RENEWABLES 2024
GLOBAL STATUS REPORT

Economic and Social Value Creation

2024

Economic Development and Local Value Creation

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Renewable energy deployment reached an all-time high in 2023. 194 Renewables and enabling technologies i accounted for 7% of the growth in global GDP that year. 195 Opportunities for local economic development and job creation exist along all stages of the renewables value chain, from materials extraction and processing, to equipment manufacturing, project development, project operation, and energy distribution and use. 196

Policies Supporting Local Supply Chains and Manufacturing Capacity

Local renewable energy manufacturing – including the production of solar panels, wind turbines, and their facilities and components, as well as batteries and electric vehicles – offers opportunities for low-carbon economic development. 197 Along the first stages of the supply chain, countries that are rich in the minerals needed for manufacturing renewable energy technologies can foster significant economic development through the exploitation and processing of minerals, provided that value is added to local supply chains and that potential harmful environmental and social impacts are mitigated through appropriate safeguards and policies. 198 The extraction, production, and processing of energy transition minerals, as well as the manufacturing of renewable energy technologies, can foster local industries, create employment, develop export partnerships, generate revenue and grow economies. 199

In 2023, policies aimed at diversifying the renewable energy supply chain increased, with some countries focusing on securing their supply chains, manufacturing capacities, and sources of renewable energy components and materials.

In the United States, the Inflation Reduction Act has reshaped both global and domestic renewable energy supply chains by offering an array of incentives, including domestic content and workforce requirements as well as manufacturing tax credits for siting projects in energy communities. 200 Since its inception in mid-2022, the IRA has boosted local manufacturing in the country. As of mid-2024, 100 new manufacturing facilities for renewable energy and enabling technologies were operational, under construction or announced; 53 facilities started expansion or had planned expansion projects; and the restart of 5 previously abandoned plants was announced. 201 Most of the facilities (68%) are battery manufacturing plants, followed by solar PV (42%), zero-emission vehicles (16%), fuelling equipment (15%), electrolysers (10%), wind power (5%) and critical minerals (4%). 202 Out of the USD 491 billion in IRA investments since the third quarter of 2022, a total of USD 67 billion was invested in manufacturing. 203 Battery manufacturing represented 62% of the total, solar 18%, wind power 8%, zero-emission vehicles 7%, critical minerals 3%, electrolysers 2% and fuelling equipment 0.5%. 204

European countries have taken steps to strengthen their domestic supply chains for renewable energy technologies and related components. France set a target to produce 1 million heat pumps by 2027 and to train 30,000 installers. 205 The United Kingdom plans to spend USD 210 million (GBP 160 million) through the Floating Offshore Wind Manufacturing Investment Scheme to kick-start investment in the port infrastructure projects needed to deliver the country's floating offshore wind ambitions. 206

The European Commission's Green Deal Industrial Plan, adopted in 2023, aims to elevate EU clean technology manufacturing (including renewable energy). Proposed initiatives include the Net-Zero Industry Act, which sets non-binding manufacturing capacity targets and aims to ensure that by 2030, the EU can internally produce at least 40% of its own needs for clean energy technologies ii including renewable energy, and storage. 207 Also under the Green Deal Industrial Plan , the Critical Raw Materials Act aims to boost domestic sourcing and processing of mineral resources and to enhance local supply chains. 208

Japan, India and South Africa have announced industrial policy initiatives to boost their domestic manufacturing sectors. 209 Japan plans to spend USD 14 billion (JPY 2 trillion) over the coming decade on green transformation to promote local production of storage batteries, semi-conductors and equipment to produce hydrogen, among others.

Electric vehicle manufacturing capacity has received both policy and investment attention. In 2023, several jurisdictions – including Brazil, China, Estonia, Hungary, Malaysia, Morocco, Thailand and the EU – announced new policies to advance electric vehicle manufacturing capacity, including batteries. 210 France set a target to produce 1 million electric vehicles by 2027, Malaysia set a target to reach 90% local production of electric vehicles by 2050, and Morocco is set to sign a USD 2 billion deal with electric vehicle battery producers to build a major manufacturing plant locally. 211

In addition to policies aimed at fostering local sourcing and manufacturing, several countries and jurisdictions – such as Australia, Canada, the EU, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Republic of Korea, the United Kingdom, the United States and Zambia – have established dialogues, memoranda of understanding and other policy agreements on the trade of critical minerals. 212 The EU set up a Minerals Security Partnership Forum to co-operate in the area of critical raw materials. 213 The EU also concluded a partnership with Namibia, which had signed a provisional agreement to supply rare earth minerals to the region. 214 Later in 2023, the EU signed two other strategic partnerships in the supply of critical raw materials with the DRC and Zambia. 215

Also during the year, China announced restrictions on the export of gallium and germanium as well as controls on the export of graphite, the largest electric vehicle battery component by weight. 216 In addition, China announced a ban of the export of rare earth extraction and separation technologies. 217 The Russian Federation introduced a temporary ban on the export of precious metal waste and scrap containing critical minerals. 218 In Africa, Ghana, Nigeria and Zimbabwe put in place bans on the export of certain raw minerals including lithium, and Namibia banned completely the export of unprocessed lithium and other critical minerals. 219

The renewable energy transition requires innovation and technological development. Patents in renewable energy technologies can be used to measure the leading countries and the pace of innovation. The speed of energy patents has decreased in recent years, for both fossil fuel and renewable energy technologies. 220 In 2023, 150 renewable energy patents were registered worldwide, well below the 4,603 in 2020 and the record high of 7,152 in 2010. 221 Just 6 countries held 97.2% of total renewable energy patents in 2023, a shift from the more diverse landscape in 2020, when 22 countries held 97.2% of patents. 222 Historically, China has led in patents for renewables, with 47% of the global total in 2022. 223 Completing the top six in 2023 were the Republic of Korea, the United States, Japan, Taiwan and Spain. 224

Investment in Manufacturing Capacity

Investment in manufacturing capacity for renewable energy technologies has expanded rapidly, driven by supportive policies, ambitious corporate strategies and consumer demand. 225 The global energy crisis following the Russian Federation's invasion of Ukraine created a further impetus to develop manufacturing capacity to strengthen energy security and diversify supply chains. 226

Several countries announced industrial policy initiativesto boost their domestic manufacturing sectors in 2023.

In China, investment in renewable energy manufacturing capacity has been supported by consistent policy signals in its successive Five-Year Plans coupled with a long-term industrial strategy focused on technology manufacturing. 227 In 2023, China accounted for 75% of global investment in manufacturing for renewables and enabling technologies, down from 85% in 2022. 228 Europe and the United States decreased their investment shares, falling from 10% in 2022 to 9% in 2023, while other Asian countries (Japan, India, the Republic of Korea and countries in South-East Asia) increased their combined investment share from 4.3% to 16%. 229 (See Figure 4.)

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FIGURE 4.Investment in Manufacturing of Renewable Energy and Enabling Technologies, by Type and Region, 2022 and 2023

FIGURE 4.

Note: Rest of Asia comprises India, Japan, the Republic of Korea and South-East Asia.
Note: Others compromises wind energy, heat pumps and electrolysers.

Source: See endnote 229 for this module.

In the United States, the IRA began to have a marked impact on investment in 2023, including in manufacturing capacity. Between August 2022 and March 2023, major manufacturers of electric vehicles and batteries announced USD 52 billion in forthcoming investments. 230 In the EU, there were early signs of increased investment in manufacturing capacity thanks in part to the Net-Zero Industry Act of March 2023. 231 In India, the Production Linked Incentive entered its second phase in late 2022, increasing incentives for domestic manufacturing of solar PV modules to USD 2.4 billion, up from USD 600 million in the first phase. 232 Australia, Canada and the Republic of Korea also began offering public support for renewable energy technology and battery manufacturing during the year, which is expected to spur further investment. 233

In the 2022 update to its National Determined Contribution (NDC) iii under the Paris Agreement, Australia announced investments of up to USD 2 billion (AUD 3 billion) from the new National Reconstruction Fund to support renewables manufacturing and the deployment of low emission technologies – broadening Australia's industrial base, bolstering regional economic development and boosting private investment in abatement. 234

The growth of manufacturing and deployment of renewables and other technologies related to the energy transition, also increased attention towards respecting human rights along these supply chains. 235 (See Sidebar 1.)

Sidebar 1. Protecting Human Rights in the Energy Transition

The global shift to renewable energy presents significant opportunities for economic development and enhanced democratic governance. However, like any large-scale industrial activity, the renewable energy industry is not immune to human rights abuses along its value chain. From the extraction of the materials required for energy-related infrastructure such as copper or lithium, to the manufacturing and siting of renewable energy facilities, risks of human rights violations have emerged, including poor working conditions, child labour, forced displacement, and livelihood losses for local communities and especially Indigenous Peoples.

Decision makers in governments, international organisations and industry have increasingly taken action to address such risks. The “Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs)” developed by the United Nations in 2011 provided an international framework for responsible business practices and addressing human rights violations in supply chains. In September 2024, the UN Secretary-General's Panel on Critical Energy Transition Minerals released a series of principles and actionable recommendations relating to equity, transparency, investment, sustainability and human rights targeting the mining sector and specifically related to the energy transition.

In 2022, the United States enacted a law that bans US companies from importing products containing polysilicon fabricated in Xinjiang, China unless they can prove that no forced labour was involved in the production process, in response to accusations of forced labour of companies located in this area. In 2024, the EU adopted its Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CSDDD) mandating companies to take responsibility for ensuring that human rights are respected in their supply chains. In 2023, the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs of Germany initiated the Branchendialog Energiewirtschaft, a multi-stakeholder body (comprising companies, non-governmental organisations, associations, and unions) aimed at supporting companies to identify and address human rights violations risks in value chains.

In 2022, Sierra Leone enacted legislation that formally integrates the principle of Free, Prior, and Informed Consent (FPIC) into national law. This principle guarantees that Indigenous Peoples and local communities have the right to approve or reject projects affecting their lands, ensuring that industrial developments do not proceed without the effective consent of those who are most impacted.

Non-governmental organisations have drawn attention to the importance of guaranteeing human rights along the value chain in the renewable energy sector. For example, the Business and Human Rights Resource Centre (BHRRC) produces its annual Renewable Energy & Human Rights Benchmark report on assessing the human rights practices of companies in the renewable energy value chain, as well as an Investor Toolkit that aims to guide investors in the energy sector on integrating human rights considerations into decision-making processes.

The renewable energy industry itself is taking steps to address these risks. The Solar Stewardship Initiative (SSI) has established a sustainability framework for solar PV products to ensure that they are sourced and produced in line with internationally recognised labour, environmental and human rights standards. The SSI launched an Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) standard in 2023, and in 2024 it opened a traceability standard for public consultation.

The Hydropower Sustainability Standard looks at the environmental, social and governance performance of hydropower projects. In 2023, the first certification was awarded to Sebzor hydropower project in Tajikistan, and three other projects were also certified. Also that year, the Hydropower Sustainability Alliance became the multi-stakeholder, independent body that oversees the HS Certification System.

In 2023, the Global Battery Alliance launched a proof-of-concept of the “battery passport”. When fully operational, the passport will consist of a digital document that tracks key data such as a battery's carbon footprint, material sourcing, production emissions, and compliance with labour and environmental standards.

In the mining sector, initiatives such as the multi-stakeholder organisation Responsible Mining Assurance (IRMA) play a crucial role in ensuring respect for human rights and environmental standards. In December 2023, during the UN Climate Change Conference in Dubai(COP 28), a variety of groups – including non-governmental organisations, industry players and multi-stakeholder organisations – co-signed a call to action for transparency in the renewable energy sector, including principles for good governance and respect for human rights.

Source: See endnote 235 for this module.

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Renewable Energy Employment

Employment in the renewable energy sector reached a new record of 16.2 million direct and indirect jobs in 2023, an increase from 13.7 million in 2022. 236 During the period 2019-2022, employment in the renewable energy sector grew roughly 15%, whereas jobs related to fossil fuels fell around 4%. 237

By renewable energy technology, the number of employees in solar energy increased the fastest worldwide, rising a record 45% from 4.9 million in 2022 to 7.1 million in 2023. 238 This growth, led mainly by China (See Figure 5., resulted in the solar PV workforce being the largest among the renewable technologies in 2023, followed by liquid biofuels (2.8 million jobs) and hydropower (2.32 million). 239 Wind energy had the fourth largest number of employees among renewable energy technologies, at 1.46 million in 2023, but growth was very low compared to the previous year. 240

Regionally, Asia continued to host 65% of the renewable energy labour force in 2023. 241 China had by far the highest number of employees in the sector – rising from 5.6 million in 2022 to 7.3 million in 2023 – accounting for 45% of all jobs in renewables worldwide. 242 China's success in the sector and in building an integrated renewable energy supply chain is due mainly to the provision of infrastructure and to industrial policy, as well as low labour costs. 243 By region and technology, Asia was home to most of the jobs in solar PV (77%) in 2023, followed by Europe (10.7%) and the Americas (8.6%).244 Asia also led in wind power employment (59%), followed by Europe (22%), the Americas (17.6%) and Africa and Oceania (1.4%). 245

The increase in jobs in renewables also has been fostered by policy measures, as countries have increasingly adopted industrial policies to boost domestic job creation in the sector. In the United States, the IRA is estimated to have created in its first year around 100,000 renewable energy jobs across the country, 60% of them in the renewables manufacturing sector. 246 The EU's Net-Zero Industry Act, proposed as part of the European Green Deal, will likely boost renewable energy employment in the region by fostering a sustainable industrial base and prioritising local production. 247 In Australia, the Queensland Energy and Jobs Plan was updated in 2023 to include new training centres for workers in government-owned power plants and allocates USD 100 million (AUD 150 million) for Job Security Guarantee. 248

To ensure not only the quantity but also the quality of renewable energy jobs, specific political measures, as well as engagement with communities and labour unions, are required. 249 The quality of jobs includes ensuring adequate salaries, high standards of occupational safety and health, protection of workers' rights, provision of social protection, and permanent rather than temporary jobs. 250

So far, policies for employment in the energy sector have tended to be gender blind. 251 In 2021 (latest data available), 32% of employees in the renewable energy sector were women, with a higher share of 40% in the solar industry. 252 As of January 2023, women held 11% of ministerial roles in energy sectors across 190 countries. 253 Additionally, there is a gender pay gap in the energy sector, with women's salaries 20% lower than those of men in the same position. 254 Given these numbers, gender-specific challenges in the energy field persist. 255

FIGURE 5.Global Renewable Energy Employment, by Technology and Region, 2023

FIGURE 5.

Source: See endnote 239 for this module.

Against this backdrop, in 2023 some governments were offering equality and diversity programmes. The US Department of Energy launched the 2023 Equity Action Plan for advancing equity and equal opportunities for all in the energy sector. 256 The US Agency for International Development also launched an initiative on “Growing Green Jobs for Women” in the energy sector in Nigeria. 257 In Africa, the Women for Green Jobs Platform supports job placement for women in Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Sierra Leone and Uganda. 258 Also during the year, South Africa put in place a nine-month training programme, the Management Development Program for Women in Renewable Energy. 259

Education and Reskilling

In general, growth in renewable energy demand has been faster than the growth in the skilled labour force in sectors relevant to the energy transition, such as manufacturing, installation, and scientific and technical activities, as well as in reskilling options for workers in fossil fuel industries who may lose their jobs. A growing global shortage of qualified labour was already apparent in the renewables sector between 2010 and 2023. 260 Subsequently, some companies in the sector have suffered from a labour shortage, particularly during the construction and manufacturing phases. 261 Many renewable energy projects rely heavily on construction personnel, such as for the installation of solar panels. 262

It is expected that more than half of the job losses associated with fossil fuels between 2022 and 2030 could be transferred to other sectors through retraining and qualification. 263 For some professions, it may be relatively easy to reskill a person working in the fossil fuel sector for a job in the renewable energy field. 264 However, in some segments, such as coal mining, it is more challenging to reskill workers for a renewable energy job. 265 Moreover, new employment opportunities in renewable energy will not necessarily be in the same locations as fossil fuel jobs. Therefore, those who gain jobs in the renewables sector will often not be the same ones who lose their positions in the fossil fuel sector.

To address the needs of the workforce shift for the energy transition, a variety of governments, businesses, industry associations and other stakeholders have initiated educational and skills training programmes. 266

In 2023, the EU took strong steps in key energy industries such as wind energy, batteries and heat pumps. 267 As part of the proposed Net-Zero Industry Act, the EU is setting up Net-Zero Academies for reskilling and upskilling selected industries, including the renewable energy sector. 268 In early 2024, the European Commission also developed an action plan for mitigating skills shortages among 42 sectors of the economy, including energy-related jobs (electrical engineers, electrical engineering technicians, building and related electricians, electrical mechanics and fitters, environmental engineers) in energy-related sectors (energy industries including batteries, heat pumps and wind power). 269

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India has initiated exchange programmes with the United States and other countries to tailor training curricula for its domestic renewable energy industry workforce. 270 The Australian government is also building a renewable energy workforce; this includes convening a Jobs and Skills Summit and commissioning Jobs and Skills Australia to conduct a capacity study of the workforce needed for a renewable energy transition. 271 In addition to governments, some companies have sought to (re)train workers to qualify them for jobs in the renewable energy sector. 272 (See Snapshot: South Africa. )

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The United Kingdom announced USD 6.54 million (GBP 5 million) in Heat Training Grants to support training in low-carbon heating, which are expected to support around 10,000 training opportunities in England for technicians to become certified heat pump installers. 273 During the period from April 2023 to March 2025, the grants will help to deliver accredited skills training and support to installers across the energy efficiency and heat pump sectors. 274

Within higher education, the proportion of degree programmes focused on renewable energy at public universities rose from 16% in 1999 to 34% in 2019 (and at private universities to 39%); however, there is still a large imbalance compared to fossil fuel-focused training: in 2019, 68% of energy degrees focused on fossil fuels, while only 32% concentrated on renewables. 275 To address this issue, Cameroon set up renewable energy departments at 11 state universities in 2023, aiming to generate jobs and accelerate the realisation of the Sustainable Development Goals. 276

Snapshot. South Africa

Transforming Komati Coal Power Plant into a Renewable Energy Hub

At the end of 2022, the Komati coal-fired power plant in Mpumalanga, South Africa, was shut down after decades of operation. The owner company Eskom has developed a Just Energy Transition (JET) Strategy to achieve both converting the power station to run on renewable energy and doing so in a just manner. The plan is to have a renewable power generation site supplied with 150 MW of solar PV power, 70 MW of wind power and 150 MW of battery storage capacity.

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Transforming Komati Coal Power Plant into a Renewable Energy Hub

At the end of 2022, the Komati coal-fired power plant in Mpumalanga, South Africa, was shut down after decades of operation. The owner company Eskom has developed a Just Energy Transition (JET) Strategy to achieve both converting the power station to run on renewable energy and doing so in a just manner. The plan is to have a renewable power generation site supplied with 150 MW of solar PV power, 70 MW of wind power and 150 MW of battery storage capacity.

To facilitate the transition project, the World Bank approved a concessional loan of USD 497 million, which is divided into three areas: USD 33.5 million for decommissioning the power plant; USD 416 million for repurposing with solar, wind, batteries and a synchronous condenser; and USD 47.5 million for minimising adverse socio-economic impacts due to the shutdown and creating new opportunities for the community.

Prior to the closure, Eskom conducted a socio-economic impact study and engaged with employees, labour unions, and the community, but it has been criticised for engaging in this process at a very late stage of advancement of the project.

A training facility has been set up with the aim of reskilling and upskilling Eskom employees as well as members of the community with the necessary knowledge in the field of renewable energy. The Komati training facility intends to create employment opportunities for workers in the coal mining industry and for young people living in the coal mining areas. The training facility was developed in co-operation with the Global Energy Alliance for People and Planet (GEAPP) and the South African Renewable Energy Technology Centre (SARETEC). As part of the Cape Peninsula University of Technology, SARETEC is the first national technology centre for renewable energy in South Africa and supports the energy transition with specialised and accredited training. However, progress on the project has been hampered by delays in funding since the decommissioning.

Source: See endnote 272 for this module.

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Footnotes

i Growth in renewables and enabling technologies considers investment in renewable energy capacity, investment in renewable energy manufacturing, heat pump sales and electric vehicle, fuel cell, and charging infrastructure sales.

ii Clean energy technologies are defined in the context of the Net-Zero Industry Act as solar PV and solar thermal, electrolysers and fuel cells, sustainable biogas/ biomethane, onshore wind and offshore renewable technologies, battery/storage technologies, heat pumps and geothermal energy, grid technologies, biogas, carbon capture and storage, and some nuclear technologies.

iii The Paris Agreement requires each country to develop, submit, and update its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), which outline their plans to reduce emissions and adapt to climate change impacts. NDCs reflect each nation's commitment to mitigating climate change.

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