cooking options can lead to better health and more time for other activities, such as learning, leisure and development of small businesses. 76 Studies have shown that energy access increases the likelihood of women finding jobs by 9% to 23%. 77

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Snapshot.HAITI

Solar Microgrids Empowering Women in Rural Communities

EarthSpark International, a US-based organisation that develops business models to overcome energy poverty worldwide, is applying a gender perspective in its efforts to provide solar PV systems in Haiti, where access to electricity is very limited. The organisation operates two smart microgrids in Les Anglais and Tiburon, providing 24-hour electricity generated mainly by solar PV systems combined with battery storage. The Tiburon microgrid, launched in 2019, operates with 100% solar energy and on-site battery storage, serving around 2,000 people.

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Solar Microgrids Empowering Women in Rural Communities

EarthSpark International, a US-based organisation that develops business models to overcome energy poverty worldwide, is applying a gender perspective in its efforts to provide solar PV systems in Haiti, where access to electricity is very limited. The organisation operates two smart microgrids in Les Anglais and Tiburon, providing 24-hour electricity generated mainly by solar PV systems combined with battery storage. The Tiburon microgrid, launched in 2019, operates with 100% solar energy and on-site battery storage, serving around 2,000 people.

Haiti has the lowest electrification rate in Latin America and the Caribbean, with as much as half of the population living without electricity. In rural areas, electrification rates are even lower, below 15%, and the population subsists using kerosene, candles and charcoal. These low-quality energy resources are not only expensive – costing households up to USD 20 a month – but also inefficient and harmful to human health and the environment.

Since energy affects men and women differently, gender-differentiated needs and priorities should be considered in energy access. In particular, given the small number of end-users of mini-grids, each consumer has a significant impact on the economically viable operation of the system. EarthSpark's “feminist electrification” strategy seeks to integrate the needs and requirements of women. In rural Haiti, where local women are often under-represented in decision making, the organisation works with women's co-operatives and committees to involve women in infrastructure planning. EarthSpark also trains and employs local women in home electrical installations, supports female entrepreneurs and has helped introduce new productive uses of solar energy for agricultural processes, such as electric corn mills, corn threshers and fryers.

With USD 9.9 million in financing from the Green Climate Fund and other grants, EarthSpark plans to expand to 24 solar microgrids over a five-year period, supported by a strategy that identifies and responds to the specific needs of women in energy systems. Such gender-sensitive energy programmes that consider the differentiated dimensions of energy access help to increase productivity, job opportunities and local resilience. At the same time, integrating women's needs and requirements in mini-grid operations can improve the viability of rural electrification business models.

Source: See endnote 72 for this module.

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Footnotes

i Clean energy jobs in this context include the manufacturing and deployment of renewables, energy efficiency, hydrogen, storage, nuclear energy and grid modernisation.

ii The potential for new renewable energy job creation at the local level varies greatly depending on the technologies installed. Whereas wind energy requires a highly skilled workforce that often cannot be found locally, solar PV investments might more easily create local jobs because fewer specialised skills are needed.

  1. S. Borbonus, “Generating Socio-Economic Values from Renewable Energies: An Overview of Questions and Assessment Methods”, Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies Potsdam, 2017, https://doi.org/10.2312/iass.2017.016. 1
  2. Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP), “A Sure Path to Renewable Energy: Maximizing Socioeconomic Benefits Triggered by Renewables”, World Bank, 2022, https://esmap.org/sites/default/files/esmap-files/Maximizing%20Socioeconomic%20Benefits%20Triggered%20by%20Renewables_Nov16-22.pdf; Borbonus, op. cit. note 1.2
  3. International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), “Renewable Energy and Jobs – Annual Review 2022”, 2022, https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Sep/IRENA_Renewable_energy_and_jobs_2022.pdf. 3
  4. Borbonus, op. cit. note 1.4
  5. Ibid.5
  6. World Health Organization (WHO), “Energizing Health: Accelerating Electricity Access in Health-care Facilities”, 2023, https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240066960. Snapshot: Tanzania from the following sources: WHO, idem; Shine, “Celebrating the Success of Small Grants”, https://theshinecampaign.org/celebrating-the-success-of-small-grants-lessons-from-two-organizations, accessed April 2023; Daily News, “How Solar Power Improves Health Services in Off-grid Rural Areas”, April 3, 2023, https://dailynews.co.tz/how-solar-power-improves-health-services-in-off-grid-rural-areas; World Bank, “Changing Lives and Livelihoods in Tanzania, One Electricity Connection at a Time”, June 28, 2022, https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2022/06/28/changing-lives-and-livelihoods-in-tanzania-one-electricity-connection-at-a-time.6
  7. Global Women Energy Network, “Powering a Gender-Just Energy Transition”, 2023, https://www.globalwomennet.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/FINAL_230315_GGKP_Gender_Report13_0.pdf.7
  8. GOGLA, “Off-grid Solar Market Trends Report 2022”, World Bank, 2022, https://www.esmap.org/Off-Grid_Solar_Market_Trends_Report_2022. 8
  9. REN21 Policy Database, see GSR 2023 Data Pack, Reference Tables R1-5, https://www.ren21.net/gsr2023-data-pack/esvc.9
  10. B. Boardman et al., “Energy, Poverty, and Development”, in International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Global Energy Assessment, 2012, https://previous.iiasa.ac.at/web/home/research/Flagship-Projects/Global-Energy-Assessment/GEA_Chapter2_development_hires.pdf; International Energy Agency (IEA) et al., “Tracking SDG 7: The Energy Progress Report”, World Bank, 2022, https://trackingsdg7.esmap.org/data/files/download-documents/sdg7-report2022-full_report.pdf.10
  11. Bluegreen Alliance, “9 Million Jobs from Climate Action: The Inflation Reduction Act”, 2022, https://www.bluegreenalliance.org/site/9-million-good-jobs-from-climate-action-the-inflation-reduction-act. 11
  12. The White House, “Fact Sheet: The Inflation Reduction Act Supports Workers and Families”, 2022, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/08/19/fact-sheet-the-inflation-reduction-act-supports-workers-and-families.12
  13. Clean Energy Canada, “The New Reality”, 2021, https://cleanenergycanada.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Report_CEC_CleanJobs2021.pdf. 13
  14. N. Ford, “Solar Skills Shortage Threatens EU Targets”, Reuters, February 16, 2023, https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/solar-skills-shortage-threatens-eu-targets-2023-02-16. 14
  15. European Commission, “Pact for Skills: Launch of Large-Scale Renewable Energy Skills Partnership”, 2023, https://energy.ec.europa.eu/news/pact-skills-launch-large-scale-renewable-energy-skills-partnership-2023-03-21_en. 15
  16. M. Merdekawati et al., “Job Creation Towards Achieving the Regional Renewable Energy Target”, 2022, https://aseanenergy.sharepoint.com/PublicationLibrary/Forms/AllItems.aspx?id=%2FPublicationLibrary%2F2022%2FPublication%202022%2FPB%2006%202022%2Epdf&parent=%2FPublication
    Library%2F2022%2FPublication%202022&p=true&ga=1    . 16
  17. A. Tyagi et al., “India´s Expanding Clean Energy Workforce”, Natural Resources Defense Council, 2022, https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default
    /files/indias-clean-energy-workforce-450-gw-target-report.pdf    . 17
  18. Malabo Montpellier Panel, “Policy Innovations to Power the Transformation of Africa's Agriculture and Food System”, 2019, https://www.mamopanel.org/media/uploads/files/ENERGIZED_Report.pdf. 18
  19. A. Nnamani, “Nigeria's Solar Power Project to Create 250,000 Jobs, Electrify 5 Million Homes by 2023 – Osibanjo”, The Sun, October 7, 2021, https://sunnewsonline.com/nigerias-solar-power-project-to-create-250000-jobs-electrify-5-million-homes-by-2023-osibanjo. 19
  20. Ford, op. cit. note 14. 20
  21. Ibid. 21
  22. World Resources Institute, “Spain's National Strategy to Transition Coal-Dependent Communities”, December 23, 2021, https://www.wri.org/update/spains-national-strategy-transition-coal-dependent-communities. 22
  23. World Resources Institute, “Scotland: Re-skilling through the Oil and Gas Transition Training Fund”, 2021, https://www.wri.org/update/scotland-re-skilling-through-oil-and-gas-transition-training-fund23
  24. World Resources Institute, “Czech Republic: The RE:START Strategy to Coordinate Three Regions' Energy and Economic Transitions”, 2021, https://www.wri.org/update/czech-republic-restart-strategy-coordinate-three-regions-energy-and-economic-transitions. 24
  25. IEA, “Skills Development and Inclusivity for Clean Energy Transitions”, 2022, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/
    953c5393-2c5b-4746-bf8e-016332380221/Skillsdevelopment
    andinclusivityforcleanenergytransitions.pdf    . 25
  26. Prime Minister of Australia, “National Net Zero Authority”, May 5, 2023, https://www.pm.gov.au/media/national-net-zero-authority. 26
  27. IRENA, “World Energy Transitions Outlook 2022”, 2022, https://www.irena.org/Digital-Report/World-Energy-Transitions-Outlook-2022; IRENA, “Renewable Energy and Jobs – Annual Review 2021”, 2021, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_823807.pdf. 27
  28. IEA, op. cit. note 25. 28
  29. Ibid. 29
  30. Government of Canada, “Green Jobs in Natural Resources”, 2013,
    https://natural-resources.canada.ca/climate-change/canadas-
    green-future/green-jobs/87    .30
  31. European Commission, “A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age”, 2023, https://commission.europa.eu/system/files/2023-02/COM_2023_62_2_EN_ACT_A%20Green%20Deal%20Industrial%20Plan%20for%20the%20Net-Zero%20Age.pdf; UK Government, “Offshore Wind Sector Deal”, 2020, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/offshore-wind-sector-deal/offshore-wind-sector-deal; A. Roy, “Empower Women to Achieve Just Energy Transition”, Observer Research Foundation, 2022, https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/empower-women-to-achieve-just-energy-transition. 31
  32. E. Cecelski and S. Oparaocha, “The Lack of Gender Targets for Clean Energy Is Harming Women and Girls”, SDG Action, 2023, https://sdg-action.org/the-lack-of-gender-targets-for-clean-energy-is-harming-women-and-girls. 32
  33. Ibid. 33
  34. IEA, op. cit. note 25. 34
  35. Ibid. 35
  36. Ibid. Snapshot: United States from the following sources: IRENA, op. cit. note 3; Ørsted, “North America's Building Trades Unions and Ørsted Agree to Build an American Offshore Wind Energy Industry with American Lab”, May 5, 2022, https://us.orsted.com/news-archive/2022/05/national-offshore-wind-agreement; P. Smith and S. Lee, “Unions Jockey for Offshore Wind Leasing Wins in Hostile States”, Bloomberg Law, July 12, 2022, https://news.bloomberglaw.com/daily-labor-report/unions-vie-to-get-in-on-ground-floor-of-offshore-wind-industry; N. Groom, “Vineyard Wind Strikes Labor Union Pact for U.S. Offshore Wind Farm”, Reuters, July 16, 2021, https://www.reuters.com/business/sustainable-business/vineyard-wind-strikes-labor-union-pact-us-offshore-wind-farm-2021-07-16; H. McCarron, “Mayflower Wind, Labor Unions Sign Pact for Offshore Wind Jobs”, May 10, 2023, https://eu.capecodtimes.com/story/news/2022/10/06/mayflower-wind-labor-unions-sign-pact-off-shore-wind-jobs/8169753001.36
  37. IRENA, op. cit. note 3. 37
  38. IEA, “Gender and Energy Data Explorer”, 2022, https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/gender-and-energy-data-explorer?Topic=Employment&Indicator=Gender+wage+gap+conditional+on+skills; Cecelski and Oparaocha, op. cit. note 32. 38
  39. REN21 Policy Database, see GSR 2023 Data Pack, Reference Table R3, https://www.ren21.net/gsr2023-data-pack/esvc.39
  40. Ibid.40
  41. US Department of Energy, “$82 Million Investment to Increase US Solar Manufacturing and Recycling”, CleanTechnica, April 24, 2023, https://cleantechnica.com/2023/04/24/82-million-investment-to-increase-u-s-solar-manufacturing-recycling.41
  42. N. Groom, "US to Expand Solar Panel Tariffs After Probe Finds Chinese Evasion”, Reuters, December 2, 2022, https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/us-says-solar-imports-four-southeast-asian-countries-were-dodging-china-tariffs-2022-12-02; D. Iaconangelo, “How US Crackdown on China's Human Rights Record Hits Solar”, Energy Wire, March 18, 2022, https://www.eenews.net/articles/how-u-s-crackdown-on-chinas-human-rights-record-hits-solar.42
  43. D. Carroll, “Australia to Earmark $10 Billion Fund to Support Clean Energy Manufacturing”, pv magazine, March 31, 2023, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2023/03/31/australia-to-earmark-10-billion-fund-to-support-clean-energy-manufacturing.43
  44. International Trade Administration, “Brazil – Country Commercial Guide”, March 27, 2023, https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/brazil-energy.44
  45. IRENA, “The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan – Renewables Readiness Assessment”, 2021, https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2021/Feb/IRENA_RRA_Jordan_2021.pdf. 45
  46. JMK Research and Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis, “India's Photovoltaic Manufacturing Capacity Set to Surge”, 2023, https://jmkresearch.com/renewable-sector-published-reports/indias-photovoltaic-manufacturing-capacity-set-to-surge. 46
  47. V. Srivastava, “Cabinet Approves Second Tranche of Rs 19,500 Crore Solar PLI Scheme”, BQ Prime, September 1, 2022, https://www.bqprime.com/business/cabinet-approves-second-tranche-of-rs-19500-crore-solar-pli-scheme; Shri R.K. Singh, Union Power and NRE Minister, “A Number of Steps Taken to Make India Self-reliant in Solar PV Module Manufacturing as Well as Their Exports”, Press Information Bureau, Government of India, March 21, 2023, https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1909269.47
  48. D. Omondi, “Power Companies Operating Mini-grids to Get Tax Refunds”, The Standard, January 14, 2022, https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/business/news/article/2001434330/power-companies-operating-mini-grids-to-get-tax-refunds.48
  49. North Africa Post, “Zimbabwe Bans Raw Lithium Exports as Demand, Prices Soar”, December 28, 2022, https://northafricapost.com/63912-zimbabwe-bans-raw-lithium-exports-as-demand-prices-soar.html; H. Muhammad, “Zimbabwe, DR Congo Ban Lithium, Cobalt Exports – How It Impacts Battery, EV Industry in Indonesia?” February 14, 2023, https://indonesiabusinesspost.com/world/zimbabwe-dr-congo-ban-lithium-cobalt-exports-how-it-impacts-battery-ev-industry-in-indonesia; Q. Zhou, “Indonesia to Ban Bauxite Export from June 2023: An Explainer”, ASEAN Briefing, 2022, https://www.aseanbriefing.com/news/indonesia-to-ban-bauxite-export-from-june-2023. 49
  50. The Business Standard, “China Bans Core Solar Panel Technologies' Export”, February 1, 2023, https://www.tbsnews.net/world/global-economy/china-bans-core-solar-panel-technologies-export-577842. 50
  51. BloombergNEF, “Energy Transition Investment Trends”, January 2023, https://about.bnef.com/energy-transition-investment.51
  52. GOGLA, op. cit. note 8; IRENA, “Renewable Capacity Statistics 2023”, 2023, https://www.irena.org/Publications/2023/Mar/ Renewable-capacity-statistics-2023.52
  53. L. Cozzi et al., ”For the First Time in Decades, the Number of People Without Access to Electricity Is Set to Increase in 2022”, IEA, November 3, 2022, https://www.iea.org/commentaries/for-the-first-time-in-decades-the-number-of-people-without-access-to-electricity-is-set-to-increase-in-2022. 53
  54. IEA, “World Energy Outlook 2022”, 2022, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/830fe099-5530-48f2- a7c1-11f35d510983/WorldEnergyOutlook2022.pdf.54
  55. IEA et al., op. cit. note 10; IEA, op. cit. note 54. Figure 1 from REN21, Policy Database, see GSR 2023 Data Pack, Reference Table R1, https://www.ren21.net/gsr2023-data-pack/esvc.55
  56. IEA, op. cit. note 54.56
  57. IRENA and African Development Bank, “Renewable Energy Market Analysis: Africa and Its Regions”, 2022, https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Jan/IRENA_Market_Africa_2022.pdf.57
  58. GOGLA, op. cit. note 8.58
  59. IRENA, “Renewable Energy Targets in 2022: A Guide to Design”, 2022, https://mc-cd8320d4-36a1-40ac-83cc-3389-cdn-endpoint.azureedge.net/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Nov/IRENA_RE_targets_2022.pdf.59
  60. REN21, op. cit. note 55.60
  61. IEA et al., op. cit. note 10.61
  62. Ibid.62
  63. Ibid.63
  64. Government of India, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, “Office Memorandum: Framework for Promotion of Decentralised Renewable Energy Livelihood Applications”, 2022, https://mnre.gov.in/img/documents/uploads/file_f-1644909209115.pdf.64
  65. Ibid.65
  66. Ibid.66
  67. Sustainable Energy for All, “Chilling Prospects 2022: The Role of National Cooling Action Plans in Delivering the Global Environment Agenda”, 2022, https://www.seforall.org/data-stories/role-of-national-cooling-action-plans. 67
  68. REN21, op. cit. note 55.68
  69. Ibid.69
  70. Ibid.70
  71. IEA, op. cit. note 54.71
  72. Snapshot: Haiti from the following sources: EarthSpark International, “Clean, Reliable, Grid Electricity Is Possible! Solar Powered Microgrids, Community-Led Development, and Feminist Electrification”, http://www.earthsparkinternational.org/microgrid-electricity-in-haiti.html, accessed May 14, 2023; G. Peggram, “EarthSpark; Powering Resilience in Haiti”, Mobile for Development, April 22, 2022, https://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/blog/earthspark-powering-resilience-in-haiti; US Trade and Development Agency, “Expanding Rural Electricity Access in Haiti”, March 5, 2021, https://ustda.gov/success_story/expanding-rural-electricity-access-in-haiti; United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, “Feminist Electrification: Ensuring Pro-Women Outcomes in Rural Energy Access | Haiti”, 2018, https://unfccc.int/climate-action/momentum-for-change/women-for-results/feminist-electrification; B. Neal and J. Mendelson, “Making Electricity More Accessible in Haiti”, Inkstick, June 10, 2022, https://inkstickmedia.com/making-electricity-more-accessible-in-haiti; A. Tisa, “Solving Energy Poverty in Haiti, EarthSpark Bridges Funding with Truss”, Miller Center for Social Entrepreneurship, July 8, 2022, https://www.millersocent.org/earthspark-solving-energy-poverty-in-haiti-bridges-funding-with-truss; World Bank, “Open Data”, https://data.worldbank.org, accessed May 14, 2023.72
  73. Clean Cooking Alliance, “Women and Clean Cooking”, https://cleancooking.org/the-issues/women-and-clean-cooking, accessed June 2, 2023.73
  74. Cecelski and Oparaocha, op. cit. note 32. 74
  75. B. Khavari et al., “A Geospatial Approach to Understanding Clean Cooking Challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa”, Nature Sustainability, Vol. 6 (2023), pp. 447-457, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-022-01039-8. 75
  76. United Nations Commission on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), “Commodities at a Glance: Special Issue on Access to Energy in Sub-Saharan Africa”, 2023, https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/ditccom2023d1_en.pdf. 76
  77. Cecelski and Oparaocha, op. cit. note 32. 77
  78. IEA, “It's Time to Make Clean Energy Investment in Emerging and Developing Economies a Top Global Priority”, June 9, 2021, https://www.iea.org/news/it-s-time-to-make-clean-energy-investment-in-emerging-and-developing-economies-a-top-global-priority.78
  79. Ibid.79
  80. J. St. John, “Manufacturing vs. Deployment: The Clean Energy Tax-credit Conundrum”, Canary Media, June 7, 2023, https://www.canarymedia.com/articles/clean-energy-manufacturing/manufacturing-vs-deployment-the-clean-energy-tax-credit-conundrum. 80
  81. Ibid.81
  82. IEA, “The State of Clean Technology Manufacturing”, 2023, https://www.iea.org/reports/the-state-of-clean-technology-manufacturing.82
  83. J. Touriño Jacobo, “New Initiative Aims to Scale Up Renewable Energy Manufacturing in Africa”, PV Tech, January 23, 2023, https://www.pv-tech.org/new-initiative-aims-to-scale-up-renewable-energy-manufacturing-in-africa.83
  84. The Brief, “Namibia Set for N$9bn Renewables Funding from European Investment Bank”, November 8, 2022, https://thebrief.com.na/index.php/component/k2/item/2008-namibia-set-for-n-9bn-renewables-funding-from-european-investment-bank.84
  85. IEA, op. cit. note 82.85
  86. Ibid.86
  87. Ibid.87
  88. IRENA, “Off-grid Renewable Energy Solutions to Expand Electricity Access: An Opportunity Not to Be Missed”, 2019, https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/Jan/IRENA_Off-grid_RE_Access_2019.pdf.88
  89. GOGLA, op. cit. note 8. 89
  90. Ibid.90
  91. IEA, op. cit. note 54; ESMAP, “Mini-grids for Half a Billion People”, September 27, 2022, https://www.esmap.org/mini_grids_for_half_a_billion_people_the_report. 91
  92. IRENA, “Global Landscape of Renewable Energy Finance 2023”, 2023, https://www.irena.org/Publications/2023/Feb/Global-landscape-of-renewable-energy-finance-2023.92
  93. L. Fortes and D. Corbyn, “Off-grid Solar Investment Boomed in 2022 but the Sun Did Not Shine on All Companies Equally”, GOGLA, April 5, 2023, https://www.gogla.org/about-us/blogs/off-grid-solar-investment-boomed-in-2022-but-the-sun-did-not-shine-on-all-companies.93
  94. Ibid.94
  95. Ibid.95
  96. Ibid. 96
  97. Green Climate Fund, “Energy Generation and Access”, https://www.greenclimate.fund/results/energy-generation-access, accessed April 8, 2023.97
  98. World Bank, “World Bank Group Announces Major Initiative to Electrify Sub-Saharan Africa with Distributed Renewable Energy”, November 9, 2023, https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/11/09/world-bank-group-announces-major-initiative-to-electrify-sub-saharan-africa-with-distributed-renewable-energy.98
  99. Ibid.99
  100. Fortes and Corbyn, op. cit. note 93.100
  101. World Bank, “Window 5 Operations Manual, Development Bank of Rwanda”, 2023, https://www.brd.rw/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/REF_Window_5_Operations_Manual.pdf.101
  102. IRENA, “Innovation Landscape for a Renewable-powered Future”, 2019, https://www.irena.org/publications/2019/Feb/Innovation-landscape-for-a-renewable-powered-future. Snapshot: Germany from the following sources: ABO Wind, “Renewables and Tourism”, https://www.abo-wind.com/uk/community/renewables-tourism.html, accessed April 10, 2023; M. Biben, “Zapadlý kout Německa bohatne z větru a slunce. Elektřiny vyrobí trojnásobek spotřeby a topí odpad”, Hospodářské noviny, November 14, 2022, https://archiv.hn.cz/c1-67131440-zapadly-kout-nemecka-bohatne-z-vetru-a-slunce-elektriny-vyrobi-trojnasobek-spotreby-a-topi-odpady.102
  103. M-KOPA, “Products”, November 14, 2020, https://m-kopa.com/products.103
  104. Sun King, “Powering Access to Brighter Lives”, https://sunking.com, accessed June 16, 2023.104
  105. ZOLA Electric, “Power Anywhere”, https://zolaelectric.com, accessed June 16, 2023.105
  106. d.light, “Solar Home Systems Outdoor & Solar Lanterns”, https://www.dlight.com, accessed June 16, 2023.106
  107. IEA, “The Role of Local Energy Communities in Clean Energy Transitions”, 2023, https://www.iea.org/events/the-role-of-local-energy-communities-in-clean-energy-transitions.107
  108. Australian Government, Department of Climate Change, Energy,
    the Environment and Water, “Powering Australia”, May 16, 2023,
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    energy-strategies-and-frameworks/powering-australia    .108
  109. U.S. Department of Agriculture, “Biden-Harris Administration Makes Historic, $11 Billion Investment to Advance Clean Energy Across Rural America Through Investing in America Agenda”, https://www.usda.gov/media/press-releases/2023/05/16/biden-
    harris-administration-makes-historic-11-billion-investment    .109
  110. Institute for Local Self-Reliance, “Californiaʻs Community Solar
    Program”, 2023, https://ilsr.org/californias-community-solar-program.110
  111. REN21 Policy Database, see GSR 2023 Data Pack, Reference Table R5, https://www.ren21.net/gsr2023-data-pack/esvc.111
  112. U.S. Department of Energy, “National Community Solar Partnership Targets”, https://www.energy.gov/communitysolar/national-community-solar-partnership-targets accessed June 2, 2023.112
  113. IRENA, op. cit. note 3.113
  114. Ibid.114
  115. Ibid.115
  116. Ibid.116
  117. Ibid.117
  118. Ibid.118
  119. Figure 3 from Ibid.119
  120. Ibid.120
  121. Ibid.121
  122. Ibid.122
  123. Ibid.123
  124. Ibid.124
  125. IRENA, “Solar PV Energy: A Gender Perspective”, 2022, https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Sep/IRENA_Solar_PV_Gender_perspective_2022.pdf?rev=61477241eb9e4db2932757698c554dc2. 125
  126. Ibid.; Cecelski and Oparaocha, op. cit. note 32. 126
  127. Power for All, “Powering Jobs Census 2022: The Energy Access Workforce”, 2022, https://www.powerforall.org/resources/reports/renewable-energy-jobs-sub-saharan-africa-and-india-2022-power-all. 127
  128. Ibid. 128
  129. Power for All, “Powering Jobs Census 2022: Focus on Nigeria”, 2022, https://www.powerforall.org/resources/reports/powering-jobs-census-2022-focus-nigeria; Power for All, op. cit. note 127.129
  130. IEA, op. cit. note 82. 130
  131. Ibid.131
  132. Ibid.132
  133. Ibid.133
  134. Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis and JMK Research, “India's Photovoltaic Manufacturing Capacity Set to Surge”, JMK Research, 2023, https://jmkresearch.com/renewable-sector-published-reports/indias-photovoltaic-manufacturing-capacity-set-to-surge.134
  135. V. Thompson, “Maxeon's PV Module Capacity Hits 2.5 GW in Mexico”, June 27, 2023, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2023/06/27/maxeons-pv-module-capacity-hits-2-5-gw-in-mexico.135
  136. S. Enkhardt, “Germany Seeking Proposals for 10 GW of Solar
    Factories”, pv magazine, June 26, 2023, https://www.pv-magazine.
    com/2023/06/26/germany-seeking-proposals-for-10-gw-of-
    solar-factories    .136
  137. IEA, op. cit. note 82. 137
  138. Ibid.138
  139. K. Willsher, “France Opens First Electric Vehicle Battery Gigafactory”, The Guardian (UK), May 30, 2023, https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/may/30/france-opens-first-electric-vehicle-battery-gigafactory.139
  140. Ibid.140
  141. M. Gallucci, “US Wind Manufacturing Makes a Comeback Thanks to Inflation Reduction Act”, pv magazine, June 5, 2023, https://www.canarymedia.com/articles/clean-energy-manufacturing/us-wind-manufacturing-makes-a-comeback-thanks-to-inflation-reduction-act.141
  142. Ibid.142
  143. IEA, op. cit. note 82.143
  144. Based on IEA, op. cit. note 54.144
  145. Ibid.145
  146. Ibid.146
  147. Ibid.147
  148. Ibid.148
  149. REN21, op. cit. note 55. 149
  150. IRENA, “Renewable Capacity Statistics 2023”, 2023, https://www.irena.org/Publications/2023/Mar/Renewable-capacity-statistics-2023.150
  151. Ibid.151
  152. IRENA and SELCO Foundation, “Fostering Livelihoods with Decentralised Renewable Energy: An Ecosystems Approach”, 2022, https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Jan/IRENA_Livelihood_Decentralised_Renewables_2022.pdf.152
  153. IRENA, “Off-grid Renewable Energy Statistics 2022”, 2022, https://www.irena.org/Publications/2022/Dec/Off-grid-renewable-energy-statistics-2022.153
  154. ESMAP, op. cit. note 91. Snapshot: Africa based on the following sources: United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), “Africa Minigrids Program”, 2022, https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/2022-09/AMP-brochure-july-22-EN_0.pdf; UNDP, “Somalia Launches Ambitious Solar Minigrids Program to Increase Energy Access”, 2023, https://www.undp.org/energy/press-releases/somalia-launches-ambitious-solar-minigrids-program-increase-energy-access; UNDP, “Africa Minigrids Program”, 2022, https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/2022-09/AMP-brochure-july-22-EN_0.pdf.154
  155. ESMAP, op. cit. note 91.155
  156. Ibid.156
  157. Ibid.157
  158. Ibid.158
  159. Ibid.159
  160. Ibid.160
  161. Based on IEA, op. cit. note 54. 161
  162. GOGLA, op. cit. note 58.162
  163. Ibid. 163
  164. Ibid. 164
  165. Based on IEA, op. cit. note 54.165
  166. Based on IEA, “Africa Energy Outlook 2022”, https://www.iea.org/reports/africa-energy-outlook-2022. 166
  167. Based on IEA, “World Energy Outlook 2021”, https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2021. 167
  168. Energy Planets, “Clean Cooking Hits Record $200m Investment in 2022”, March 17, 2023, https://www.energyplanets.org/clean-cooking-hits-record-200m-investment-in-2022.168
  169. Clean Cooking Alliance, “2022 Clean Cooking Industry Snapshot”, 2023, https://cleancooking.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/CCA-2022-Clean-Cooking-Industry-Snapshot.pdf.169
  170. Ibid.170
  171. Ibid.171
  172. Clean Cooking Alliance, “Clean Cooking Alliance Adds Five Companies to its Venture Catalyst Program”, May 2022, https://cleancooking.org/news/clean-cooking-alliance-adds-five-companies-to-its-venture-catalyst-program.172
  173. NEFCO, “Modern Clean Cooking Facility for Africa”, https://www.nefco.int/call-for-proposals-for-modern-cooking-facility-for-africa, accessed May 2023.173
  174. Modern Cooking Facility for Africa, “What's the Future of Clean Cooking? Driving Sustainable Fuels and Innovative Business Models”, May 18, 2022, https://www.moderncooking.africa/2022/05/18/future-clean-cooking-sustainable-fuels-and-business.174
  175. Ibid. 175
  176. Ibid.176
  177. Ibid.; Inclusive Energy, “Who's Counting, Exploring If Data Pays in Biogas Carbon Projects”, 2023, https://static1.squarespace.com/static/6380a6194d1af74b3422b87f/t/642c0bff1afe2d5d297daf1a/1680608267909/230404+Who%27s+Counting_Web1.2.pdf.177
  178. Clean Cooking Alliance, op. cit. note 169.178
  179. Ibid.179
  180. ESMAP, “The State of Access to Modern Energy Cooking Services”, 2020, https://cleancooking.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/598-1.pdf.180
  181. IEA et al., op. cit note 10.181
  182. IRENA, “Renewable Energy Market Analysis, Africa and Its Regions”, 2022, https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Jan/IRENA_Market_Africa_2022.pdf.182
  183. Sistema, “Sistema.bio Closes Over $15MM in Financing to Scale Climate-smart Clean Energy Technology for Farmers”, 2022, https://sistema.bio/blog/2022-investment-press-release.183
  184. Ibid. 184
  185. Ibid. 185
  186. SNV, “Household Bio-digester Installations in Selected Countries in Africa and Asia in 2021”, 2022, https://a.storyblok.com/f/191310/b8ca144d18/snv-20biodigester-20status-20brief-20-28final-29.pdf.186
  187. Ibid. 187
  188. Africa Energy Portal, “Rwanda: Koko Networks to Invest $25m for Ecological Cooking”, April 4, 2022, https://africa-energy-portal.org/news/rwanda-koko-networks-invest-25m-ecological-cooking.188
  189. Koko, “Rwanda Signs Agreement with Koko”, 2022, https://rdb.rw/rwanda-signs-agreement-with-koko-to-establish-25-million-renewable-cooking-fuel-utility.189