RENEWABLES 2024
GLOBAL STATUS REPORT

Economic and Social Value Creation

2024

Local Ownership and Energy Democracy

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Renewable energy allows for decentralised deployment and local ownership and therefore has the potential to democratise how energy is consumed and produced. 277 In contrast to centralised, dispatchable fossil-fuelled power plants, renewables can be more localised and decentralised. 278

In Germany, private individuals owned around 30% of the total renewable energy capacity in 2019.

The transition to renewable energy can incentivise a more participatory model of energy governance, reinforced by the growing number of citizen renewable energy initiatives or energy communities. 279 The increasing number of these renewable energy initiatives has led to rising prosumerism i and a diverse ownership structure, as seen in Germany, where private individuals owned around 30% of the total renewable energy capacity in 2019. 280 (See Snapshot: Germany. )

Even though community energy faces challenges regarding competition in a profit-driven energy market, mostly with bigger energy companies, renewables play an important role in the democratisation of the energy system. 281 Supportive policies, community energy supporting networks and financing schemes are key enablers for a transition to a renewables-based decentralised and democratic energy system. 282 (See Snapshot: France. )

Snapshot. Germany

Ownership Structure of Renewable Energy Capacity

The expansion of renewable energy in Germany over the past decade has led to a dynamic and diverse ownership structure, with private individuals maintaining a significant share of installed capacity despite the growing involvement of larger investors and energy supply companies.

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Ownership Structure of Renewable Energy Capacity

The expansion of renewable energy in Germany over the past decade has led to a dynamic and diverse ownership structure, with private individuals maintaining a significant share of installed capacity despite the growing involvement of larger investors and energy supply companies.

As of 2019, private individuals owned 30.2% of all renewable energy installed capacity in the country, making them the largest ownership group. (See Figure 6.) This group includes both individuals and households with small-scale installations, such as rooftop solar panels, as well as members of energy co-operatives, where several private owners pool resources to invest in larger projects. Despite a gradual decline in their overall share over the past decade, private individuals continue to dominate, particularly in solar PV, where they are the primary owners.

Meanwhile, other ownership groups, such as funds/banks (14.1% in 2019) and energy supply companies (17.2%), have increased their share, especially in large-scale projects such as offshore wind power and utility-scale solar installations. Farmers owned 10.2%, of the total installed renewable energy capacity in 2019, maintaining a consistent presence in recent years, and industry actors owned around 13%.

The ownership structure in Germany varies considerably by renewable energy technology. Solar PV has the most diverse ownership, with private individuals (the largest group) accounting for more than 30% of the capacity in 2019, and significant investments driven by subsidies. In onshore wind, the share of private ownership has fallen nearly 10%, while energy supply companies have expanded their stake, growing their wind energy portfolios. Ownership of offshore wind power has fluctuated, with funds and banks dominating in 2014 but energy companies regaining shares in 2015. In biogas, farmers have been the dominant owners since 2004, with a share of nearly 75% in 2019, due largely to the use of agricultural byproducts as input materials. Hydropower remains highly centralised, with large energy supply companies owning more than half, whereas private individuals held just around 6% of the total capacity in 2019.

The large ownership of renewable energy by private individuals, even as bigger companies increase their stakes, highlights the shift towards a more decentralised energy system compared to the historically centralised fossil fuel model.

FIGURE 6.Ownership Structure of Renewable Energy Installed Capacity in Germany, by Ownership Group, 2019 (Without Pumped Storage)

FIGURE 6.

Note: Private indivudals refer to individuals and households with small-scale installations as well as members of energy co-operatives, where several private individuals collectively own a renewable energy installation.

Source: See endnote 280 for this module.

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Community Energy

Community energy refers to energy projects that are initiated, owned or operated by a local community for the benefit of the community. Projects typically involve renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and biomass, and aim to increase local energy resilience, reduce carbon footprints and provide economic benefits to the community. 283 Community energy projects have gained attention due to their social and economic benefits, beyond the environmental ones, ranging from creating local jobs and social cohesion to increasing energy literacy, improving efficiency, reducing energy costs and tackling energy poverty. 284 Engagement in community energy projects is also recognised as increasing community support for renewable energy initiatives, helping to accelerate the energy transition. 285

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Within the community energy movement, energy communities are legal entities (usually co-operative organisations) where citizens, local authorities and/or businesses come together to produce, distribute, share or manage energy. They are defined and supported under legal frameworks such as the EU's Clean Energy Package. 286

In 2023, several countries and organisations in the EU advanced frameworks, funding and support tools for energy communities, including a guidebook for guiding communities towards inclusivity ii . 287 Italy, through its Energy Agency (GSE) published rules for operating energy communities as well as incentives, including a provision for integrating already-deployed solar PV systems into the incentive scheme. 288 Wales launched a publicly owned energy company focused on supporting renewable energy communities through grants. 289 Albania adopted a new law on the promotion of the use of renewable energy that includes simplified procedures for energy communities, as well as provisions to organise renewable energy communities as legal entities. 290 Denmark allocated a USD 620,000 (DKK 4.2 million) grant to nine local energy communities. 291 Greece unlocked USD 46 million (EUR 42 million) for the development of local energy communities operating through net metering or virtual net metering. 292

In addition, crowdfunding platforms have emerged in some European countries to help match interested individual investors with potential community project owners. 293 For example, WeShareSolar in the Netherlands provides access to financing and manages administrative tasks, while also working together with banks and ultimately reducing the cost of capital for rooftop solar projects. 294 Citizen-led co-operative initiatives, such as the financial vehicles of Energie Samen in the Netherlands and Energie Partagée Investissement in France, are also active to mobilise funding. 295

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The continuous growth of the European association of citizen energy co-operatives, REScoop.eu, shows the increasing importance of citizen-owned and co-operative renewable energy entities in the region. Under the REScoop.eu definition, energy co-operatives are characterised by a co-operative governance structure (one member, one vote regardless of the number of shares owned) and a non-profit business model (benefits are reinvested and dividends are capped). In 2023, the network consisted of 2,500 European energy co-operatives encompassing 2 million citizens. 296

In Brazil, the “community solar” project (through co-operatives) of the energy organisation RevoluSolar provides an example of how an energy community approach can benefit the entire community. 297 The initiative started by equipping 30 families in the Brazilian favela Babilônia with access to renewable energy, who decided to invest the profits generated in training and local job creation, leading to better living conditions and protection from rising energy prices. 298 In Belgium, 34 energy co-operatives joined forces in 2022 to form “Seacoop”, based on the concept of acquiring a 20% share of new offshore wind parks in Belgium and then supplying 20% of the electricity generated to households and small and medium-sized enterprises in the country via co-operative suppliers. 299

In the United States, a majority of states (41 plus the District of Columbia) had at least one community solar project by 2022, with New York, Minnesota and Massachusetts leading in installed capacity. 300 These states have public incentives in place for community solar, but also have utility support that helps facilitate individual participation in community projects. 301

In Australia, public funds support the development of community solar: USD 66.6 million (AUD 100 million) has been allocated into community solar banks across the various Australian states. 302 The 2023 budget includes incentives under the Powering Australia plan aimed at making renewables cheaper to Australian homes and businesses. Examples include USD 224.3 million for the Community Batteries for Household Solar grants programme to deploy 400 community-scale batteries for up to 100,000 households; USD 102.2 million for Community Solar Banks for 25,000 Australians living in apartments, rentals and low-income households; and USD 83.8 million to develop and deploy First Nations Community Microgrid projects. 303

Community ownership also can benefit Indigenous communities. 304 (See Snapshot: Canada. )

Snapshot. France

Co-operative Funding for Citizen Energy

Energie Partagée Investissement (EPI) is a French co-operative investment fund specifically targeting citizen-led renewable energy projects. EPI operates under the umbrella of Energie Partagée, an organisation that brings together projects and stakeholders of the community energy movement in France.

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Co-operative Funding for Citizen Energy

Energie Partagée Investissement (EPI) is a French co-operative investment fund specifically targeting citizen-led renewable energy projects. EPI operates under the umbrella of Energie Partagée, an organisation that brings together projects and stakeholders of the community energy movement in France.

Energie Partagée was founded in 2010 with the mission of empowering local communities to play a central role in the transition to renewables (through both renewable energy generation and energy efficiency projects) and raising awareness about energy consumption reduction. Over time, the organisation has evolved into a national network and several regional networks supporting community-led renewable energy initiatives across France. Sharing resources and tools, and organising workshops and events for knowledge exchange, the network builds local capacity and provides support on the regulatory, technical and financial aspects of initiating and piloting renewable energy projects.

Through the label “citizen project”, Energie Partagée awards renewable energy projects that belong to local communities and create benefits for the community. The label is awarded to projects that fulfil specific criteria, organised along five axes: strong presence of local public and private players; use of local skills and mobilisation of the local community; shared governance and transparent decision-making processes; environmental protection; and the mobilisation of ethical and socially responsible finance.

More broadly, citizens' projects as envisioned by Energie Partagée strive to raise environmental awareness, help citizens to reduce energy consumption, contribute to fighting energy poverty and engage citizens to discuss and drive the energy transition. As of 2024, the network counted 372 projects, involving more than 32,000 citizen-shareholders and producing around 1.5 terawatt-hours per year of wind power, solar PV, geothermal energy, biomass and biogas.

The co-operative investment fund EPI raises funds from individuals who purchase shares in the fund (at a price of USD 135 or EUR 123) and invests in renewable energy projects labelled as citizen projects. While the fund has historically focused on investing at the construction phase to minimise risks, it is increasingly also investing at earlier stages, providing project developers with the necessary funding to cover upfront costs such as feasibility studies and permitting processes.

The governance of the fund includes the shareholders as well as a directory board composed of the cooperative energy producer and provider Enercoop, the co-operative bank La Nef, and a consulting company working on sustainable development.

As of June 2024, EPI had financed more than 135 citizen-led projects, for a total of USD 44 million (EUR 40 million), of which around USD 11 (EUR 10 million) was invested in 2023. Projects are financed in the form of equity. Until 2017, as the first projects financed were slowly starting their operations, no dividends were yet distributed to EPI shareholders. From 2017, the price of the share started increasing every year (from an initial EUR 100), and since 2023 investors started to receive dividends as well.

While the fund aims to provide benefits of around 4% yearly, citizens who invest their savings in EPI are usually committed to the purpose of the fund, which extends beyond the immediate return on investment (for instance, with shares being offered to children by their grandparents). Data from the organisation suggest that local economic benefits are 2.5 times higher when renewable energy projects are owned by energy communities as compared to traditional economic actors, and that people engaged in the community energy movement reduce their energy consumption around 20% in average.

Challenges remain to unlock the full potential of citizen projects. Energy communities are typically small local initiatives, while funding needs for energy projects are huge, and administrative and technical requirements for access to finance and permitting processes are tailored for bigger industry players. Supporting structures such as Energie Partagée can help greatly in developing citizen-led energy initiatives, but they also require funding and political support to build local capacities.

Source: See endnote 282 for this module.

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Snapshot. Canada

Advancing Indigenous Leadership in Renewable Energy

Canada is a global leader in renewable electricity generation, with a continuous increase in renewable energy projects, many of which are situated on traditional Indigenous territories or reserve lands. The non-profit organisation Indigenous Clean Energy (ICE) is dedicated to advancing Indigenous-led capacity building and collective action in Canada's energy transition. By promoting energy efficiency initiatives, youth training and mentorship programmes, ICE empowers Indigenous communities, which make up 5% of Canada's total population, to take a leading role in the country's renewable energy development.

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Advancing Indigenous Leadership in Renewable Energy

Canada is a global leader in renewable electricity generation, with a continuous increase in renewable energy projects, many of which are situated on traditional Indigenous territories or reserve lands. The non-profit organisation Indigenous Clean Energy (ICE) is dedicated to advancing Indigenous-led capacity building and collective action in Canada's energy transition. By promoting energy efficiency initiatives, youth training and mentorship programmes, ICE empowers Indigenous communities, which make up 5% of Canada's total population, to take a leading role in the country's renewable energy development.

In 2022, nearly 20% of Canada's electricity-generating infrastructure involved partnerships or benefits, and thus economic participation, for Indigenous Peoples, with the majority of this infrastructure focused on renewable energy production. This corresponds to around 600 renewable energy projects with Indigenous participation, including off-grid community projects, while half of them have a capacity of over 1 MW. Projects include hydro, wind, solar, and bioenergy, and the average Indigenous ownership share is around 50%.

The growing involvement of Indigenous Peoples in renewables in Canada is due in large part to sufficient financing and adjustments in the national and provincial legal and political framework. Many Indigenous-led renewable energy projects benefit from federal grants that enable smaller projects to make it through pre-construction stages.

Policy changes at the provincial level, such as through Ontario's Green Energy Act, have incentivised Indigenous participation by defining a minimum threshold for Indigenous involvement and embedding this in procurement processes. The Alberta region in western Canada has deregulated power purchase agreements, which has enabled Indigenous communities to own and operate power generation facilities. Indigenous participation in renewable projects is legally mandated in Canada, meaning that proceeding with projects on Indigenous land without the involvement of communities poses significant legal risks for utilities, potentially leading to legal challenges, project delays and reputational risks. Based on this legal and policy framework, Indigenous leaders engaged in negotiations with utility companies and developers to ensure that their communities were not only participants but also operators and beneficiaries of renewable energy projects.

On an international level, the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, adopted by the UN General Assembly in 2007, affirms key principles such as free, prior and informed consent to mitigate any breaches of rights to Indigenous property, land, resources and self-determination.

Indigenous ownership and involvement in renewable energy projects empower Indigenous Peoples to promote economic development while enhancing their leadership skills, self-sufficiency and business capabilities in communities usually lacking such opportunities and where suicide rates tend to be around three times higher than among non-Indigenous people. ICE asserts that merely receiving shares and benefits from renewable energy projects does not equate to actively managing a project and engaging fully in the economy.

ICE's capacity building programmes play a crucial role in advancing economic development. The 20/20 Catalyst Program equips Indigenous leaders with the skills needed to champion renewable energy projects. The recent Off-Diesel Initiative further supports communities transitioning from diesel dependency to renewable solutions. The Bringing It Home initiative helps scale energy efficiency projects through hands-on training, while the Generation Power programme encourages Indigenous youth to explore careers in renewables. The ImaGENation initiative supports young leaders by providing resources to renewable energy projects rooted in their cultural identities.

The success stories emerging in Canada exemplify the potential for renewable energy to drive community empowerment and economic development. The Oneida Energy storage project is a 250 MW battery storage initiative that will be the largest in Canada and has been developed by Six Nations of the Grand River Development Corporation together with a Canadian energy storage company. The project aims to enhance the reliability and affordability of the province's renewable electricity grid by storing energy during low-demand periods for use during peak times. The Metalake biofuel facility in northern Saskatchewan, 100% owned and led by the Meadow Lake Tribal Council, exemplifies a successful Indigenous-led initiative that uses a beehive system bioenergy model to produce renewable energy, enabling economic benefits for local agricultural producers through power purchase agreements while promoting sustainable practices in the region.

As Canada continues to develop its renewable energy sector, the experiences from ICE, along with the country's current national and provincial legal and regulatory frameworks, can inform the policies globally that strengthen Indigenous leadership and participation in renewable energy projects.

Source: See endnote 304 for this module.

Footnotes

i Prosumerism is a model where an entity both produces and consumes energy. This allows them to participate in energy trading by selling any excess energy they generate and purchasing additional energy from the grid when needed.

ii The guidebook describes inclusion as “when all people are valued and able to participate and contribute to their fullest without any discrimination based on their gender, sexual orientation, social class, political beliefs, race, ethnicity, nationality, religion, age, and / or disability.” It further states: “Inclusion is about ensuring that diversity of knowledge, perspectives, information, and ideas are welcomed and being used. What's more, inclusion is focused on fostering the structure, system, processes, culture, behaviour, and mindset that embrace and respect all people in all their diversity.”

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