RENEWABLES 2024
GLOBAL STATUS REPORT

Economic and Social Value Creation

2024

Feature: Renewable Energy for Climate Adaptation and Resilience

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To tackle the climate crisis, mitigation and adaptation efforts must go hand in hand. The shift to renewables is not only a key strategy for mitigating climate change by greatly reducing emissions, but also presents opportunities to enhance both climate change adaptation i and resilience ii . 305 Renewable energy supports both adaptation and resilience in various ways. (See Table 1.) In nearly all settings where they are deployed, renewables offer mitigation-adaptation synergies, as they can power energy-intensive climate adaptation solutions, such as air conditioning, desalination and irrigation, without compromising their mitigation strategies. 306

Given the potential of renewables for distributed and decentralised energy solutions, they can provide remote communities with consistent energy supply during extreme weather events and natural disasters. 307 This is key for maintaining critical infrastructure and preventing disruptions to vital services, allowing communities to decrease their vulnerability to climate change risks and build self-reliance. 308 Many remote communities still rely on small-scale fossil fuel systems that are vulnerable to extreme weather events. 309 For example, around 200 remote Indigenous communities in Canada use diesel as their main source of heating and power, which exposes these communities to volatile fuel prices and high costs of transporting the fuel by barge, plane or ice road. 310

Natural disasters such as floods can impair conventional power, water and other resources. 311 Off-grid solutions – including solar water pumps, solar lighting, solar-powered communication devices, irrigation and cooling systems – can enhance climate resilience by ensuring reliable energy and supporting critical services such as cooling in healthcare facilities during outages. 312 (See Table 1.) Already, distributed off-grid solar technologies have provided power to millions of homes and businesses in climate-vulnerable regions across sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia and South-East Asia. 313 In Bangladesh, 2,226 solar irrigation systems have been installed around the country. 314

Off-grid solutions do not depend on long-distance transmission lines or infrastructure, making them more resilient to extreme weather events such as floods, high winds and cyclones. 315 They are also less prone to blackouts during heatwaves and remain unaffected by shifts in rainfall patterns, unlike large-scale hydropower, which can be vulnerable during droughts. 316 Moreover, with no reliance on fuel supply chains, off-grid solutions can maintain power to critical services even if fuel transport is interrupted or prices spike during crises. 317 The compact and distributed design of products such as solar energy kits and irrigation systems enables them to be easily relocated if extreme climate events result in forced migration. 318

The potential of distributed and decentralised renewables also becomes evident when looking at grids. Traditional electricity grids are vulnerable to natural disasters due to their centralised nature and reliance on extensive infrastructure, which can lead to widespread blackouts. 319 Against this background, renewable energy-powered mini-grids and microgrids offer significant community and environmental benefits, not only in remote areas but also in urban contexts that are increasingly impacted by the effects of climate change. 320 Even if connected to a central grid, mini-grids and microgrids can be “islanded” to operate independently from large transmission and distribution lines in case of extreme weather events. 321

The Peruvian non-governmental organisation EcoSwell, which develops participatory renewable energy projects for local vulnerable communities, installed a solar PV-based micro-grid at a local medical centre in Talara, providing an uninterrupted power supply. 322 Other projects included building a 13 kW solar and wind-based hybrid micro-grid for a community of 40 families in Nazca in southern Peru, residential energy consultations and PV system installations, and a solar distiller to overcome critical water scarcity. 323 In Boston, United States, where sea levels have risen more than 20 centimetres since 1950, neighbourhood organisations have developed distributed microgrids. 324 This has allowed communities to foster self-sufficiency and address the challenges of rising sea levels and flooding. 325 However, the initiative faces obstacles due to a lack of financing and a monopolised utility system. 326

TABLE 1. Renewable Energy Solutions for Climate Change Adaptation and Resilience

Climate change impacts

Associated risks

Adaptation potential of renewable energy solutions
Increase in drought and floods Water shortage Solar-powered desalination
Renewables-powered pumping system
Degraded water quality Renewable energy-based water purification and sanitation systems
Floating photovoltaics to reduce evaporation
Limited water supply for agricultural use Renewables-powered irrigation systems
Rising temperatures Increase in heat-related diseases Renewables-based cooling and cold-chain systems for housing and healthcare facilities
Food loss Agrivoltaics for electricity production and farming providing overhead protection and shade
Stable freshwater supply Renewables-powered irrigation systems
Extreme weather events (e.g., storms) Forced displacement Decentralised off-grid electricity generation in disaster-hit regions and beyond
Health risks Renewables-powered early warning systems
Renewable-powered emergency services and healthcare facilities
Energy supply disruption Renewables-powered mini- and microgrids for electricity supply, including in remote communities
Communication service disruption Solar-powered portable chargers to keep communication devices operational
Sea-level rise Flooding and coastal erosion Renewables-powered water pumps to manage water levels
Hydropower plants and reservoirs for flood prevention
Saltwater intrusion Renewables-powered purification and wastewater systems

Note: This table highlights general concepts. Adaptation needs are diverse and context-dependent, and renewable energy solutions must be tailored to local needs.

Source: Adapted from IRENA, 2021. See endnote 312 for this module.

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Renewable energy infrastructure can further enhance climate change adaptation and resilience by simultaneously leveraging a diverse range of renewable energy sources and technologies, such as wind, solar and geothermal energy. 327 This can help safeguard against potential disruptions from climate impacts, ensuring reliable energy access. 328

While producing energy, resilient renewables infrastructure can also deliver multiple non-energy services, strengthening adaptation and resilience beyond energy supply and optimising resource use. 329 For instance, agrivoltaics offer shade and protection from the sun and therefore allow land to be used not only for energy generation but also for more resilient food production. 330 This enhances food security while reducing water evaporation. 331 By-products from biogas facilities can be repurposed to create organic fertiliser, contributing to sustainable agriculture. 332 Additionally, water harvesting from hydropower dams offers a dual benefit by providing both renewable energy and an essential water supply, which is particularly valuable in regions facing water scarcity. 333

Enabling Framework for Renewables-based Climate Adaptation and Resilience

As of mid-2024, 50 countries recognised renewables as an adaptation measure in their NDCs.

Systematically integrating renewables into well-designed adaptation policy instruments allows for supporting both emission reductions and climate resilience. As of mid-2024, 50 countries had recognised renewables as an adaptation measure in their Nationally Determined Contributions iii . 334

Only 3 countries in Europe referred to the adaptation benefits of renewables in their NDCs, 4 in the Caribbean, 3 in Latin America, 8 in Asia, and 4 in Oceania, while 19 out of the 50 countries referring to renewables for adaptation in their NDCs were in Africa. 335 Nine of the countries that included renewables-based solutions as adaptation strategies were in the Middle East, where most of the identified targets and mentions refer to renewables-based solutions to climate-induced drought and water scarcity, such as solar-powered desalination. 336 As countries prepare for a new round of updates in 2025, leading up to COP 30, this presents an opportunity for countries to reassess their adaptation strategies and incorporate renewable energy solutions to strengthen climate resilience. 337

Of the 50 countries that considered renewables' potential for climate adaptation in their NDCs, 24% were small island developing states in the Caribbean, the Pacific, the Atlantic and the Indian Ocean. SIDS are highly vulnerable to climate change due to their limited land area, reliance on marine resources, remote geography and fragile ecosystems, exacerbating their exposure to rising sea levels and extreme weather events. 338

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Antigua and Barbuda has announced that all homes built after 2025 must have back-up renewable energy generation and storage systems to foster climate adaptation and enable a climate-resilient development pathway. 339 By 2030, the island country aims to power 100% of both its water supply infrastructure and its health and emergency shelter facilities using grid-interactive renewable sources. 340 Micronesia aims to power all its water solutions with 100% renewable energy and to strengthen the resilience of its energy system through domestically produced renewables, safeguarding against climate change-induced disruption of global supply chains. 341 As part of Dominica's NDC, the government has announced to establish community off-grid mini-grid and microgrid renewables-based power supply systems in vulnerable coastal communities that are periodically without electricity due to storms and hurricanes. 342 The Pacific Islands' Greenhouse Gas Abatement through Renewable Energy Project (PIGGAREP) promotes renewable energy in small Pacific islands, enhancing energy security and reducing dependence on imported fossil fuels vulnerable to supply chain disruptions. 343

A number of African countries have committed to concrete renewables-based adaptation measures. In its updated NDC from 2023, Egypt outlined plans for renewables-powered desalination to produce 4 million cubic metres of water daily, benefiting 33 million people. 344 South Africa's Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Program (REIPPPP) has integrated solar and wind energy, enhanced rural electrification, and reduced reliance on coal, which mitigates risks from extreme weather events affecting coal supply chains. 345 Ghana plans to increase the use of renewable energy to back the strengthening and full-scale deployment of both its disease surveillance systems as well as climate early warning systems. 346 Uganda aims to rehabilitate climate-proof electricity transmission infrastructure through renewable off-grid energy solutions. 347 Ethiopia's Climate-Resilient Green Economy (CRGE) strategy has integrated hydropower, geothermal and wind energy, reducing dependence on climate-sensitive biomass and ensuring a more secure energy future. 348

Canada has launched three initiatives: the Clean Energy for Rural and Remote Communities programme, the Indigenous Off-diesel Initiative, and the Northern Responsible Energy Approach for Community Heat and Electricity programme. 349 Together, these efforts support renewable energy and capacity building projects in over 160 communities across the country, aiming to strengthen climate resilience and energy independence by promoting low-carbon solutions driven by the communities themselves. 350

In the Philippines, solar microgrids have been deployed in island and coastal areas to ensure continuous power during typhoons, reducing dependence on fossil fuels and aiding faster post-disaster recovery. 351

While renewable energy infrastructure allows for various adaptation benefits, it is not immune to climate change impacts, such as extreme weather conditions. 352 Accounting for climate resilience and fostering the ability of renewable energy infrastructure to anticipate, absorb, accommodate and recover from the effects of a potentially hazardous climatic event is therefore critical. 353 Climate vulnerability and resilience assessments are needed at different stages of renewable energy infrastructure planning, including at the design, siting and infrastructure development stages. 354 As of 2021, around a quarter of the member countries and associate members of the International Energy Agency did not have a national climate or energy plan aimed at enhancing the climate resilience of energy systems. 355

Overall, the potential of renewables for supporting climate adaptation and resilience is still scarcely recognised in policy making, despite a number of countries adopting concrete measures and plans in recent years. 356 The effectiveness of policies on renewables-based adaptation, set out in NDCs and beyond, remains under-researched. Moreover, research on similar policies introduced at the local level is lacking. Consolidated, up-to-date data on the role of renewables in enhancing adaptation and resilience is essential, not only regarding climate resilience but also in the context of peace and conflict and community resilience more broadly. 357 (See Box 3.)

In climate adaptation finance, renewables are increasingly being considered as a solution for adaptation and resilience, although support is minute compared to mitigation projects. In 2022, development finance for projects focused on climate change adaptation through renewable energy was around USD 126 million, supporting, for example, solar energy for isolated grids and stand-alone systems. 358 (See Sidebar 2.)

BOX 3. Renewable Energy for Lasting Peace and Resilience

Limited energy access is often a significant challenge in fragile and conflict-affected states (FCAS), impeding development and hindering recovery. Renewable energy has the potential to foster lasting peace and resilience by expanding energy access, promoting economic stability and enhancing social cohesion, particularly in FCAS. Access to reliable energy sources can improve community safety and empower local economies, reducing tensions arising from resource scarcity, displacement and competition over natural resources exacerbated by climate change.

Energy Peace Partners (EPP) researches the peacebuilding impact of renewable energy and has identified a positive and statistically significant correlation between access to electricity and peace. Their research also indicates that increased access to electricity leads to lower future conflict levels in FCAS. In line with these findings, EPP has developed an impact management system to track and measure the peace benefits of renewable energy projects. Thorough data collection and research are crucial to inform potential investors and project developers about the benefits of renewable energy solutions beyond environmental considerations.

Source: See endnote 357 for this module.

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In 2022, 32.9% of allocable bilateral Official Development Assistance (ODA) globally had climate-related objectives. This was a significantly higher share than for energy finance, where more than 80% of ODA was climate related. Climate-related development finance commitments for renewable energy reached USD 9.5 billion in 2022, representing 7% of total climate-related assistance. Mitigation-related projects for renewables received USD 8.1 billion, while adaptation-only projects received USD 126 million, with projects targeting both objectives amounting to USD 1.2 billion. Regionally, most renewable energy projects were in Africa (327 projects), followed by Asia (287 projects).

Mitigation was the principal objective of 65% of the renewable energy projects, and was a significant objective in an additional 29% of the projects. Adaptation, on the other hand, was the principal objective in 7% of the projects and a significant objective in another 28%.

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Regarding flow types, finance flows linked to mitigation came 50% in the form of grants, with 45% of the funds being channelled through debt instruments and 5% as equity. In contrast, adaptation-related finance was largely funded on a grant basis (78.5%) , debt instruments (12.7%) and through equity and shares (8.9%).

Adaptation finance programmes have begun to also support renewable energy infrastructure. The largest project in 2022 was the EU-funded Energy Plus: Energy for Climate Resilience' initiative in Pakistan, with USD 34 million (EUR 31 million) supporting the development of resilient hydropower facilities and fostering adaptation through integrated planning (including energy and biodiversity management).

The Africa Adaptation Acceleration Program (AAAP), a joint initiative of the African Development Bank and the Global Center on Adaptation (GCA), aims to mobilise USD 25 billion by 2025 to enhance climate adaptation across Africa. The programme focuses on closing the adaptation finance gap and supports initiatives in climate-smart agriculture, infrastructure resilience, including renewable energy infrastructure and innovative financial instruments.

Source: See endnote 358 for this module.

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Footnotes

i Adaptation involves making adjustments in ecological, social or economic systems in response to current or expected effects of climate change.

ii Resilience refers to the ability to withstand, anticipate, respond to and recover from the impacts of long-term and immediate extreme climate events while minimising harm to societal well-being, the economy and the environment.

iii Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) are climate action plans submitted by countries every five years under the Paris Agreement, outlining their commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to the impacts of climate change. The data presented here draws from both the NDC 2021 updates and the original 2016 versions, as some countries had not yet made revisions as of mid-2024.

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  251. Marlène Buchy and Shristi Shakya, “Gender Equality and Social Inclusion in a Just Energy Transition”, ThinkTwenty (T20) India 2023 – Official Engagement Group of G20, 2023, https://t20ind.org/research/gender-equality-and-social-inclusion-in-a-just-energy-transition.251
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  272. Snapshot: South Africa from the following sources: Eskom, “As Komati Coal-Fired Power Station Reaches End of Life, Renewable Energy Project Takes Shape”, 31 October 2022, https://www.eskom.co.za/as-komati-coal-fired-power-station-reaches-end-of-life-renewable-energy-project-takes-shape; SA News, “Komati Power Station Repurposing Forges Ahead”, 21 June 2023, https://www.sanews.gov.za/south-africa/komati-power-station-repurposing-forges-ahead; Thabo Molelekwa, “Training Ramps Up at Komati”, Oxpeckers, 21 June 2023, https://oxpeckers.org/2023/07/training-at-komati; Bloomberg News, “How South Africa Botched Its First Coal Power-plant Transition”, 30 September 2023, https://www.mining.com/web/how-south-africa-botched-its-first-coal-power-plant-transition; Theresa Smith, “Reskilling Coal Workers to Start Mpumalanga Training Centre”, ESI Africa, 23 August 2022, https://www.esi-africa.com/renewable-energy/reskilling-coal-industry-workers-to-start-at-mpumalanga-training-centre; My Broadband, “Komati Economy Hammered as Eskom Power Plant's Solar and Wind Transition Gets Delayed”, 23 July 2023, https://mybroadband.co.za/news/energy/501239-komati-economy-hammered-as-eskom-power-plants-solar-and-wind-transition-gets-delayed.html.272
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