RENEWABLES 2024
GLOBAL STATUS REPORT

Economic and Social Value Creation

2024

Module Overview

Image

Trends and policies in energy access, affordability, financial flows, local supply chains, manufacturing, employment, education, local ownership, and renewables for climate adaptation and resilience.

7 %
of global GDP growth was due to the growth of renewables and enabling technologies.
16.2 million
people worked in the renewable energy sector in 2023.
685 million
people lacked access to electricity in 2022.

KEY FACTS

Of the 71 countries without universal access to electricity in 2023, only 34 had targets for electricity access through renewables.

The share of household investment in energy is increasing, from 9% in 2015 to 18% in 2023. The growth is mainly driven by investment in renewables.

During the period 2019-2022, employment in the renewable energy sector grew roughly 15%, whereas jobs related to fossil fuels fell around 4%.

China accounted for 75% of global investment in manufacturing for renewables and enabling technologies in 2023.

As of mid-2024, 50 countries had recognised renewables as an adaptation measure in their Nationally Determined Contributions towards reducing emissions under the Paris Agreement.

The transition to renewable energy holds transformative potential for our economies and societies. Diverse renewable energy technologies can be deployed anywhere and at different scales, providing opportunities for local industrialisation and economic development, as well as significant social benefits: creating jobs, supporting livelihoods and laying the foundation for a more democratic and inclusive energy system. To realise this transformative potential, renewables must be affordable and accessible to all, with deployment and policies aimed at promoting local economic development worldwide.

This module of the Renewables 2024 Global Status Report (GSR) explores recent trends and policies around energy access and affordability, financial flows, local supply chains and manufacturing capacities, employment and education, local ownership, and renewables for climate change adaptation and resilience. This module also highlights the lack of standard indicators and aggregated data, especially from developing countries. Comprehensively tracking progress in the above areas is fundamental to fill data gaps and improve understanding about the social and economic benefits of renewables deployment.

Renewables for Energy Access and Affordability

As of 2022, around 685 million people still lacked access to electricity – 10 million more than in 2021, but projections for 2023 hint at a reversal of this trend; while 2.1 billion people in 2022 lacked access to clean cooking. 1 Renewables are a key solution for rapidly increasing access to electricity and clean cooking. 2

An estimated 48 million people were connected to 21,500 mini-grids in 2022, with an investment cost of USD 29 billion, and a further 29,400 mini-grid projects were in planning stages. 3 Of these planned projects, which are expected to connect 35 million people at a cost of USD 9 billion, 99% are powered by solar photovoltaics (PV) and 95% are in Africa and South Asia. 4 Global sales of solar energy kits neared 9 million in 2023, including 5.5 million portable lanterns, 1.5 million multi-light systems and 1.7 million solar home systems. 5

Energy poverty remains a challenge globally. In Europe, 10.6% of people were unable to adequately heat their homes in 2023, while in the United States, as of July 2024, 48 million people were unable to pay their annual energy bills in full. 6 Policies to tackle energy poverty include financial and policy support for the deployment of more energy efficiency appliances such as heat pumps, and renewable energy installations, typically solar panels. 7

The global weighted average levelised cost of electricity from new renewable energy projects fell across most technologies in 2023, ranging from a 12% decrease for solar PV to 3% for onshore wind power. 8 However, regional inequalities persist: the weighted average cost of capital for onshore wind and solar PV in 2022 ranged from around 10% in low-income countries to just 4% in high-income countries. 9

Capital Flows

The private sector is the main investor in renewable energy technologies, with commercial institutions, private companies and households contributing around three-quarters of the funding for clean energy i during the five-year period from 2018 to 2023. 10 Public finance accounted for around 24% of investment, with development finance institutions contributing 1%. 11 Governments represented an average of 37% of total energy investment during the period, while the share of renewables investment made by individual households doubled from 9% in 2015 to 18% in 2023. 12

Of the 60 commercial banks largely responsible for funding fossil fuels, none had clear targets for renewable energy capacity as of mid-2024, and just 6 had targets for renewable power supply. 13

Governments can leverage fiscal policies to promote renewable energy deployment. In 2023, just over half of carbon revenues worldwide – around USD 100 billion – were spent on climate and nature, including renewable energy. 14 Tax reductions and subsidies remain popular tools for policy makers to promote the uptake of renewables and enabling technologies at the consumer level. Many countries now offer tax breaks to promote the purchase of solar panels, heat pumps and electric vehicles. The development of distributed renewable energy has been supported in recent years using innovative financing and business models such as community projects, peer-to-peer trading, pay-as-you-go, results-based finance and financial aggregation. 15

Despite these advancements, public funding and support for clean energy, including renewables, is still only about one-tenth of the support dedicated to subsidising fossil fuel consumption. 16

Economic Development and Local Value Creation

The deployment of renewable energy technologies offers opportunities for local economic development and job creation along the entire value chain. This includes value chain stages ranging from the extraction and processing of raw materials, to equipment manufacturing, project development, operation and maintenance, energy distribution and demand-side management. 17

Image
In 2023, a total of 16.2 million people worked in renewable energy.

In 2023, growth in renewables and their enabling technologiesii accounted for 7% of the growth in the global gross domestic product (GDP). 18 China continued to lead in manufacturing capacity, although its share of global investment in manufacturing of renewables and enabling technologies fell from 85% in 2022 to around 75% in 2023, with other Asian countries increasing their shares from 4.3% to 16%. 19

Developed economies have continued to strengthen their policy and investment in renewables. The US Inflation Reduction Act spurred significant growth in these areas: as of mid-2024, 100 new manufacturing facilities were operational, under construction, or announced across the United States, and 53 additional facilities and expansion projects were in the pipeline. 20 In the European Union (EU), the Net-Zero Industry Act has set manufacturing capacity targets aiming to meet at least 40% of EU needs for clean energy technologies by 2030, and the Critical Raw Materials Act aims to boost domestic sourcing and processing of minerals and to promote local supply chains. 21 Globally, a range of initiatives to foster local manufacturing and supply chains for enabling technologies, such as electric vehicles, were announced or deployed in 2023, including in Brazil, Estonia, Hungary, Japan, Malaysia, Morocco and Thailand. 22

Renewables continued to drive job creation, with a record 16.2 million direct and indirect jobs in 2023 – up from 13.7 million in 2022 – nearly half (46%) of them in China. 23 The solar PV sector led with 7.1 million jobs, followed by biofuels and hydropower. 24 Employment in the renewable energy sector grew roughly 15% during 2019-2022, while jobs related to fossil fuels fell around 4%. 25 Recognising that the renewables workforce remains predominantly male, in 2023 several countries implemented policies to support gender inclusion, including Nigeria, South Africa and the United States. 26

Additional jurisdictions – including Australia, Cameroon, the EU, India, South Africa and the United Kingdom – implemented skilling and higher education programmes in 2023, aiming to address both the growing need for a skilled workforce for the deployment of renewables and the fossil fuel job losses. 27

Local Ownership and Energy Democracy

In contrast to centralised energy systems based on fossil-fuelled power plants, renewables are inherently more localised and decentralised. 28 Renewable energy allows for decentralised deployment and diverse ownership structures, offering the potential to democratise the production and consumption of energy. 29

The European federation of energy communities, REScoop, gathers 2,500 co-operatives across Europe, representing around 2 million people. 30 In Germany, the largest ownership group for renewable energy projects is private individuals, which held around 30% of installed energy capacity in 2019. 31

Community energy initiatives continued to progress in 2023, supported by the development of legal frameworks. In the EU, new efforts arose in Albania, Denmark, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Wales and other jurisdictions. 32 Community energy also garnered further attention in Australia, Brazil, the United States, and Canada, where Indigenous Peoples increasingly initiate, own and operate renewable energy and storage facilities. 33

Image

Renewable Energy for Climate Adaptation and Resilience

Integration of mitigation and adaptation efforts is crucial for effectively addressing the climate crisis. 34 The transition to renewable energy not only greatly reduces emissions but also contributes to climate adaptation and enhances climate resilience through diverse and decentralised energy solutions. 35

During extreme weather events, renewables can power critical services such as water supply systems, healthcare facilities and early warning systems. 36 They also can support agricultural adaptation by powering irrigation systems and desalination plants, helping communities cope with water scarcity. 37 By providing reliable energy to remote and vulnerable communities, renewables can reduce people's vulnerability to climate change impacts, ultimately contributing to a more robust and adaptive energy system. 38

Image

Footnotes

i The data source referred to in this context defines 'clean energy' as comprising renewable power, grids and storage, energy efficiency and end-use, nuclear and other low-emissions fuels. 'Clean energy' is used here due to a lack of disaggregated data on renewables. This applies to further mentions of 'clean energy' throughout the module.

ii Growth in renewables and enabling technologies considers investment in renewable energy capacity, renewable energy manufacturing, heat pump sales and electric vehicles, fuel cells, and charging infrastructure sales.

  1. International Energy Agency et al., “Tracking SDG 7: The Energy Progress Report”, 2024, https://www.iea.org/reports/tracking-sdg7-the-energy-progress-report-2024.1
  2. International Energy Agency et al., “Tracking SDG 7: The Energy Progress Report”, 2024, https://www.iea.org/reports/tracking-sdg7-the-energy-progress-report-2024.2
  3. Energy Sector Management Assistance Program, “Expanding Mini-grids for Economic Growth”, 2022, https://www.esmap.org/sites/default/files/2022/MG%20Kenya%202023/booklet%2025%20feb%20rev.pdf.3
  4. Energy Sector Management Assistance Program, “Expanding Mini-grids for Economic Growth”, 2022, https://www.esmap.org/sites/default/files/2022/MG%20Kenya%202023/booklet%2025%20feb%20rev.pdf. 4
  5. GOGLA, “Global Off-Grid Solar Market Data”, May 2024, https://www.gogla.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/GOGLA_Sales-and-Impact-ReportH2-2023_FINAL.pdf. 5
  6. European Commission Directorate-General for Energy, “In Focus: Protecting and Empowering Energy Consumers”, 18 June 2024, https://energy.ec.europa.eu/news/focus-protecting-and-empowering-energy-consumers-2024-06-18_en; US Census Bureau, “Household Pulse Survey”, accessed 13 September 2024, https://www.census.gov/data-tools/demo/hhp/?measures=ENERGYBILL&areaSelector=040.6
  7. European Commission, “Commission Recommendation (EU) 2023/2407 of 20 October 2023 on energy poverty”, 2023, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=OJ:L_202302407.7
  8. International Renewable Energy Agency, “Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2023”, 2024, https://www.irena.org/Publications/2024/Sep/Renewable-Power-Generation-Costs-in-2023.8
  9. International Energy Agency, “Reducing the Cost of Capital”, 2024, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/227da10f-c527-406d-b94f-dbaa38ae9abb/ReducingtheCostofCapital.pdf.9
  10. International Energy Agency, “World Energy Investment 2024”, 2024, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/60fcd1dd-d112-469b-87de-20d39227df3d/WorldEnergyInvestment2024.pdf10
  11. International Energy Agency, “World Energy Investment 2024”, 2024, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/60fcd1dd-d112-469b-87de-20d39227df3d/WorldEnergyInvestment2024.pdf. 11
  12. International Energy Agency, “World Energy Investment 2024”, 2024, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/60fcd1dd-d112-469b-87de-20d39227df3d/WorldEnergyInvestment2024.pdf. 12
  13. Reclaim Finance, “Sustainability Policy Tracker”, accessed 20 September 2024, https://sustainabilitypolicytracker.org.13
  14. I4CE, ”Maximising Benefits of Carbon Pricing Through Carbon Revenue Use: A Review of International Experiences”, 2024, https://www.i4ce.org/en/publication/maximising-benefits-carbon-pricing-through-carbon-revenue-use-review-international-experiences-climate. 14
  15. Abba Lawan Bukar et al., “Peer-to-Peer Electricity Trading: A Systematic Review on Current Developments and Perspectives”, Renewable Energy Focus 44 (March 2023): 317-33, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ref.2023.01.008; International Renewable Energy Agency and Climate Policy Initiative, “Global Landscape of Renewable Energy Finance 2023”, 2023, https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2023/Feb/IRENA_CPI_Global_RE_finance_2023.pdf; Sustainable Energy for All, “Universal Energy Facility to Grant Up to USD 10.4 Million for Renewables in Democratic Republic of the Congo, Madagascar and Sierra Leone”, 6 July 2023, https://www.seforall.org/press-releases/universal-energy-facility-to-grant-up-to-usd-104-million-for-renewables-in; United Nations Development Programme, “Mainstreaming Financial Aggregation for Distributed Renewable Energy”, 2024, https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/2024-03/undp-gef-mainstreaming-financial-aggregation-for-distributed-renewable-energy.pdf. 15
  16. International Energy Agency, “From Taking Stock to Taking Action”, 2024, https://www.iea.org/reports/from-taking-stock-to-taking-action.16
  17. Carol Zhou and Yiran He, “How Decarbonizing the Renewable Value Chain Supports Multiple SDGs”, World Economic Forum, 24 June 2024, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2024/06/decarbonizing-renewable-value-chain-supports-multiple-sdgs.17
  18. BloombergNEF, “Energy Transition Investment Trends 2024”, 2024, https://about.bnef.com/energy-transition-investment; International Renewable Energy Agency, “Advancing Renewables-Based Clean Cooking Solutions”, 2024, https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2024/Mar/IRENA_Renewables-based_clean_cooking_2024.pdf; World Bank, “World Bank Open Data”, 2024, https://data.worldbank.org.18
  19. International Energy Agency, “Advancing Clean Technology Manufacturing”, 2024, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/7e7f4b17-1bb2-48e4-8a92-fb9355b1d1bd/CleanTechnologyManufacturingRoadmap.pdf. 19
  20. Adam Aston, Hannah Perkins and RMI Staff, “On the Climate Bill's Second Birthday, Surging Successes – But a Split Reality”, RMI, 16 August 2024, https://rmi.org/on-the-climate-bills-second-birthday-surging-successes-but-a-split-reality. 20
  21. European Commission, “Net-Zero Industry Act”, 2024, https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal/green-deal-industrial-plan/net-zero-industry-act_en; European Commission, “Critical Raw Materials Act”, 2024, https://single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu/sectors/raw-materials/areas-specific-interest/critical-raw-materials/critical-raw-materials-act_en. 21
  22. International Energy Agency (IEA), “Subsidy on New Energy Vehicle 2023”, 25 May 2023, https://www.iea.org/policies/17536-subsidy-on-new-energy-vehicle-2023; David Pilling, “Morocco's Carmaking Sector Revs up for EV Era”, Financial Times, 5 October 2023, https://www.ft.com/content/8549619c-9c23-4a00-88ab-dfdac92a22ca; IEA, “Tax Incentive for Manufacturer of Electric Vehicle Charging Equipment”, https://origin.iea.org/policies?type[]=Government+spending+in+charging+infrastructure; IEA, “Incentives for EVs' Battery Cells”, 25 May 2023, https://www.iea.org/policies/17350-incentives-for-evs-battery-cells; IEA, “Electric Vehicles”, 2024, https://www.iea.org/energy-system/transport/electric-vehicles. 22
  23. International Renewable Energy Agency and International Labour Organization, “Renewable Energy and Jobs: Annual Review 2024”, 2024, https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2024/Oct/IRENA_Renewable_energy_and_jobs_2024.pdf. 23
  24. International Renewable Energy Agency and International Labour Organization, “Renewable Energy and Jobs: Annual Review 2024”, 2024, https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2024/Oct/IRENA_Renewable_energy_and_jobs_2024.pdf. 24
  25. International Energy Agency, “World Energy Employment 2023”, 2023, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/ba1eab3e-8e4c-490c-9983-80601fa9d736/World_Energy_Employment_2023.pdf.25
  26. Marlène Buchy and Shristi Shakya, “Gender Equality and Social Inclusion in a Just Energy Transition”, ThinkTwenty (T20) India 2023 – Official Engagement Group of G20, 2023, https://t20ind.org/research/gender-equality-and-social-inclusion-in-a-just-energy-transition; US Embassy and Consulate in Nigeria, “USAID Power Africa Launches ‘Growing Green Jobs' for Women in the Energy Sector in Nigeria”, 28 September 2023, https://ng.usembassy.gov/usaid-power-africa-launches-growing-green-jobs-for-women-in-the-energy-sector-in-nigeria; Engineering News, “Renewable Sector Leadership Programme to Develop Skills for Gender Diverse Future”, 25 August 2023, https://www.engineeringnews.co.za/print-version/renewable-sector-leadership-programme-to-fevelop-skills-for-gender-diverse-future-2023-08-25; US Department of Energy, “DOE Equity Action Plan”, 2023, https://www.energy.gov/justice/doe-equity-action-plan.26
  27. European Commission, “The Green Deal Industrial Plan: Putting Europe's Net-Zero Industry in the Lead”, 31 January 2023, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_23_510; European Commission, “The Net-Zero Industry Act”, https://single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu/industry/sustainability/net-zero-industry-act_en; International Energy Agency, “World Energy Employment 2023”, 2023, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/ba1eab3e-8e4c-490c-9983-80601fa9d736/World_Energy_Employment_2023.pdf.27
  28. International Renewable Energy Agency, “World Energy Transitions Outlook 2023: 1.5°C Pathway”, 2023, https://www.irena.org/Publications/2023/Jun/World-Energy-Transitions-Outlook-2023.28
  29. Cléa Flache, Hugo Chirol and Léa Legras, “From Energy Crisis to Energy Democracy”, Green European Journal, 15 September 2023, https://www.greeneuropeanjournal.eu/from-energy-crisis-to-energy-democracy.29
  30. REScoop, “About Us”, accessed 20 September 2024, https://www.rescoop.eu/about-us.30
  31. Institut für Trend- und Marktforschung, “Anteile Einzelner Marktakteure an Erneuerbaren Energien-Anlagen in Deutschland (4. Auflage)”, 27 September 2024, https://www.trendresearch.de/studien/16-0188-2.pdf.31
  32. Sergio Matalucci, “Italy Publishes Operating Rules for Energy Communities”, pv magazine International, 26 February 2024, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2024/02/26/italy-publishes-operating-rules-for-energy-communities; KPMG Albania, “New Law on ‘Promotion of the Use of Energy from Renewable Sources'”, 4 May 2023, https://kpmg.com/al/en/home/insights/2023/05/new-law-on--promotion-of-the-use-of-energy-from-renewable-source.html; Angela Skujins, “Denmark Supports First Energy Communities”, pv magazine International, 22 December 2023, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2023/12/22/denmark-supports-first-energy-communities; Ilias Tsagas, “Greece to Support Local Energy Communities with €42 Million of Funding”, pv magazine International”, 14 December 2023, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2023/12/14/greece-to-support-local-energy-communities-with-e42-million-of-funding; United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, “Crowdfunding for Community Solar Projects | The Netherlands”, accessed 14 March 2024, https://unfccc.int/climate-action/momentum-for-change/financing-for-climate-friendly-investment/crowdfunding-for-community-solar-projects.32
  33. ICA Coop, “Replication Project: Revolusolar from Brazil”, accessed 7 February 2024, https://globalyouth.coop/en/projects/replication-project/brazil/revolusolar; Energy Sage, “The Top Community Solar States in 2023”, 6 December 2023, https://www.energysage.com/community-solar/comparing-top-community-solar-states; Australian Government, Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water, “Community Solar Banks”, accessed 14 March 2024, https://www.dcceew.gov.au/energy/renewable/community-solar-banks; Government of Canada, Canada Energy Regulator, “Market Snapshot: Indigenous Ownership of Canadian Renewable Energy Projects Is Growing”, 28 June 2024, https://www.cer-rec.gc.ca/en/data-analysis/energy-markets/market-snapshots/2023/market-snapshot-indigenous-ownership-canadian-renewable-energy-projects-growing.html. 33
  34. Global Center on Adaptation, “Three Ways That Clean Energy Innovation and Climate Change Adaptation Can Work in Lockstep”, 26 January 2024, https://gca.org/three-ways-that-clean-energy-innovation-and-climate-change-adaptation-can-work-in-lockstep.34
  35. International Renewable Energy Agency, “Bracing for Climate Impact: Renewables as a Climate Change Adaptation Strategy”, 2021, https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2021/Aug/IRENA_Bracing_for_climate_impact_2021.pdf.35
  36. Makena Ireri, “How Off-grid Solar Solutions Are Key to Climate Adaptation and Resilience”, Sustainable Energy for All, 14 November 2022, https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/energy/how-grid-solar-solutions-are-key-climate-adaptation-and-resilience. 36
  37. International Renewable Energy Agency, “Bracing for Climate Impact: Renewables as a Climate Change Adaptation Strategy”, 2021, https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2021/Aug/IRENA_Bracing_for_climate_impact_2021.pdf. 37
  38. Clean Energy Group, “Clean Energy for Resilient Communities: Expanding Solar Generation in Baltimore's Low‐Income Neighborhoods”, 2014, https://www.cleanegroup.org/wp-content/uploads/Clean-Energy-for-Resilient-Communities-Report-Feb2014.pdf.38
  39. Box 1 from the following sources: United Nations, “THE 17 GOALS | Sustainable Development”, accessed 3 September 2024, https://sdgs.un.org/goals; United Nations Sustainable Development, “Ensure Access to Affordable, Reliable, Sustainable and Modern Energy”, accessed 2 September 2024, https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/energy; United Nations Environment Programme, “GOAL 7: Affordable and Clean Energy”, 10 February 2017, https://www.unep.org/explore-topics/sustainable-development-goals/why-do-sustainable-development-goals-matter/goal-7.39
  40. International Energy Agency (IEA), “Executive Summary – Strategies for Affordable and Fair Clean Energy Transitions”, 2024, https://www.iea.org/reports/strategies-for-affordable-and-fair-clean-energy-transitions/executive-summary; IEA et al., “Tracking SDG7: The Energy Progress Report, 2024”, 2024, https://www.iea.org/reports/tracking-sdg7-the-energy-progress-report-2024.40
  41. European Commission Directorate-General for Energy, “Energy Poverty”, accessed 18 September 2024, https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/markets-and-consumers/energy-consumers-and-prosumers/energy-poverty_en. 41
  42. International Energy Agency (IEA), “Executive Summary – Strategies for Affordable and Fair Clean Energy Transitions”, 2024, https://www.iea.org/reports/strategies-for-affordable-and-fair-clean-energy-transitions/executive-summary.42
  43. UK Government Web Archive, “Hills Fuel Poverty Review”, accessed 21 September 2024, https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20130103045732/http://www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/funding/fuel_poverty/hills_review/hills_review.aspx. 43
  44. International Energy Agency, “Strategies for Affordable and Fair Clean Energy Transitions”, 2024, https://www.iea.org/reports/strategies-for-affordable-and-fair-clean-energy-transitions. 44
  45. International Energy Agency et al., “Tracking SDG 7: The Energy Progress Report”, 2024, https://www.iea.org/reports/tracking-sdg7-the-energy-progress-report-2024.45
  46. Laura Cozzi et al., “Access to Electricity Improves Slightly in 2023, But Still Far from the Pace Needed to Meet SDG7”, International Energy Agency (IEA), 15 September 2023, https://www.iea.org/commentaries/access-to-electricity-improves-slightly-in-2023-but-still-far-from-the-pace-needed-to-meet-sdg7; IEA et al., “Tracking SDG 7: The Energy Progress Report”, 2024, https://www.iea.org/reports/tracking-sdg7-the-energy-progress-report-2024.46
  47. Figure 1 from REN21, “REN21 Policy Database”, 2024.47
  48. Laura Cozzi et al., “Access to Electricity Improves Slightly in 2023, But Still Far from the Pace Needed to Meet SDG7”, International Energy Agency, 15 September 2023, https://www.iea.org/commentaries/access-to-electricity-improves-slightly-in-2023-but-still-far-from-the-pace-needed-to-meet-sdg7.48
  49. International Energy Agency, “World Energy Outlook Special Report – A Vision for Clean Cooking Access for All”, 2023, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/212dda1e-63ec-4f42-a530-f2ef3da74fdf/AVisionforCleanCookingAccessforAll.pdf.49
  50. Sustainable Energy for All, “Deep Dive Analysis: Tracking SDG7: The Energy Progress Report 2023”, https://www.seforall.org/system/files?file=2023-09/SEforALL-TRACKING_SDG7_Data_Analysis-2023.pdf.50
  51. Sustainable Energy for All, “Deep Dive Analysis: Tracking SDG7: The Energy Progress Report 2023”, https://www.seforall.org/system/files?file=2023-09/SEforALL-TRACKING_SDG7_Data_Analysis-2023.pdf.51
  52. GOGLA, “Off-Grid Solar Market Trends Report 2022”, 25 October 2022, https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099235110062231022/pdf/P175150063801e0860928f00e7131b132de.pdf. Snapshot: Central African Republic from the following sources: Jean Marie Takouleu, “CAR: The Country's Second Photovoltaic Solar Power Plant (25 MWp) Inaugurated at Danzi”, Afrik21, 22 November 2023, https://www.afrik21.africa/en/car-the-countrys-second-photovoltaic-solar-power-plant25-mwp-inaugurated-at-danzi; World Bank, “With the Support of the World Bank, a New Solar Park in the Central African Republic Expands Access to Clean Energy”, 17 November 2023, https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2023/11/17/with-the-support-of-the-world-bank-a-new-solar-park-in-the-central-african-republic-expands-access-to-clean-energy; African Energy Council, “World Bank-backed Solar Park in Central African Republic”, 18 November 2023, https://africanenergycouncil.org/world-bank-backed-solar-park-in-central-african-republic; Africa Energy Portal, “Central African Republic Inaugurates Largest Solar Power Plant in Central Africa”, 24 November 2023, https://africa-energy-portal.org/news/central-african-republic-inaugurates-largest-solar-power-plant-central-africa.52
  53. Energypedia, “Energy Access for Refugees”, accessed 18 September 2024, https://energypedia.info/wiki/Energy_Access_for_Refugees; Global Platform for Action, “Sustainable Mini-grids in Refugee Camps: A Case Study of Rwanda”, 14 April 2020, https://www.humanitarianenergy.org/news/latest/minigrid-MahamaCamp-Rwanda. 53
  54. Energy Sector Management Assistance Program, “Mini-grids for Half a Billion People”, 2022, https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099635009232259510/pdf/P1751510dd4ab407e083a6098d1905fa94f.pdf.54
  55. Energy Sector Management Assistance Program, “Mini-grids for Half a Billion People”, 2022, https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099635009232259510/pdf/P1751510dd4ab407e083a6098d1905fa94f.pdf.55
  56. Energy Sector Management Assistance Program, “Pathways to Electricity Access Expansion in South Sudan | Off-Grid and Mini-Grid Market Assessment”, 2023, https://www.esmap.org/node/29565.56
  57. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, “Bangladesh First NDC (Updated Submission)”, 2 June 2022, https://unfccc.int/documents/497161.57
  58. Energy Sector Management Assistance Program, “Mini-grids for Half a Billion People”, 2022, https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099635009232259510/pdf/P1751510dd4ab407e083a6098d1905fa94f.pdf.58
  59. Energy Sector Management Assistance Program, “Mini-grids for Half a Billion People”, 2022, https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099635009232259510/pdf/P1751510dd4ab407e083a6098d1905fa94f.pdf.59
  60. Energy Sector Management Assistance Program, “Mini-grids for Half a Billion People”, 2022, https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099635009232259510/pdf/P1751510dd4ab407e083a6098d1905fa94f.pdf.60
  61. Energy Sector Management Assistance Program, “Expanding Mini-grids for Economic Growth”, 2022, https://www.esmap.org/sites/default/files/2022/MG%20Kenya%202023/booklet%2025%20feb%20rev.pdf.61
  62. GOGLA, “Global Off-Grid Solar Market Data”, May 2024, https://www.gogla.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/GOGLA_Sales-and-Impact-ReportH2-2023_FINAL.pdf. Figure 2 from idem.62
  63. GOGLA, “Global Off-Grid Solar Market Data”, May 2024, https://www.gogla.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/GOGLA_Sales-and-Impact-ReportH2-2023_FINAL.pdf.63
  64. International Energy Agency et al., “Tracking SDG 7: The Energy Progress Report”, 2024, https://trackingsdg7.esmap.org/data/files/download-documents/sdg7-report2024-0611-v9-highresforweb.pdf.64
  65. Energy Sector Management Assistance Program, “Mini-grids for Half a Billion People”, 2022, https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099635009232259510/pdf/P1751510dd4ab407e083a6098d1905fa94f.pdf.65
  66. FAOLEX, “Electricity Act 2023”, 2023, https://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC218782.66
  67. FAOLEX, “Rural Electrification Act”, https://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC219949.67
  68. FAOLEX, “Executive Decree No. 78/23 approving the General Guidelines for the preparation of the Rural Electrification Plan”, https://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC221956; FAOLEX, “Ministerial Order No. 119/2023 approving the Renewable Energy Code”, 2023, https://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC223421. 68
  69. Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development, “Energy Policy for Uganda 2023”, 2023, https://www.globalrightsalert.org/sites/default/files/2024-02/Energy%20Policy%20for%20Uganda%202023-14082023docx_230911_114502%20%281%29.pdf.69
  70. Climate Policy Initiative, “Global Landscape of Climate Finance 2023”, 2023, https://www.climatepolicyinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Global-Landscape-of-Climate-Finance-2023.pdf. 70
  71. International Renewable Energy Agency and Climate Policy Initiative, “Global Landscape of Renewable Energy Finance 2023”, 2023, https://mc-cd8320d4-36a1-40ac-83cc-3389-cdn-endpoint.azureedge.net/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2023/Feb/IRENA_CPI_Global_RE_finance_2023.pdf.71
  72. Climate Policy Initiative, “Global Landscape of Climate Finance 2023”, 2023, https://www.climatepolicyinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Global-Landscape-of-Climate-Finance-2023.pdf.72
  73. International Renewable Energy Agency and Climate Policy Initiative, “Global Landscape of Renewable Energy Finance 2023”, 2023, https://mc-cd8320d4-36a1-40ac-83cc-3389-cdn-endpoint.azureedge.net/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2023/Feb/IRENA_CPI_Global_RE_finance_2023.pdf. 73
  74. World Bank, “Solar Mini Grids Could Sustainably Power 380 Million People in Africa by 2030 – If Action Is Taken Now”, 27 February 2023, https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2023/02/26/solar-mini-grids-could-sustainably-power-380-million-people-in-afe-africa-by-2030-if-action-is-taken-now. 74
  75. World Bank, “Solar Mini Grids Could Sustainably Power 380 Million People in Africa by 2030 – If Action Is Taken Now”, 27 February 2023, https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2023/02/26/solar-mini-grids-could-sustainably-power-380-million-people-in-afe-africa-by-2030-if-action-is-taken-now. 75
  76. World Bank, “Transforming Lives Through Energy Access in Eastern and Southern Africa”, 21 November 2023, https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2023/11/21/transforming-lives-through-energy-access-afe-1123-in-eastern-and-southern-africa.76
  77. World Bank, “100 Million People in Eastern and Southern Africa Poised to Receive Access to Sustainable and Clean Energy by 2030”, 28 November 2023, https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2023/11/28/100-million-people-in-afe-eastern-and-southern-africa-poised-to-receive-access-to-sustainable-and-clean-energy-by-2030.77
  78. International Energy Agency, “Increase in 2023 Electricity Access Enhancement Budget”, 17 November 2022, https://www.iea.org/policies/16830-increase-in-2023-electricity-access-enhancement-budget.78
  79. International Energy Agency, “World Energy Outlook Special Report – A Vision for Clean Cooking Access for All”, 2023, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/212dda1e-63ec-4f42-a530-f2ef3da74fdf/AVisionforCleanCookingAccessforAll.pdf.79
  80. International Energy Agency, “Low-cost Solutions Can Give Billions Access to Modern Cooking by 2030, But the World Is Failing to Deliver”, 2023, https://www.iea.org/news/low-cost-solutions-can-give-billions-access-to-modern-cooking-by-2030-but-the-world-is-failing-to-deliver.80
  81. Clean Cooking Alliance, “Fueling a Sustainable Future: The Importance of Clean Cooking for a Healthy Environment”, 5 June 2023, https://cleancooking.org/news/fueling-a-sustainable-future-the-importance-of-clean-cooking-for-a-healthy-environment. 81
  82. International Energy Agency, “World Energy Outlook Special Report – A Vision for Clean Cooking Access for All”, 2023, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/212dda1e-63ec-4f42-a530-f2ef3da74fdf/AVisionforCleanCookingAccessforAll.pdf; REN21, “Renewables 2023 Global Status Report: Economic and Social Value Creation Module”, 2023, https://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/GSR2023_EconSocialValueCreation_Full_Report_with_endnotes_web.pdf.82
  83. International Energy Agency, “World Energy Outlook Special Report – A Vision for Clean Cooking Access for All”, 2023, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/212dda1e-63ec-4f42-a530-f2ef3da74fdf/AVisionforCleanCookingAccessforAll.pdf.83
  84. International Energy Agency, “World Energy Outlook Special Report – A Vision for Clean Cooking Access for All”, 2023, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/212dda1e-63ec-4f42-a530-f2ef3da74fdf/AVisionforCleanCookingAccessforAll.pdf.84
  85. International Renewable Energy Agency, “Tracking SDG7: The Energy Progress Report 2023”, 2023, https://mc-cd8320d4-36a1-40ac-83cc-3389-cdn-endpoint.azureedge.net/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2023/Jun/Tracking_SDG7_energy_progress_2023.pdf. 85
  86. International Renewable Energy Agency, “Tracking SDG7: The Energy Progress Report 2023”, 2023, https://mc-cd8320d4-36a1-40ac-83cc-3389-cdn-endpoint.azureedge.net/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2023/Jun/Tracking_SDG7_energy_progress_2023.pdf. 86
  87. International Energy Agency, “Executive Summary – A Vision for Clean Cooking Access for All”, 2023, https://www.iea.org/reports/a-vision-for-clean-cooking-access-for-all/executive-summary. 87
  88. International Energy Agency, “Executive Summary – A Vision for Clean Cooking Access for All”, 2023, https://www.iea.org/reports/a-vision-for-clean-cooking-access-for-all/executive-summary.88
  89. International Energy Agency, “World Energy Outlook Special Report – A Vision for Clean Cooking Access for All”, 2023, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/212dda1e-63ec-4f42-a530-f2ef3da74fdf/AVisionforCleanCookingAccessforAll.pdf. 89
  90. International Renewable Energy Agency, “Tracking SDG7: The Energy Progress Report 2023”, 2023, https://mc-cd8320d4-36a1-40ac-83cc-3389-cdn-endpoint.azureedge.net/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2023/Jun/Tracking_SDG7_energy_progress_2023.pdf.90
  91. International Renewable Energy Agency, “Tracking SDG7: The Energy Progress Report 2023”, 2023, https://mc-cd8320d4-36a1-40ac-83cc-3389-cdn-endpoint.azureedge.net/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2023/Jun/Tracking_SDG7_energy_progress_2023.pdf. 91
  92. International Energy Agency, “Executive Summary – A Vision for Clean Cooking Access for All”, 2023, https://www.iea.org/reports/a-vision-for-clean-cooking-access-for-all/executive-summary.92
  93. Richard Wetaya, “East Africa: Smallholder Farmers Adopt Bio-digesters to Build Climate Resilience and Get Clean Energy for Cooking”, 2023, https://allianceforscience.org/blog/2023/05/east-africa-smallholder-farmers-adopt-bio-digesters-to-build-climate-resilience-and-get-clean-energy-for-cooking.93
  94. Richard Wetaya, “East Africa: Smallholder Farmers Adopt Bio-digesters to Build Climate Resilience and Get Clean Energy for Cooking”, 2023, https://allianceforscience.org/blog/2023/05/east-africa-smallholder-farmers-adopt-bio-digesters-to-build-climate-resilience-and-get-clean-energy-for-cooking.94
  95. International Renewable Energy Agency, “Advancing Renewables-Based Clean Cooking Solutions”, 2024, https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2024/Mar/IRENA_Renewables-based_clean_cooking_2024.pdf.95
  96. Clean Cooking Alliance, “Fueling a Sustainable Future: The Importance of Clean Cooking for a Healthy Environment”, 5 June 2023, https://cleancooking.org/news/fueling-a-sustainable-future-the-importance-of-clean-cooking-for-a-healthy-environment.96
  97. Solar Cookers International, “Distribution of Solar Cookers”, accessed 12 July 2024, https://www.solarcookers.org/partners/distribution-solar-cookers. 97
  98. International Energy Agency, “Executive Summary – A Vision for Clean Cooking Access for All”, 2023, https://www.iea.org/reports/a-vision-for-clean-cooking-access-for-all/executive-summary. 98
  99. fundsforNGOs, “Call for Applications to Develop a National Clean Cooking Strategy in Pakistan”, 23 November 2023, https://www2.fundsforngos.org/latest-funds-for-ngos/call-for-applications-to-develop-a-national-clean-cooking-strategy-in-pakistan. 99
  100. Nelly Mtema, “REA Outlines Plans to Scale Up Clean Cooking”, Daily News, 19 August 2023, https://dailynews.co.tz/rea-outlines-plans-to-scale-up-clean-cooking. 100
  101. Climate & Clean Air Coalition, “Uganda – Support for Integrated National Clean Cooking Strategy”, accessed 2 April 2024, https://www.ccacoalition.org/projects/uganda-support-integrated-national-clean-cooking-strategy. 101
  102. Stockholm Environment Institute, “The Quiet Triumph of COP28: Clean Cooking”, 7 February 2024, https://www.sei.org/features/cop28-clean-cooking. 102
  103. Sustainable Energy for All, “Energizing Finance: Understanding the Landscape 2021”, 2021, https://www.seforall.org/system/files/2021-10/EF-2021-UL-SEforALL.pdf. 103
  104. Sustainable Energy for All, “Energizing Finance: Understanding the Landscape 2021”, 2021, https://www.seforall.org/system/files/2021-10/EF-2021-UL-SEforALL.pdf. 104
  105. Sustainable Energy for All, “Energizing Finance: Understanding the Landscape 2021”, 2021, https://www.seforall.org/system/files/2021-10/EF-2021-UL-SEforALL.pdf. 105
  106. Sustainable Energy for All, “Energizing Finance: Understanding the Landscape 2021”, 2021, https://www.seforall.org/system/files/2021-10/EF-2021-UL-SEforALL.pdf. 106
  107. International Renewable Energy Agency, “Renewables-Based Electric Cooking: Climate Commitments and Finance”, 2023, https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2023/Dec/IRENA_Renewables-based_electric_cooking_2023.pdf. 107
  108. Global Platform for Action, “Solar-Electric Cooking Partnership (SOLCO) Pledge for the Global Refugee Forum 2023”, 12 December 2023, https://www.humanitarianenergy.org/news/latest/solar-electric-cooking-partnership-solco-pledge-for-the-global-refugee-forum-2023. 108
  109. Brian Min et al., “Beyond Access: 1.18 Billion in Energy Poverty Despite Rising Electricity Access”, World Bank, 12 June 2024, https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/opendata/1-18-billion-around-the-world-are-unable-to-use-electricity. 109
  110. European Commission Directorate-General for Energy, “Energy Poverty”, accessed 12 July 2024, https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/markets-and-consumers/energy-consumers-and-prosumers/energy-poverty_en. 110
  111. International Energy Agency, “Strategies for Affordable and Fair Clean Energy Transitions”, 2024, https://www.iea.org/reports/strategies-for-affordable-and-fair-clean-energy-transitions. 111
  112. European Commission Directorate-General for Energy, “In Focus: Protecting and Empowering Energy Consumers”, 18 June 2024, https://energy.ec.europa.eu/news/focus-protecting-and-empowering-energy-consumers-2024-06-18_en. 112
  113. European Commission Directorate-General for Energy, “Energy Poverty”, accessed 12 July 2024, https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/markets-and-consumers/energy-consumers-and-prosumers/energy-poverty_en. 113
  114. Interreg Europe, “Tackling Energy Poverty with Low-Carbon Interventions. A Policy Brief from the Policy Learning Platform on Low-Carbon Economy”, 2022, https://www.interregeurope.eu/sites/default/files/2022-06/Policy%20brief%20on%20tackling%20energy%20poverty%20with%.114
  115. European Commission, “Commission Recommendation (EU) 2023/2407 of 20 October 2023 on energy poverty”, 2023, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=OJ:L_202302407. 115
  116. European Commission, “Commission Recommendation (EU) 2023/2407 of 20 October 2023 on energy poverty”, 2023, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=OJ:L_202302407. 116
  117. Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland, “Government Supported 47,900 Home Energy Upgrades Through SEAI in 2023”, 7 March 2024, https://www.seai.ie/news-and-events/news/47900-home-energy-upgrade; Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland, “Guide to Home Energy Upgrades”, accessed 12 July 2024, https://www.seai.ie/plan-your-energy-journey/for-your-home/guide-to-upgrades. 117
  118. Natural Resources Canada, “Canada Greener Homes Grant”, 5 July 2024, https://natural-resources.canada.ca/energy-efficiency/homes/canada-greener-homes-initiative/canada-greener-homes-grant/canada-greener-homes-grant/23441. 118
  119. US Census Bureau, “Household Pulse Survey”, accessed 12 July 2024, https://www.census.gov/data-tools/demo/hhp/?measures=ENERGYBILL&areaSelector=040. 119
  120. Kayleigh Rubin, Molly Freed and Ashna Aggarwal, “1 in 7 Families Live in Energy Poverty. States Can Ease That Burden.”, RMI, 18 December 2023, https://rmi.org/1-in-7-families-live-in-energy-poverty-states-can-ease-that-burden. 120
  121. Snapshot: Panama from the following sources: Rosilena Lindo, National Energy Secretariat of Panama, personal communication with REN21, 30 May 2024; International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), “Energy Profile: Panama”, July 2024, https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Statistics/Statistical_Profiles/Central%20America%20and%20the%20Caribbean/Panama_Central%20America%20and%20the%20Caribbean_RE_SP.pdf; International Energy Agency, “Panama”, 2021, https://www.iea.org/countries/panama; Sustainable Energy for All, “Republic of Panama Joins Growing List of Countries Committed to Carbon-Free Energy”, 23 June 2023, https://www.seforall.org/news/republic-of-panama-joins-growing-list-of-countries-committed-to-carbon-free-energy; Republic of Panama, “Resolución de Gabinete N.°5 de 5 de enero de 2022 – Se aprueba la ENGED”, Gaceta Oficial Digital, No. 29451-A, viernes 7 de enero de 2022. Última actualización: 7 de enero de 2022, 19:08”, 7 January 2022, https://vlex.com.pa/vid/resolucion-gabinete-n-5-879677458#:~:text=Que%20aprueba%20la%20estrategia%20nacional%20de%20generaci%C3%B3n%20distribuida,p%C3%BAblicas%2C%20universidades%2C%20empresas%20y%20asociaciones%20del%20sector%20privado; Nanda Singh, “Operación Solar: Inicia el piloto para instalar cientos de sistemas fotovoltaicos en Panamá”, Energía Estratégica, 27 February 2024, https://www.energiaestrategica.com/operacion-solar-inicia-el-piloto-para-instalar-cientos-de-sistemas-fotovoltaicos-en-panama; IRENA, “Renewables Readiness Assessment: Panama”, 2018, https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2018/May/IRENA_RRA_Panama_2018_En.pdf; United Nations Industrial Development Organization, International Center on Small Hydro Power, “World Small Hydropower Development Report 2022”, 2022, https://www.unido.org/sites/default/files/files/2023-08/CENTRAL%20AMERICA-2022.pdf; International Monetary Fund, “Panama: Second Review Under the Arrangement Under the Precautionary and Liquidity Line – Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Panama”, August 2022, https://www.imf.org/en/Publications; Adrien Deroubaix et al., “Large Uncertainties in Trends of Energy Demand for Heating and Cooling Under Climate Change”, Nature Communications 12, no. 1 (31 August 2021): 5197, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25504-8; Josiah L. Kephart et al., “City-Level Impact of Extreme Temperatures and Mortality in Latin America”, Nature Medicine 28, no. 8 (August 2022): 1700-1705, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-022-01872-6; Marta Videras Rodríguez et al., “Impact of Global Warming in Subtropical Climate Buildings: Future Trends and Mitigation Strategies”, Energies 13, no. 23 (January 2020): 6188, https://doi.org/10.3390/en13236188; Sophie Kronk, David Chen and Dr Ariel Espino, “Spatial & Temporal Dimensions of Urban Growth in Panama City”, McGill University, April 2015, https://www.mcgill.ca/pfss/files/pfss/spatial_temporal_dimensions_of_urban_growth_in_panama_city.pdf; Sarah Ruiz and Christina Shintani, “Drought, Climate, and the Panama Canal”, Woodwell Climate, 20 February 2024, https://www.woodwellclimate.org/drought-panama-canal-7-graphics; Mirta Rodríguez, “Panamá despliega la ‘Operación solar' para ‘democratizar la energía'“, La Estrella de Panamá, March 2024, https://www.laestrella.com.pa/economia/panama-despliega-la-operacion-solar-para-democratizar-la-energia-XA6266660; Noemí Ruíz, “Secretaría de Energía entregará paneles solares a familias en Operación Solar”, 15 March 2024, https://www.telemetro.com/nacionales/secretaria-energia-entregara-paneles-solares-familias-operacion-solar-n5972770; Sustainable Energy for All, “SEforALL Partners with Government of Panama to Launch STEM Traineeship in Panama”, 6 May 2024, https://www.seforall.org/news/seforall-partners-with-government-of-panama-to-launch-stem-traineeship-in-panama; Nora Hampl, “Consume Less or Grow Sustainably? Matching Energy Systems with Indigenous Worldviews in Panama”, Regional Studies, Regional Science 9, no. 1 (31 December 2022): 412-424, https://doi.org/10.1080/21681376.2022.2081598. 121
  122. Beyond Fossil Fuels, “Renewable Energy as a Path to Resilience”, July 2023, https://beyondfossilfuels.org/2023/07/10/renewable-energy-as-a-path-to-resilience.122
  123. International Energy Agency, “World Energy Investment 2024”, 2024, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/60fcd1dd-d112-469b-87de-20d39227df3d/WorldEnergyInvestment2024.pdf. 123
  124. International Energy Agency, “World Energy Investment 2024”, 2024, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/60fcd1dd-d112-469b-87de-20d39227df3d/WorldEnergyInvestment2024.pdf. 124
  125. International Energy Agency, “World Energy Investment 2024”, 2024, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/60fcd1dd-d112-469b-87de-20d39227df3d/WorldEnergyInvestment2024.pdf. 125
  126. International Renewable Energy Agency, “Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2023”, 2024. https://www.irena.org/Publications/2024/Sep/Renewable-Power-Generation-Costs-in-2023.126
  127. International Renewable Energy Agency, “Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2023”, 2024. https://www.irena.org/Publications/2024/Sep/Renewable-Power-Generation-Costs-in-2023.127
  128. International Renewable Energy Agency, “Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2023”, 2024. https://www.irena.org/Publications/2024/Sep/Renewable-Power-Generation-Costs-in-2023.128
  129. International Renewable Energy Agency, “Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2023”, 2024. https://www.irena.org/Publications/2024/Sep/Renewable-Power-Generation-Costs-in-2023.129
  130. Commonwealth of Dominica, “Updated National Determined Contribution”, 4 July 2022, https://unfccc.int/documents/513679.130
  131. United Nations, “Renewable Energy – Powering a Safer Future”, accessed 26 September 2024, https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/raising-ambition/renewable-energy.131
  132. Megan Rowling, “UN Climate Chief Warns of ‘Two-speed' Global Energy Transition”, Climate Home News, 24 September 2024, https://www.climatechangenews.com/2024/09/24/un-climate-chief-warns-of-two-speed-global-energy-transition. 132
  133. International Energy Agency, “Reducing the Cost of Capital”, 2024, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/227da10f-c527-406d-b94f-dbaa38ae9abb/ReducingtheCostofCapital.pdf. Figure 3 from International Renewable Energy Agency, “Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2022”, 2023, https://mc-cd8320d4-36a1-40ac-83cc-3389-cdn-endpoint.azureedge.net/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2023/Aug/IRENA_Renewable_power_generation_costs_in_2022.pdf.133
  134. Financial Times, ”The Path to Global Carbon Pricing”, 2024, https://www.ft.com/content/0a4ac951-5b95-4527-82fc-0ec587483ac5; I4CE, “Maximising Benefits of Carbon Pricing Through Carbon Revenue Use: A Review of International Experiences”, 2024, https://www.i4ce.org/en/publication/maximising-benefits-carbon-pricing-through-carbon-revenue-use-review-international-experiences-climate.134
  135. I4CE, “Maximising Benefits of Carbon Pricing Through Carbon Revenue Use: A Review of International Experiences”, 2024, https://www.i4ce.org/en/publication/maximising-benefits-carbon-pricing-through-carbon-revenue-use-review-international-experiences-climate.135
  136. European Central Bank, ”Fiscal Policies to Mitigate Climate Change in the Euro Area”, 2022, https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/economic-bulletin/articles/2022/html/ecb.ebart202206_01~8324008da7.en.html.136
  137. I4CE, “Maximising Benefits of Carbon Pricing Through Carbon Revenue Use: A Review of International Experiences”, 2024, https://www.i4ce.org/en/publication/maximising-benefits-carbon-pricing-through-carbon-revenue-use-review-international-experiences-climate.137
  138. International Energy Agency, “Strategies for Affordable and Fair Clean Energy Transitions”, 2024, https://www.iea.org/reports/strategies-for-affordable-and-fair-clean-energy-transitions. 138
  139. I4CE, “Maximising Benefits of Carbon Pricing Through Carbon Revenue Use: A Review of International Experiences”, 2024, https://www.i4ce.org/en/publication/maximising-benefits-carbon-pricing-through-carbon-revenue-use-review-international-experiences-climate.139
  140. German Federal Government, “170 Billion Euros for Energy Supplies and Climate Protection”, 27 July 2022, https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-en/news/climate-and-transformation-fund-2066034.140
  141. RRGI, “The Investment of RGGI Proceeds in 2021”, 2023, https://www.rggi.org/sites/default/files/Uploads/Proceeds/RGGI_Proceeds_Report_2021.pdf.141
  142. I4CE, “Maximising Benefits of Carbon Pricing Through Carbon Revenue Use: A Review of International Experiences”, 2024, https://www.i4ce.org/en/publication/maximising-benefits-carbon-pricing-through-carbon-revenue-use-review-international-experiences-climate.142
  143. “Denmark Introduces Green Tax on Air Passengers from 2025”, Reuters, 15 December 2023, https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/denmark-introduces-green-passenger-tax-air-travel-2023-12-15.143
  144. “Denmark Introduces Green Tax on Air Passengers from 2025”, Reuters, 15 December 2023, https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/denmark-introduces-green-passenger-tax-air-travel-2023-12-15.144
  145. Qiaoyi Li and Liz Lee, “China Unveils $72 Billion Tax Break for EVs, Other Green Cars to Spur Demand”, Reuters, 21 June 2023, https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/china-announces-extension-purchase-tax-break-nevs-until-2027-2023-06-21.145
  146. Qiaoyi Li and Liz Lee, “China Unveils $72 Billion Tax Break for EVs, Other Green Cars to Spur Demand”, Reuters, 21 June 2023, https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/china-announces-extension-purchase-tax-break-nevs-until-2027-2023-06-21.146
  147. International Energy Agency, “Tax Reduction for Electric Vehicle Purchase”, 27 June 2024, https://www.iea.org/policies/17371-tax-reduction-for-electric-vehicle-purchase.147
  148. International Energy Agency, “VAT Reduction on Solar Panels, Solar Water Heaters and Heat Pumps”, 3 June 2024, https://www.iea.org/policies/16689-vat-reduction-on-solar-panels-solar-water-heaters-and-heat-pumps. 148
  149. James McCusker, “Removing VAT on Battery Storage Significant for Energy Reduction Targets”, Sunergy Renewables, 15 December 2023, https://sunergyrenewables.com/removing-vat-on-battery-storage-significant-for-energy-reduction-targets.149
  150. “Government Approves Zero VAT Rate for the Supply and Installation of Solar Panels”, The Journal, 5 April 2023, https://www.thejournal.ie/solar-panels-ireland-2-6037579-Apr2023.150
  151. Sergio Matalucci, “Italy Offers Fiscal Breaks to PV Projects Built with EU-Made Solar Modules”, pv magazine International, 5 March 2024, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2024/03/05/italy-offers-fiscal-breaks-to-pv-projects-built-with-solar-modules-made-in-eu.151
  152. International Energy Agency, “Strategies for Affordable and Fair Clean Energy Transitions”, 2024, https://www.iea.org/reports/strategies-for-affordable-and-fair-clean-energy-transitions.152
  153. ActionAid, “How the Finance Flows: Corporate Capture of Public Finance”, 2024, https://actionaid.org/publications/2024/industries-fuelling-climate-crisis-are-draining-public-funds-global-south-new.153
  154. International Energy Agency, “From Taking Stock to Taking Action”, 2024, https://www.iea.org/reports/from-taking-stock-to-taking-action.154
  155. ActionAid, “How the Finance Flows: Corporate Capture of Public Finance”, 2024, https://actionaid.org/publications/2024/industries-fuelling-climate-crisis-are-draining-public-funds-global-south-new.155
  156. International Energy Agency, “From Taking Stock to Taking Action”, 2024, https://www.iea.org/reports/from-taking-stock-to-taking-action.156
  157. ActionAid, “How the Finance Flows: Corporate Capture of Public Finance”, 2024, https://actionaid.org/publications/2024/industries-fuelling-climate-crisis-are-draining-public-funds-global-south-new.157
  158. International Energy Agency, “Energy for the Countryside Programme”, 7 August 2024, https://www.iea.org/policies/17237-energy-for-the-countryside-programme. 158
  159. UK Government, “Environment Secretary Announces Further £45 Million for Farming Innovation as He Sets Out Commitment to Champion British Agriculture”, 30 November 2023, https://www.gov.uk/government/news/environment-secretary-announces-further-45-million-for-farming-innovation-as-he-sets-out-commitment-to-champion-british-agriculture.159
  160. Greek Ministry of Environment and Energy, “Kostas Skrekas: ‘Our Fixed Goal, Affordable Energy Prices for Everyone'”, 24 March 2023, https://ypen.gov.gr/kostas-skrekas-statheros-mas-stochos-prosites-times-energeias-gia-olous. 160
  161. International Energy Agency, “Rural Clean Energy Initiative & Support to Rural Energy Transition”, 30 November 2022, https://www.iea.org/policies/16609-rural-clean-energy-initiative-support-to-rural-energy-transition; US Office of Management and Budget, “Budget of the U.S. Government, Fiscal Year 2023”, 2022, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/budget_fy2023.pdf. 161
  162. International Energy Agency, “2023 Subsidies for Large-scale Solar PV”, 12 May 2023, https://www.iea.org/policies/17476-2023-subsidies-for-large-scale-solar-pv. 162
  163. International Energy Agency, “Support Scheme for Renewable Heat – Expanded Grants”, 11 May 2023, https://www.iea.org/policies/17361-support-scheme-for-renewable-heat-expanded-grants.163
  164. Uma Gupta, “Indian Government Approves $9 Billion Rebate Scheme for Residential PV”, pv magazine International, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2024/03/01/india-government-approves-9-billion-rebate-scheme-for-residential-pv.164
  165. International Energy Agency, “Sixth Strategic Energy Plan – 2050 Carbon Neutral”, 31 October 2022, https://www.iea.org/policies/14391-sixth-strategic-energy-plan-2050-carbon-neutral; Emiliano Bellini, “Japan Unveils 2024 Feed-in Tariff Levels for Residential, Commercial PV”, pv magazine International, 21 March 2024, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2024/03/21/japan-unveils-2024-feed-in-tariff-levels-for-residential-commercial-pv.165
  166. International Energy Agency, “World Energy Investment 2024”, 2024, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/60fcd1dd-d112-469b-87de-20d39227df3d/WorldEnergyInvestment2024.pdf.166
  167. International Energy Agency, “World Energy Investment 2024”, 2024, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/60fcd1dd-d112-469b-87de-20d39227df3d/WorldEnergyInvestment2024.pdf. 167
  168. International Energy Agency, “World Energy Investment 2024”, 2024, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/60fcd1dd-d112-469b-87de-20d39227df3d/WorldEnergyInvestment2024.pdf.168
  169. Rainforest Action Network et al., “Banking on Climate Chaos 2024”, accessed 20 September 2024, https://www.bankingonclimatechaos.org. 169
  170. Reclaim Finance, “Sustainability Policy Tracker”, accessed 20 September 2024, https://sustainabilitypolicytracker.org. 170
  171. Boipelo Motlhowa, “Powering Africa's Rural Future with Innovative Finance”, ESI Africa, 16 May 2024, https://www.esi-africa.com/magazine-article/powering-africas-rural-future-with-innovative-finance. 171
  172. International Energy Agency, “The Potential of Digital Business Models in the New Energy Economy”, 7 January 2022, https://www.iea.org/articles/the-potential-of-digital-business-models-in-the-new-energy-economy. 172
  173. Box 2 from Benson Ireri and H.E Hon. Mutula Kilonzo Jnr., “A New Solution to Power Africa: Productive Use of Renewable Energy”, World Resources Institute, 2 February 2024, https://www.wri.org/insights/productive-use-renewable-energy-africa, and from Powering Renewable Energy Opportunities, “Powering Prosperity: The Socio-economic Benefits of the Productive Use of Renewable Energy (PURE) in Africa”, 2024, https://www.preo.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/PREO_M&E_REPORT_16_February_2024.pdf. Snapshot Togo from TogoFirst, “CIZO Program: Over 130,000 Solar Kits Distributed at June 2023”, 21 September 2023, https://www.togofirst.com/en/energy/2109-12576-cizo-program-over-130-000-solar-kits-distributed-at-june-2023, and from Energy Sector Management Assistance Program, “Accelerating the Productive Use of Electricity”, 2023, https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099092023192023389/pdf/P1751521d3f58f6f1307c1499619e141b8baef6de8dd.pdf.173
  174. REN21, “Renewables 2017 Global Status Report”, 2017, https://www.ren21.net/gsr-2017. 174
  175. Abba Lawan Bukar et al., “Peer-to-Peer Electricity Trading: A Systematic Review on Current Developments and Perspectives”, Renewable Energy Focus 44 (March 1, 2023): 317-333, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ref.2023.01.008. 175
  176. International Renewable Energy Agency and Climate Policy Initiative, “Global Landscape of Renewable Energy Finance 2023”, https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2023/Feb/IRENA_CPI_Global_RE_finance_2023.pdf. 176
  177. International Renewable Energy Agency and Climate Policy Initiative, “Global Landscape of Renewable Energy Finance 2023”, https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2023/Feb/IRENA_CPI_Global_RE_finance_2023.pdf.177
  178. International Renewable Energy Agency and Climate Policy Initiative, “Global Landscape of Renewable Energy Finance 2023”, https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2023/Feb/IRENA_CPI_Global_RE_finance_2023.pdf.178
  179. “The Weekend Read: A Bump in the Road for Pay-as-You-Go Solar and Self-Sustainability”, pv magazine International, 19 October 2019, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2019/10/19/the-weekend-read-a-bump-in-the-road-for-pay-as-you-go-solar-and-self-sustainability. 179
  180. Tage Kene-Okafor, “Koolboks' $2.5M Seed Round to Scale Solar Refrigeration Across Africa”, TechCrunch, 18 August 2022, https://techcrunch.com/2022/08/18/paris-based-koolboks-closes-2-5m-seed-round-to-scale-solar-refrigeration-across-africa. 180
  181. Seth Onyango, “M-KOPA Brings Pay-as-You-Go Solar Panels to South Africa”, TechCabal, 22 November 2023, https://techcabal.com/2023/11/22/m-kopa-expands-to-south-africa-with-pay-as-you-go-solar-panels. 181
  182. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, “Results-Based Funding”, 2014, https://www.oecd.org/dac/peer-reviews/Results-based-financing-key-take-aways-Final.pdf. 182
  183. Energy Sector Management Assistance Program, “Results-Based Funding for Energy Sector Development”, accessed 7 June 2024, https://www.esmap.org/Results_Based_Funding. 183
  184. GOGLA, “Unlocking Off-Grid Solar: How Results-Based Financing Is Driving Energy Access and Powering Productivity”, November 2023, https://www.gogla.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/How-Results-Based-Financing-is-driving-energy-access-and-powering-productivity.pdf. 184
  185. GOGLA, “Unlocking Off-Grid Solar: How Results-Based Financing Is Driving Energy Access and Powering Productivity”, November 2023, https://www.gogla.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/How-Results-Based-Financing-is-driving-energy-access-and-powering-productivity.pdf. 185
  186. Loughborough University, UKaid and Energy Sector Management Assistance Program, “Clean Cooking: Results-Based Financing as a Potential Scale-up Tool for the Sector”, October 2021, https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Clean-cooking-results-based-financing-as-a-potential-scale-up-tool-for-the-sector.pdf. 186
  187. Sustainable Energy for All, “Universal Energy Facility to Grant Up to USD 10.4 Million for Renewables in Democratic Republic of the Congo, Madagascar and Sierra Leone”, 6 July 2023, https://www.seforall.org/press-releases/universal-energy-facility-to-grant-up-to-usd-104-million-for-renewables-in.187
  188. Beyond the Grid Fund for Africa, “Funding Rounds”, accessed 11 June 2024, https://beyondthegrid.africa/funding-rounds. 188
  189. Lia, “Mini-Grid Deployments Scaling Up Access to Clean Electricity in the Democratic Republic of the Congo”, Beyond the Grid Fund for Africa, 4 June 2024, https://beyondthegrid.africa/news/mini-grid-deployments-scaling-up-access-to-clean-electricity-in-the-democratic-republic-of-the-congo. 189
  190. United Nations Development Programme, “Mainstreaming Financial Aggregation for Distributed Renewable Energy”, 2024, https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/2024-03/undp-gef-mainstreaming-financial-aggregation-for-distributed-renewable-energy.pdf.190
  191. United Nations Development Programme, “Mainstreaming Financial Aggregation for Distributed Renewable Energy”, 2024, https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/2024-03/undp-gef-mainstreaming-financial-aggregation-for-distributed-renewable-energy.pdf.191
  192. United Nations Development Programme, “Mainstreaming Financial Aggregation for Distributed Renewable Energy”, 2024, https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/2024-03/undp-gef-mainstreaming-financial-aggregation-for-distributed-renewable-energy.pdf.192
  193. United Nations Development Programme, “Mainstreaming Financial Aggregation for Distributed Renewable Energy”, 2024, https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/2024-03/undp-gef-mainstreaming-financial-aggregation-for-distributed-renewable-energy.pdf.193
  194. REN21, “Renewables 2024 Global Status Report: Energy Supply”, 2024, https://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/GSR2024_Supply.pdf.194
  195. BloombergNEF, “Energy Transition Investment Trends 2024”, 2024, https://about.bnef.com/energy-transition-investment; International Renewable Energy Agency, “Advancing Renewables-Based Clean Cooking Solutions”, 2024, https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2024/Mar/IRENA_Renewables-based_clean_cooking_2024.pdf; World Bank, “World Bank Open Data”, 2024. https://data.worldbank.org.195
  196. Carol Zhou and Yiran He, “How Decarbonizing the Renewable Value Chain Supports Multiple SDGs”, World Economic Forum, 24 June 2024, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2024/06/decarbonizing-renewable-value-chain-supports-multiple-sdgs.196
  197. Sustainable Energy for All, “Renewable Energy Manufacturing Initiative”, accessed 26 September 2024, https://www.seforall.org/programmes/un-energy/REMI.197
  198. United Nations Environment Programme, “What Are Energy Transition Minerals and How Can They Unlock the Clean Energy Age?” 19 February 2024, https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/what-are-energy-transition-minerals-and-how-can-they-unlock-clean-energy-age.198
  199. Sustainable Energy for All, “Africa Renewable Energy Manufacturing – Opportunity and Advancement”, accessed 26 September 2024, https://www.seforall.org/programmes/un-energy/South-South-Cooperation/aremi.199
  200. Black & Veatch, “IRA Renewables Impact: At a Glance”, accessed 2 April 2024, https://www.bv.com/perspectives/ira-renewables-impact-at-a-glance. 200
  201. Adam Aston, Hannah Perkins and RMI Staff, “On the Climate Bill's Second, Surging Successes – But a Split Reality”, RMI, 16 August 2024, https://rmi.org/on-the-climate-bills-second-birthday-surging-successes-but-a-split-reality.201
  202. Adam Aston, Hannah Perkins and RMI Staff, “On the Climate Bill's Second Birthday, Surging Successes – But a Split Reality”, RMI, 16 August 2024, https://rmi.org/on-the-climate-bills-second-birthday-surging-successes-but-a-split-reality.202
  203. Clean Investment Monitor, accessed 15 September 2024, https://www.cleaninvestmentmonitor.org. 203
  204. Adam Aston, Hannah Perkins and RMI Staff, “On the Climate Bill's Second Birthday, Surging Successes – But a Split Reality”, RMI, 16 August 2024, https://rmi.org/on-the-climate-bills-second-birthday-surging-successes-but-a-split-reality.204
  205. La Maison Élysée, “Conseil de planification écologique”, 24 September 2023, https://www.elysee.fr/emmanuel-macron/2023/09/25/conseil-de-planification-ecologique. 205
  206. UK Government, “Floating Offshore Wind Manufacturing Investment Scheme”, 30 March 2023, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/floating-offshore-wind-manufacturing-investment-scheme. 206
  207. European Parliament, “Net-Zero Industry Act: Boosting Clean Technologies in Europe”, 20 November 2023, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/economy/20231031STO08721/net-zero-industry-act-boosting-clean-technologies-in-europe. 207
  208. International Renewable Energy Agency, “Renewable Energy and Jobs: Annual Review 2023”, 2023, https://www.irena.org/Publications/2023/Sep/Renewable-energy-and-jobs-Annual-review-2023. 208
  209. International Energy Agency, “World Energy Employment 2023”, 2023, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/ba1eab3e-8e4c-490c-9983-80601fa9d736/World_Energy_Employment_2023.pdf. 209
  210. International Energy Agency( IEA), “Subsidy on New Energy Vehicle 2023”, 25 May 2023, https://www.iea.org/policies/17536-subsidy-on-new-energy-vehicle-2023; David Pilling, “Morocco's Carmaking Sector Revs Up for EV Era”, Financial Times, 5 October 2023, https://www.ft.com/content/8549619c-9c23-4a00-88ab-dfdac92a22ca; IEA, “Tax Incentive for Manufacturer of Electric Vehicle Charging Equipment”, 15 September 2024, https://origin.iea.org/policies?type[]=Government+spending+in+charging+infrastructure; IEA, “Incentives for EVs' Battery Cells”, 25 May 2023, https://www.iea.org/policies/17350-incentives-for-evs-battery-cells; IEA, “Electric Vehicles”, 2024, https://www.iea.org/energy-system/transport/electric-vehicles.210
  211. La Maison Élysée, “Conseil de planification écologique”, 24 September 2023, https://www.elysee.fr/emmanuel-macron/2023/09/25/conseil-de-planification-ecologique; Ministry of Economy of Malaysia, “National Energy Transition Roadmap”, 2023, https://www.ekonomi.gov.my/sites/default/files/2023-09/National%20Energy%20Transition%20Roadmap_0.pdf; Aya Benazizi, “Study: Morocco Is Becoming an ‘Electric Vehicle Manufacturing Hub'”, Morocco World News, 1 September 2022, https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2022/09/351097/study-morocco-is-becoming-an-electric-vehicle-manufacturing-hub.211
  212. International Energy Agency, “Critical Minerals Policy Tracker – Data Tools”, accessed 2 April 2024, https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/critical-minerals-policy-tracker. 212
  213. European Commission, “EU and International Partners Agree to Expand Cooperation on Critical Raw Materials”, 4 April 2024, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_24_1807.213
  214. European Commission, “COP27: European Union Concludes a Strategic Partnership with Namibia on Sustainable Raw Materials and Renewable Hydrogen”, 7 November 2022, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_22_6683.214
  215. European Commission, “Global Gateway: EU Signs Strategic Partnerships on Critical Raw Materials Value Chains with DRC and Zambia and Advances Cooperation with US and Other Key Partners to Develop the ‘Lobito Corridor'”, 25 October 2023, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_23_5303.215
  216. FTI, “China's Export Controls on Critical Minerals – Gallium, Germanium and Graphite”, 19 December 2023, https://www.fticonsulting.com/insights/articles/chinas-export-controls-critical-minerals-gallium-germanium-graphite; Reuters, “China Ups Critical Minerals Heat with Graphite Controls”, 24 October 2023, https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/china-ups-critical-minerals-heat-with-graphite-controls-2023-10-24.216
  217. Gracelin Baskaran, “What China's Ban on Rare Earths Processing Technology Exports Means”, Center for Strategic and International Studies, 8 January 2024, https://www.csis.org/analysis/what-chinas-ban-rare-earths-processing-technology-exports-means.217
  218. Russian Government, “Government Introduces Temporary Ban on Export of Precious Metal Waste and Scrap”, 31 October 2023, http://government.ru/en/docs/49949. 218
  219. Liesl Peyper, “Africa Warned Against Imposing Export Bans on Minerals”, Miningmx, 9 February 2024, https://www.miningmx.com/news/markets/55860-africa-warned-against-imposing-export-bans-on-critical-minerals. 219
  220. International Energy Agency, “Energy Technology Patents Data Explorer”, accessed 14 September 2024, https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/energy-technology-patents-data-explorer. 220
  221. International Energy Agency, “Energy Technology Patents Data Explorer”, accessed 14 September 2024, https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/energy-technology-patents-data-explorer.221
  222. International Energy Agency, “Energy Technology Patents Data Explorer”, accessed 14 September 2024, https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/energy-technology-patents-data-explorer.222
  223. International Energy Agency, “Energy Technology Patents Data Explorer”, accessed 14 September 2024, https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/energy-technology-patents-data-explorer.223
  224. International Energy Agency, “Energy Technology Patents Data Explorer”, accessed 14 September 2024, https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/energy-technology-patents-data-explorer.224
  225. International Energy Agency, “The State of Clean Technology Manufacturing: An Energy Technology Perspectives Special Briefing”, May 2023, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/0a421001-6157-436d-893c-c37eeab54967/TheStateofCleanTechnologyManufacturing.pdf. 225
  226. International Energy Agency, “The State of Clean Technology Manufacturing: An Energy Technology Perspectives Special Briefing”, May 2023, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/0a421001-6157-436d-893c-c37eeab54967/TheStateofCleanTechnologyManufacturing.pdf. 226
  227. International Energy Agency, “The State of Clean Technology Manufacturing: An Energy Technology Perspectives Special Briefing”, May 2023, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/0a421001-6157-436d-893c-c37eeab54967/TheStateofCleanTechnologyManufacturing.pdf. 227
  228. International Energy Agency, “Advancing Clean Technology Manufacturing”, 2024, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/7e7f4b17-1bb2-48e4-8a92-fb9355b1d1bd/CleanTechnologyManufacturingRoadmap.pdf. 228
  229. International Energy Agency, “Advancing Clean Technology Manufacturing”, 2024, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/7e7f4b17-1bb2-48e4-8a92-fb9355b1d1bd/CleanTechnologyManufacturingRoadmap.pdf. Figure 4 from idem.229
  230. International Energy Agency, “The State of Clean Technology Manufacturing: An Energy Technology Perspectives Special Briefing”, May 2023, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/0a421001-6157-436d-893c-c37eeab54967/TheStateofCleanTechnologyManufacturing.pdf. 230
  231. International Energy Agency, “The State of Clean Technology Manufacturing: An Energy Technology Perspectives Special Briefing”, May 2023, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/0a421001-6157-436d-893c-c37eeab54967/TheStateofCleanTechnologyManufacturing.pdf. 231
  232. International Energy Agency, “The State of Clean Technology Manufacturing: An Energy Technology Perspectives Special Briefing”, May 2023, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/0a421001-6157-436d-893c-c37eeab54967/TheStateofCleanTechnologyManufacturing.pdf. 232
  233. International Energy Agency, “The State of Clean Technology Manufacturing: An Energy Technology Perspectives Special Briefing”, May 2023, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/0a421001-6157-436d-893c-c37eeab54967/TheStateofCleanTechnologyManufacturing.pdf. 233
  234. Australian Government, Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources, “Australia's Nationally Determined Contribution Communication 2022”, 2022, https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Australias%20NDC%20June%202022%20Update%20%283%29.pdf. 234
  235. Sidebar 1 from the following sources: REN21, “Renewable Energy and Sustainability Report”, 2023, https://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/REN21-RESR-2023_LowRes.pdf; German Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs, “Potential Human Rights Risks Supply and Value Chains”, 2023, https://www.csr-in-deutschland.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/EN/potential-human-rights-risks-along-supply-and-value-chains.pdf; Laura T. Murphy and Nyrola Elimä, “In Broad Daylight: Uyghur Forced Labour and Global Solar Supply Chains”, Sheffield Hallam University, 2021, https://www.shu.ac.uk/helena-kennedy-centre-international-justice/research-and-projects/all-projects/in-broad-daylight; United Nations Development Programme, “United Nations Principles on Business and Human Rights”, accessed 3 July 2024, https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/migration/in/UNGP-Brochure.pdf; German Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs, “Branchendialog Energiewirtschaft”, accessed 3 July 2024, https://www.csr-in-deutschland.de/DE/Wirtschaft-Menschenrechte/Umsetzungshilfen/Branchendialoge/Energiewirtschaft/energiewirtschaft.html; Business & Human Rights Resource Centre, “Renewable Energy & Human Rights Benchmark 2023”, 2023, https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/from-us/briefings/renewable-energy-benchmark-2023; Global Battery Alliance, “Battery Passport”, https://www.globalbattery.org/battery-passport. 235
  236. International Renewable Energy Agency, “Renewable Energy and Jobs – Annual Review 2024”, 2024, https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2024/Oct/IRENA_Renewable_energy_and_jobs_2024.pdf.236
  237. International Energy Agency, “World Energy Employment 2023”, 2023, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/ba1eab3e-8e4c-490c-9983-80601fa9d736/World_Energy_Employment_2023.pdf.237
  238. International Renewable Energy Agency, “Renewable Energy and Jobs – Annual Review 2024”, 2024, https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2024/Oct/IRENA_Renewable_energy_and_jobs_2024.pdf.238
  239. International Renewable Energy Agency, “Renewable Energy and Jobs – Annual Review 2024”, 2024, https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2024/Oct/IRENA_Renewable_energy_and_jobs_2024.pdf. Figure 5 from idem.239
  240. International Renewable Energy Agency, “Renewable Energy and Jobs – Annual Review 2024”, 2024, https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2024/Oct/IRENA_Renewable_energy_and_jobs_2024.pdf.240
  241. International Renewable Energy Agency, “Renewable Energy and Jobs – Annual Review 2024”, 2024, https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2024/Oct/IRENA_Renewable_energy_and_jobs_2024.pdf.241
  242. International Renewable Energy Agency, “Renewable Energy and Jobs – Annual Review 2024”, 2024, https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2024/Oct/IRENA_Renewable_energy_and_jobs_2024.pdf.242
  243. International Renewable Energy Agency, “Renewable Energy and Jobs – Annual Review 2024”, 2024, https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2024/Oct/IRENA_Renewable_energy_and_jobs_2024.pdf.243
  244. International Renewable Energy Agency, “Renewable Energy and Jobs – Annual Review 2024”, 2024, https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2024/Oct/IRENA_Renewable_energy_and_jobs_2024.pdf.244
  245. International Renewable Energy Agency, “Renewable Energy and Jobs – Annual Review 2024”, 2024, https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2024/Oct/IRENA_Renewable_energy_and_jobs_2024.pdf.245
  246. Ryan Kennedy, “‘IRA Creates 100,000 Clean Energy Jobs and Attracts $110 Billion in Private Investments'”, pv magazine USA, 22 January 2024, https://pv-magazine-usa.com/2024/01/22/ira-creates-100000-clean-energy-jobs-and-attracts-110-billion-in-private-investments. 246
  247. European Commission, “The Net-Zero Industry Act”, accessed 2 April 2024, https://single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu/industry/sustainability/net-zero-industry-act_en. 247
  248. Queensland Government, “Energy and Jobs Plan”, September 2022, https://www.epw.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0031/32989/queensland-energy-and-jobs-plan-overview.pdf. 248
  249. International Renewable Energy Agency, “Renewable Energy and Jobs – Annual Review 2023”, 2023, https://mc-cd8320d4-36a1-40ac-83cc-3389-cdn-endpoint.azureedge.net/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2023/Sep/IRENA_Renewable_energy_and_jobs_2023.pdf.249
  250. R. Hanna, P. Heptonstall and R. Gross, “Job Creation in a Low Carbon Transition to Renewables and Energy Efficiency: A Review of International Evidence”, Sustainability Science 19 (2024): 125-150, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-023-01440-y.250
  251. Marlène Buchy and Shristi Shakya, “Gender Equality and Social Inclusion in a Just Energy Transition”, ThinkTwenty (T20) India 2023 – Official Engagement Group of G20, 2023, https://t20ind.org/research/gender-equality-and-social-inclusion-in-a-just-energy-transition.251
  252. REN21, “Renewables 2023 Global Status Report: Economic and Social Value Creation”, 2023, https://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/GSR2023_EconSocialValueCreation_Full_Report_with_endnotes_web.pdf. 252
  253. UN Women, “Gender Equality in the Sustainable Energy Transition”, 10 November 2023, https://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2023/05/gender-equality-in-the-sustainable-energy-transition. 253
  254. REN21, “Renewables 2023 Global Status Report: Economic and Social Value Creation”, 2023, https://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/GSR2023_EconSocialValueCreation_Full_Report_with_endnotes_web.pdf.254
  255. International Renewable Energy Agency, “Women as Key Players in the Decentralised Renewable Energy Sector: Beneficiaries, Leaders, Innovators”, 8 March 2023, https://www.irena.org/Events/2023/Mar/Women-as-Key-Players-in-the-Decentralised-Renewable-Energy-Sector; US Department of Energy, “The Equality in Energy Transitions Initiative”, 8 January 2024, https://www.energy.gov/ia/articles/equality-energy-tranistions-initiative. 255
  256. US Department of Energy, “DOE Equity Action Plan”, 2023, https://www.energy.gov/justice/doe-equity-action-plan. 256
  257. US Embassy and Consulate in Nigeria, “USAID Power Africa Launches ‘Growing Green Jobs' for Women in the Energy Sector in Nigeria”, 28 September 2023, https://ng.usembassy.gov/usaid-power-africa-launches-growing-green-jobs-for-women-in-the-energy-sector-in-nigeria. 257
  258. SHORTLIST, “Energy Jobs in Africa”, accessed 12 June 2024, https://www.shortlist.net/women-for-green-jobs. 258
  259. Engineering News , “Renewable Sector Leadership Programme to Develop Skills for Gender Diverse Future”, 25 August 2023, https://www.engineeringnews.co.za/print-version/renewable-sector-leadership-programme-to-fevelop-skills-for-gender-diverse-future-2023-08-25. 259
  260. Roman Vakulchuk and Indra Overland, “The Failure to Decarbonize the Global Energy Education System: Carbon Lock-in and Stranded Skill Sets”, Energy Research & Social Science 110 (April 2024): 103446, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2024.103446. 260
  261. International Energy Agency, “World Energy Employment 2023”, 2023, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/ba1eab3e-8e4c-490c-9983-80601fa9d736/World_Energy_Employment_2023.pdf.261
  262. International Energy Agency, “World Energy Employment 2023”, 2023, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/ba1eab3e-8e4c-490c-9983-80601fa9d736/World_Energy_Employment_2023.pdf.262
  263. International Energy Agency, “World Energy Employment 2023”, 2023, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/ba1eab3e-8e4c-490c-9983-80601fa9d736/World_Energy_Employment_2023.pdf.263
  264. International Energy Agency, “World Energy Employment 2023”, 2023, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/ba1eab3e-8e4c-490c-9983-80601fa9d736/World_Energy_Employment_2023.pdf.264
  265. International Energy Agency, “World Energy Employment 2023”, 2023, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/ba1eab3e-8e4c-490c-9983-80601fa9d736/World_Energy_Employment_2023.pdf.265
  266. International Energy Agency, “Skills Development and Inclusivity for Clean Energy Transitions”, 2022, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/953c5393-2c5b-4746-bf8e-016332380221/Skillsdevelopmentandinclusivityforcleanenergytransitions.pdf. 266
  267. International Energy Agency, “World Energy Employment 2023”, 2023, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/ba1eab3e-8e4c-490c-9983-80601fa9d736/World_Energy_Employment_2023.pdf.267
  268. European Commission, “The Green Deal Industrial Plan”: Putting Europe's Net-zero Industry in the Lead”, 31 January 2023, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_23_510; European Commission, “The Net-Zero Industry Act”, accessed 15 September 2024, https://single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu/industry/sustainability/net-zero-industry-act_en.268
  269. European Commission, “Commission Actions Tackle Labour and Skills Shortages in EU”, 19 March 2024, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_24_1507. 269
  270. International Energy Agency, “World Energy Employment 2023”, 2023, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/ba1eab3e-8e4c-490c-9983-80601fa9d736/World_Energy_Employment_2023.pdf.270
  271. International Energy Agency, “World Energy Employment 2023”, 2023, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/ba1eab3e-8e4c-490c-9983-80601fa9d736/World_Energy_Employment_2023.pdf.271
  272. Snapshot: South Africa from the following sources: Eskom, “As Komati Coal-Fired Power Station Reaches End of Life, Renewable Energy Project Takes Shape”, 31 October 2022, https://www.eskom.co.za/as-komati-coal-fired-power-station-reaches-end-of-life-renewable-energy-project-takes-shape; SA News, “Komati Power Station Repurposing Forges Ahead”, 21 June 2023, https://www.sanews.gov.za/south-africa/komati-power-station-repurposing-forges-ahead; Thabo Molelekwa, “Training Ramps Up at Komati”, Oxpeckers, 21 June 2023, https://oxpeckers.org/2023/07/training-at-komati; Bloomberg News, “How South Africa Botched Its First Coal Power-plant Transition”, 30 September 2023, https://www.mining.com/web/how-south-africa-botched-its-first-coal-power-plant-transition; Theresa Smith, “Reskilling Coal Workers to Start Mpumalanga Training Centre”, ESI Africa, 23 August 2022, https://www.esi-africa.com/renewable-energy/reskilling-coal-industry-workers-to-start-at-mpumalanga-training-centre; My Broadband, “Komati Economy Hammered as Eskom Power Plant's Solar and Wind Transition Gets Delayed”, 23 July 2023, https://mybroadband.co.za/news/energy/501239-komati-economy-hammered-as-eskom-power-plants-solar-and-wind-transition-gets-delayed.html.272
  273. UK Department for Energy Security and Net Zero, “Thousands of Heat Pump Installers to Be Trained for Fraction of the Price”, 4 July 2023, https://www.gov.uk/government/news/thousands-of-heat-pump-installers-to-be-trained-for-fraction-of-the-price.273
  274. UK Department for Energy Security and Net Zero, “Thousands of Heat Pump Installers to Be Trained for Fraction of the Price”, 4 July 2023, https://www.gov.uk/government/news/thousands-of-heat-pump-installers-to-be-trained-for-fraction-of-the-price. 274
  275. Roman Vakulchuk and Indra Overland, “The Failure to Decarbonize the Global Energy Education System: Carbon Lock-in and Stranded Skill Sets”, Energy Research & Social Science 110 (April 2024): 103446, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2024.103446. 275
  276. Elias Ngalame, “Ministry Opens Door to Renewable Energy Training in Region”, University World News, 7 September 2023, https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20230903214431858. 276
  277. Cléa Flache, Hugo Chirol and Léa Legras, “From Energy Crisis to Energy Democracy”, Green European Journal, 15 September 2023, https://www.greeneuropeanjournal.eu/from-energy-crisis-to-energy-democracy.277
  278. International Renewable Energy Agency, “World Energy Transitions Outlook 2023: 1.5°C Pathway”, 2023, https://www.irena.org/Publications/2023/Jun/World-Energy-Transitions-Outlook-2023.278
  279. Cléa Flache, Hugo Chirol and Léa Legras, “From Energy Crisis to Energy Democracy”, Green European Journal, 15 September 2023, https://www.greeneuropeanjournal.eu/from-energy-crisis-to-energy-democracy.279
  280. Snapshot: Germany from Institut für Trend- und Marktforschung, “Anteile Einzelner Marktakteure an Erneuerbaren Energien-Anlagen in Deutschland (4. Auflage)”, 27 September 2024, https://www.trendresearch.de/studie.php?s=693. Figure 6 from Idem.280
  281. Transnational Institute, “MYTH #4 – Decentralised Energy Will Decarbonise & Democratise the Energy System”, 2023, https://www.tni.org/files/2023-09/Factsheet%20No.4%20_%20TNI%20_%20Energy%20Transition%20Mythbusters%202023%20_%20300823.pdf.281
  282. Snapshot: France from the following sources: Énergie Partagée, “Les Chiffres Clés de L'énergie Citoyenne”, accessed 15 September 2024, https://energie-partagee.org/decouvrir/energie-citoyenne/chiffres-cles; Énergie Partagée, “Le Mouvement Énergie Partagée”, accessed 15 September 2024, https://energie-partagee.org/decouvrir/le-mouvement; Énergie Partagée, “Énergie Partagée Investissement”, accessed 15 September 2024, https://energie-partagee.org/decouvrir/le-mouvement/energie-partagee-investissement; Suzanne Renard, Energie Partagée Investissement, personal communication with REN21, September 2024. 282
  283. Vida Rozite et al., “Empowering People – The Role of Local Energy Communities in Clean Energy Transitions”, International Energy Agency, 9 August 2023, https://www.iea.org/commentaries/empowering-people-the-role-of-local-energy-communities-in-clean-energy-transitions.283
  284. Vida Rozite et al., “Empowering People – The Role of Local Energy Communities in Clean Energy Transitions”, International Energy Agency, 9 August 2023, https://www.iea.org/commentaries/empowering-people-the-role-of-local-energy-communities-in-clean-energy-transitions.284
  285. REScoop.Eu, “Implementing Solutions for a Low Carbon (Energy) Future”, accessed 2 July 2024, https://www.rescoop.eu/news-and-events/events/implementing-solutions-for-a-low-carbon-energy-future; International Renewable Energy Agency, “Community Energy Toolkit”, 2021, https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Coalition-for-Action/IRENA_Coalition_Energy_Toolkit_2021.pdf. 285
  286. European Commission Directorate-General for Energy, “Energy Communities”, accessed 15 September 2024, https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/markets-and-consumers/energy-consumers-and-prosumers/energy-communities_en. 286
  287. European Commission, “Guiding Energy Communities Towards Inclusivity”, CORDIS, accessed 2 April 2024, https://cordis.europa.eu/article/id/450215-guiding-energy-communities-towards-inclusivity. 287
  288. Sergio Matalucci, “Italy Publishes Operating Rules for Energy Communities”, pv magazine International, 26 February 2024, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2024/02/26/italy-publishes-operating-rules-for-energy-communities. 288
  289. Sarah George, “Wales Launches Publicly Owned Energy Company with Focus on Community Renewables”, edie, 7 August 2023, https://www.edie.net/wales-launches-publicly-owned-energy-company-with-focus-on-community-renewables. 289
  290. KPMG Albania, “New Law on ‘Promotion of the Use of Energy from Renewable Sources'”, 4 May 2023, https://kpmg.com/al/en/home/insights/2023/05/new-law-on--promotion-of-the-use-of-energy-from-renewable-source.html. 290
  291. Angela Skujins, “Denmark Supports First Energy Communities”, pv magazine International, 22 December 2023, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2023/12/22/denmark-supports-first-energy-communities. 291
  292. Ilias Tsagas, “Greece to Support Local Energy Communities with €42 Million of Funding”, pv magazine International, 14 December 2023, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2023/12/14/greece-to-support-local-energy-communities-with-e42-million-of-funding. 292
  293. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, “Crowdfunding for Community Solar Projects | The Netherlands”, accessed 14 March 2024, https://unfccc.int/climate-action/momentum-for-change/financing-for-climate-friendly-investment/crowdfunding-for-community-solar-projects. 293
  294. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, “Crowdfunding for Community Solar Projects | The Netherlands”, accessed 14 March 2024, https://unfccc.int/climate-action/momentum-for-change/financing-for-climate-friendly-investment/crowdfunding-for-community-solar-projects. 294
  295. Energie Samen, accessed 15 September 2024, https://energiesamen.nu/pagina/35/financiering.295
  296. REScoop, “About Us”, accessed 15 September 2024, https://www.rescoop.eu/about-us. 296
  297. ICA Coop, “Replication Project: Revolusolar from Brazil”, accessed 7 February 2024, https://globalyouth.coop/en/projects/replication-project/brazil/revolusolar.297
  298. Vida Rozite et al., “Empowering People – The Role of Local Energy Communities in Clean Energy Transitions”, International Energy Agency, 9 August 2023, https://www.iea.org/commentaries/empowering-people-the-role-of-local-energy-communities-in-clean-energy-transitions.298
  299. Chris Vrettos et al., “Not (Just) for Hippies: Energy Communities Should Be the Drivers of the EU's Re-Industrialisation”, Euro News, 3 June 2024, https://www.euronews.com/business/2024/06/03/not-just-for-hippies-energy-communities-should-be-the-drivers-of-the-eus-re-industrialisat.299
  300. Energy Sage, “The Top Community Solar States in 2023”, 6 December 2023, https://www.energysage.com/community-solar/comparing-top-community-solar-states. 300
  301. Energy Sage, “The Top Community Solar States in 2023”, 6 December 2023, https://www.energysage.com/community-solar/comparing-top-community-solar-states. 301
  302. Australian Government, Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water, “Community Solar Banks”, accessed 14 March 2024, https://www.dcceew.gov.au/energy/renewable/community-solar-banks. 302
  303. The Hon Ed Husic MP, Minister for Industry and Science, “Improving Energy Security, Reliability and Affordability”, 24 October 2022, https://www.minister.industry.gov.au/ministers/husic/media-releases/improving-energy-security-reliability-and-affordability. 303
  304. Snapshot: Canada from the following sources: Government of Canada, Indigenous Services, “Suicide Prevention in Indigenous Communities”, 11 December 2019, https://www.sac-isc.gc.ca/eng/1576089685593/1576089741803; Natural Resources Canada, “Governments of Canada and Ontario Working Together to Build Largest Electricity Battery Storage Project in Canada”, 10 February 2023, https://www.canada.ca/en/natural-resources-canada/news/2023/02/governments-of-canada-and-ontario-working-together-to-build-largest-electricity-battery-storage-project-in-canada0.html; Invest Canada, “Cleantech”, 17 February 2023, https://www.investcanada.ca/industries/cleantech; Government of Canada, “Indigenous Peoples and Communities”, 12 January 2009, https://www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1100100013785/1529102490303; Government of Canada, Canada Energy Regulator, “Market Snapshot: Indigenous Ownership of Canadian Renewable Energy Projects Is Growing”, 28 June 2024, https://www.cer-rec.gc.ca/en/data-analysis/energy-markets/market-snapshots/2023/market-snapshot-indigenous-ownership-canadian-renewable-energy-projects-growing.html; Indigenous Clean Energy (ICE), “About ICE”, accessed 29 September 2024, https://indigenouscleanenergy.com/about-ice; James Jenkins, ICE, “Our Story”, accessed 29 September 2024, https://indigenouscleanenergy.com/about-ice/our-story; ICE, personal communication with REN21, September 2024; Indigenous Peoples Rights International, personal communication with REN21, September 2024; Mohan B. Kumar and Michael Tjepkema, “Suicide Among First Nations People, Métis and Inuit (2011-2016): Findings from the 2011 Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohort (CanCHEC)”, Statistics Canada, 28 June 2019, https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/99-011-x/99-011-x2019001-eng.htm; United Nations, “United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples”, accessed 29 September 2024, https://www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/declaration-on-%20the-rights-of-indigenous-peoples.html. 304
  305. Global Center on Adaptation, “Three Ways That Clean Energy Innovation and Climate Change Adaptation Can Work in Lockstep”, 26 January 2024, https://gca.org/three-ways-that-clean-energy-innovation-and-climate-change-adaptation-can-work-in-lockstep.305
  306. International Renewable Energy Agency, “Bracing for Climate Impact: Renewables as a Climate Change Adaptation Strategy”, 2021, https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2021/Aug/IRENA_Bracing_for_climate_impact_2021.pdf.306
  307. Clean Energy Group, “Clean Energy for Resilient Communities: Expanding Solar Generation in Baltimore's Low‐Income Neighborhoods”, 2014, https://www.cleanegroup.org/wp-content/uploads/Clean-Energy-for-Resilient-Communities-Report-Feb2014.pdf. 307
  308. Clean Energy Group, “Clean Energy for Resilient Communities: Expanding Solar Generation in Baltimore's Low‐Income Neighborhoods”, 2014, https://www.cleanegroup.org/wp-content/uploads/Clean-Energy-for-Resilient-Communities-Report-Feb2014.pdf.308
  309. International Energy Agency, “Policy Preparedness for Climate Resilience – Climate Resilience Policy Indicator”, accessed 23 September 2024, https://www.iea.org/reports/climate-resilience-policy-indicator/policy-preparedness-for-climate-resilience.309
  310. International Energy Agency, “Policy Preparedness for Climate Resilience – Climate Resilience Policy Indicator”, accessed 23 September 2024, https://www.iea.org/reports/climate-resilience-policy-indicator/policy-preparedness-for-climate-resilience.310
  311. UN-Water, “Water and Disasters”, accessed 2 October 2024, https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/water-and-disasters.311
  312. Makena Ireri et al., “How Off-grid Solutions Are Key to Climate Adaptation and Resilience”, Sustainable Energy for All, 14 November 2022, https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/energy/how-grid-solar-solutions-are-key-climate-adaptation-and-resilience.312
  313. Tamara Mahoney, “Powering Adaptation and Climate Justice: The Critical Role of Off-Grid Solar Technologies”, GOGLA, 4 September 2023, https://www.gogla.org/reports/powering-adaptation-and-climate-justice.313
  314. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, “Bangladesh First NDC (Updated Submission)”, 2 June 2022, https://unfccc.int/documents/497161.314
  315. Tamara Mahoney, “Powering Adaptation and Climate Justice: The Critical Role of Off-Grid Solar Technologies”, GOGLA, 4 September 2023, https://www.gogla.org/reports/powering-adaptation-and-climate-justice.315
  316. Tamara Mahoney, “Powering Adaptation and Climate Justice: The Critical Role of Off-Grid Solar Technologies”, GOGLA, 4 September 2023, https://www.gogla.org/reports/powering-adaptation-and-climate-justice.316
  317. Tamara Mahoney, “Powering Adaptation and Climate Justice: The Critical Role of Off-Grid Solar Technologies”, GOGLA, 4 September 2023, https://www.gogla.org/reports/powering-adaptation-and-climate-justice.317
  318. Tamara Mahoney, “Powering Adaptation and Climate Justice: The Critical Role of Off-Grid Solar Technologies”, GOGLA, 4 September 2023, https://www.gogla.org/reports/powering-adaptation-and-climate-justice.318
  319. Center for Climate and Energy Solutions, “Microgrids”, accessed 2 October 2024, https://www.c2es.org/content/microgrids.319
  320. Center for Climate and Energy Solutions, “Microgrids”, accessed 2 October 2024, https://www.c2es.org/content/microgrids. 320
  321. Center for Climate and Energy Solutions, “Microgrids”, accessed 2 October 2024, https://www.c2es.org/content/microgrids. 321
  322. EcoSwell, “Renewable Energy”, accessed 28 September 2024, https://www.ecoswell.org/renewable-energy.322
  323. EcoSwell, “Renewable Energy”, accessed 28 September 2024, https://www.ecoswell.org/renewable-energy.323
  324. Diana Gastelum, “The Role of Microgrids in Building Climate Resilience in Boston's Frontline Communities”, Climate-XChange, 7 January 2022, https://climate-xchange.org/2022/01/the-role-of-microgrids-in-building-climate-resilience-in-bostons-frontline-communities.324
  325. Diana Gastelum, “The Role of Microgrids in Building Climate Resilience in Boston's Frontline Communities”, Climate-XChange, 7 January 2022, https://climate-xchange.org/2022/01/the-role-of-microgrids-in-building-climate-resilience-in-bostons-frontline-communities.325
  326. Diana Gastelum, “The Role of Microgrids in Building Climate Resilience in Boston's Frontline Communities”, Climate-XChange, 7 January 2022, https://climate-xchange.org/2022/01/the-role-of-microgrids-in-building-climate-resilience-in-bostons-frontline-communities.326
  327. United Nations Environment Programme, “The Sectoral Solution to Climate Change”, 12 July 2020, https://www.unep.org/interactive/sectoral-solution-climate-change.327
  328. United Nations Environment Programme, “The Sectoral Solution to Climate Change”, 12 July 2020, https://www.unep.org/interactive/sectoral-solution-climate-change.328
  329. International Renewable Energy Agency, “Bracing for Climate Impact: Renewables as a Climate Change Adaptation Strategy”, 2021, https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2021/Aug/IRENA_Bracing_for_climate_impact_2021.pdf.329
  330. Global Center on Adaptation, “Three Ways That Clean Energy Innovation and Climate Change Adaptation Can Work in Lockstep”, 26 January 2024, https://gca.org/three-ways-that-clean-energy-innovation-and-climate-change-adaptation-can-work-in-lockstep.330
  331. International Renewable Energy Agency, “Bracing for Climate Impact: Renewables as a Climate Change Adaptation Strategy”, 2021, https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2021/Aug/IRENA_Bracing_for_climate_impact_2021.pdf.331
  332. International Renewable Energy Agency, “Bracing for Climate Impact: Renewables as a Climate Change Adaptation Strategy”, 2021, https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2021/Aug/IRENA_Bracing_for_climate_impact_2021.pdf.332
  333. International Renewable Energy Agency, “Bracing for Climate Impact: Renewables as a Climate Change Adaptation Strategy”, 2021, https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2021/Aug/IRENA_Bracing_for_climate_impact_2021.pdf.333
  334. REN21, “REN21 Policy Database”, 2024.334
  335. REN21, “REN21 Policy Database”, 2024.335
  336. REN21, “REN21 Policy Database”, 2024.336
  337. Maggie Overholt et al., “What Are Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and Why Are They Important?” World Resources Institute, 8 May 2024, https://www.wri.org/insights/nationally-determined-contributions-ndcs-explained.337
  338. United Nations, “About Small Island Developing States”, accessed 28 September 2024, https://www.un.org/ohrlls/content/about-small-island-developing-states.338
  339. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, “Antigua and Barbuda First NDC (Updated Submission)”, 2 September 2021, https://unfccc.int/documents/497048.339
  340. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, “Antigua and Barbuda First NDC (Updated Submission)”, 2 September 2021, https://unfccc.int/documents/497048.340
  341. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, “Micronesia (Federated State of) First NDC”, 2 June 2022, https://unfccc.int/documents/497482.341
  342. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, “Dominica First NDC”, 2 June 2022, https://unfccc.int/documents/497439.342
  343. United Nations, “SIDS Lighthouses Initiative (SIDS LHI)”, accessed 28 September 2024, https://sdgs.un.org/partnerships/sids-lighthouses-initiative-sids-lhi.343
  344. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, “Egypt's Updated First Nationally Determined Contribution 2030 (Second Update)”, 26 June 2023, https://unfccc.int/documents/630376.344
  345. Department of Mineral Resources and Energy, Republic of South Africa, “Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement (REIPPP) Programme”, 2024, https://www.dmre.gov.za/energy-resources/reippp-programme.345
  346. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, “Ghana First NDC (Updated Submission)”, 2 June 2022, https://unfccc.int/documents/497515.346
  347. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, “Uganda's Updated NDC”, 12 September 2022, https://unfccc.int/documents/613827.347
  348. Habtewold Woubishet et al., “Ethiopia's Climate Resilient Green Economy Strategy (2011-2019): Implementation Progress Assessment Report – Sectoral Overview Appendices”, World Bank, 2020, https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/099431306152210191/P17111608a30af0b00ab1705840c391dc04.348
  349. International Energy Agency, “Policy Preparedness for Climate Resilience – Climate Resilience Policy Indicator”, 2022, https://www.iea.org/reports/climate-resilience-policy-indicator/policy-preparedness-for-climate-resilience.349
  350. International Energy Agency, “Policy Preparedness for Climate Resilience – Climate Resilience Policy Indicator”, 2022, https://www.iea.org/reports/climate-resilience-policy-indicator/policy-preparedness-for-climate-resilience.350
  351. Power Philippines, “Microgrid Systems Bill Signed Into Law”, 25 January 2022, https://powerphilippines.com/microgrid-systems-bill-signed-into-law.351
  352. International Energy Agency, “Climate Resilience – Power Systems in Transition”, 2020, https://www.iea.org/reports/power-systems-in-transition/climate-resilience.352
  353. REN21, “Renewable Energy and Sustainability Report”, 2024, https://www.ren21.net/renewable-energy-and-sustainability-report-2024.353
  354. World Bank, “Embedding Climate Resilience Into Energy Projects”, 2023, https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/099082923131118522/P1764760bf735200c0890f05d7ea45e4933.354
  355. REN21, “Renewable Energy and Sustainability Report”, 2024, https://www.ren21.net/renewable-energy-and-sustainability-report-2024.355
  356. International Renewable Energy Agency, “Bracing for Climate Impact: Renewables as a Climate Change Adaptation Strategy”, 2021, https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2021/Aug/IRENA_Bracing_for_climate_impact_2021.pdf.356
  357. Box 3 from the following sources: Energy Peace Partners, “Measuring the Peace Impacts of Renewable Energy”, accessed 2 October 2024, https://www.energypeacepartners.com/peace-impacts; Doug Miller and Bessma Mourad, Energy Peace Partners, personal communication with REN21, September 2024; Energy Peace Partners, “Renewable Energy and Peace: Empirical Analysis of Global Data”, 2023, https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5cc327c55acb9b00019d816a/t/650b5190bf74dd685461153e/1695240594680/Final_Peace+Impacts+of+RE+White+Paper_Sept+20+2023.pdf; Energy Peace Partners, “Renewable Energy as a Tool For Peace: Emerging Opportunities and New Challenges”, 28 June 2024, https://www.energypeacepartners.com/blog/re-as-a-tool-for-peace.357
  358. Sidebar 2 from the following sources: Global Center on Adaptation, “The Netherlands and GCA Join Forces to Scale Africa's Adaptation Transformation”, 15 September 2023, https://gca.org/news/the-netherlands-and-gca-join-forces-to-scale-africas-adaptation-transformation; Global Center on Adaptation, “Africa Adaptation Acceleration Program”, 2022, https://gca.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/2022_AAAP-Progress.pdf; Aga Khan Foundation, “Energy Plus: AKF and EU Launch €31m Programme to Improve Access to Clean Energy for 350,000 People in Northern Pakistan”, 15 July 2024, https://www.akf.org.uk/energy-plus-akf-and-eu-launch-e35m-programme-to-improve-access-to-clean-energy-for-350000-people-in-northern-pakistan.358
  359. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, ”Official Development Assistance for Climate in 2022: A Snapshot”, May 2024, https://one.oecd.org/document/DCD(2024)20/en/pdf.359