REN21 RESEARCH DIRECTION TEAM

SPECIAL ADVISORS

CHAPTER AUTHORS

RESEARCH AND PROJECT SUPPORT (REN21 SECRETARIAT)

COMMUNICATIONs SUPPORT (REN21 SECRETARIAT)

EDITING, DESIGN AND LAYOUT

PRODUCTION

SIDEBAR AND BOX AUTHORS

REGIONAL CONTRIBUTORS

Note: Some individuals have contributed in more than one way to this report. To avoid listing contributors multiple times, they have been added to the group where they provided the most information. In most cases, the lead country, regional and topical contributors also participated in the Global Status Report (GSR) review and validation process.

LEAD COUNTRY CONTRIBUTORS

LEAD TOPICAL CONTRIBUTORS

PEER REVIEWERS AND OTHER CONTRIBUTORS

Jordi Abadal (Inter-American Development Bank – IDB); Mussa Abbasi Mussa (Tanzanian Ministry of Energy); Mohammed Abdalghafoor (Arab Academy for Science, Technology & Maritime Transport); Maisarah Abdul Kadir (IRENA); Abiodun Abiola (University of Rovira I Virgili); Mahmoud Abou Elenen (General Electric); Hassan Aboughalma (Geo Environmental Renewables Consulting – Georenco); Michael Abrokwaa (Netherlands Development Organisation – SNV); Cleophas Achisa (Moi University); Rob Ackrill (Nottingham Trent University); Richardson Adesuyi (Centre for Petroleum, Energy Economics and Law, University of Ibadan); Ayooluwa Adewole (University College London); Samuel Adunreke (Innovea Hubs and Innovea Development Foundation); Rodrigo Affonso (ASENGE Engenharia); Sanchit Saran Agarwal (Indian Institute of Technology – IIT Roorkee); Florencia Agatiello (Greenmap); Mohammad Ahmad (National Biotechnology Development Agency Nigeria); Shoaib Ahmed Khatri (Mehran University of Engineering and Technology); Chinenye Ajayi (Olaniwun Ajayi LP); Gamze Akarsu (United Nations Development Programme – UNDP); Omar Al Sherif (Rural and Renewable Energy Agency); David Albertani (R20 Regions of Climate Action); Donee Alexander (Clean Cooking Alliance); Rind Alhage (SDG7 Youth Constituency); Mujtaba Ali (University of Lahore); Nevin Alija (Galp Gás Natural Distribuição); Ali Almarhoun (King Abdullah University of Science and Technology); Sami Alnabulsi (Alnabulsi Co.); Abdullah Al-Najdawi (EDAMA Association); Mohammad Alnajideen (Cardiff University); Bara’Ah Alsardi (Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources of Jordan); Anne Amanda Bangasser (Treehouse Investments LLC); Carolyn Amon (Deloitte); Camille André (UN GGKP); Hary Andriantavy (African Association for Rural Electrification); Katazina Andrukonyte (Elomatic Ltd); Abdul Arif (independent consultant); Charles Arthur (UNIDO); Eros Artuso (Terra Consult Sarl); Natali Asfour (EDAMA Association); Mohamed Atef Kamel (Johnson Controls); Diana Athamneh (EDAMA Association); Patrick Atouda Beyala (SOAS University of London); Faten Attig Bahar (National Engineering School of Tunis Enit); Ayotunde Awosusi (Institute for the Development of Energy for Africa); Shakila Aziz (United International University); Abdelkader Baccouche (National Agency for Energy Conservation Tunisia – ANME); Miriam Badino (independent consultant); Rajendra Bahadur Adhikari (Rural Area Development Programme); As Bahaj (University of Southampton); Sarah M. Baird (Let There Be Light International); Firas Balasmeh (FB Group); Pepukaye Bardouille (International Finance Corporation – IFC); Ahmad Bassam (Jordan Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Fund – JREEEF); Emma Baz (independent consultant); Martin Behar Kölln (Congress of Deputies of Spain); Pablo Benalcazar (Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences); Jean-Philippe Bernier (Natural Resources Canada); Sunil Bhatnagar (Sanvaru Technology Ltd.); Amit Bhatt (WRI India); Faiz Bhutta (independent consultant); Djibrine Bichara (independent consultant); Azhan Bin Hasan (Turner & Townsend LLC Qatar and Qatar Rail); Sara P. Biscaia (JGH-Group); Bojan Bogdanovic (European Bank for Reconstruction and Development – EBRD); Rina Bohle Zeller (Vestas); Alix Bolle (Energy Cities); David Bourguignon (Association les Energiques); Salim Bouziri (Goldbeck Solar GmbH); Alan Bravo (IHS Markit); William Brent (Husk Power Systems); Nelson Bunyui Manjong (Norwegian University of Science and Technology); Bernardo Joel Carrillo Castillo (independent consultant); Carlos Fernando Casillo Lara (C&C Sur Servicios Generales y Proyectos SAC); Gabriele Cassetti (Energy Engineering Economic and Environment System Modeling and Analysis – E4SMA); Julio Cesar Duran (Argentine National Atomic Energy Commission – CNEA); Joan Chahenza (AMDA); Dipal Chandra Barua (Bright Green Energy Foundation); Chia-Wei Chao (Taiwan Environment and Planning Association); Tamojit Chatterjee (SEforALL); Sanogo Cheick Ahmed (independent consultant); Xixi Chen (WRI); Robson Chikuri (Engineering Council of Zimbabwe); Sacur Chipire (Conselho Municipal Que Riman); Zvirevo Chisadza (Zola Electric); Chuck Chuan Ng (Xiamen University Malaysia); Joy Clancy (University of Twente); David Clark (Kinetic Energy Generation Systems); Lanvin Concessao (WRI); Evaldo Costa (Iscte-University Institute of Lisbon-Dinâmia’Cet); Trevor Criswell (IEA); Penelope Crossley (University of Sydney Law School); Yerlan Dairbekov (UNDP and Global Environment Facility); Emil Damgaard Grann (Ørsted); Alekhya Datta (KPMG India); Manuel De Araújo (Quelimane Municipality Council); Emilio Deagosto (Catholic University of Uruguay); Christopher Dent (Edge Hill University); Ashish Dhankhar (GIZ); Nicolas Di Sbroiavacca (Fundación Bariloche); Mamadou Diarra (energy consultant); Abdou Diop (Senegalese Agency for Rural Electrification – ASER); Patrick Raoul Djakpou Ngansop (World Trade Marketing Agency); Kamal Djemouai (independent consultant); Viktória Döme (Hong Kong University of Science and Technology); Anna Dominique Ortiz (ICLEI South Asia); Paul Dowling (independent consultant); Serife E Can Sener (Clemson University); Williams Ebhota (Durban University of Technology); Mariam El Forgani (GECOL Company); Noor Eldin Alkiswani (EDAMA Association); James Ellis (BloombergNEF); Elgeneid Elqurashi (Navitas Engineering & Contracting Energy Solutions); Antony Philip Emenyu (Kasese Municipal Council); Myagmardorj Enkhmend (Mongolian Renewables Industries Association); Yasemin Erboy Ruff (CLASP); Ricardo Esparta (University of São Paulo); Anibal Espinoza (independent consultant); Ashkan Etemad (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Iran); Ammar Ewis (University of Prince Edward Island Cairo Campus); Jinlei Feng (IRENA); David Ferrari (independent consultant); Robert Fischer (Luleå University of Technology); Benjemar-Hope Flores (Seoul National University of Science and Technology); Giulia Forgnone (Euroheat & Power); Mindy Fox (Solar Cookers International); Rafael Francisco Marques (Absolar); Uwe R. Fritsche (International Institute for Sustainability Analysis and Strategy – IINAS); Joseph Gabut (Papua New Guinea National Energy Authority); Ahmed Gaidoum (National Center for Research Sudan); Maysa Gaidoum (National Center for Research Sudan); Ahmed Garba Ahmed (PV Renewable Energy Hub Nigeria); Daniel Garcia (Fabricantes Mexicanos en las Energías Renovables A.C – FAMERAC); Fabio García (Latin American Energy Organization – OLADE); Anna Geddes (International Institute for Sustainable Development – IISD); William Gillett (European Academies Science Advisory Council); Nidia Grajales (Enegence); Amy Gray (Stand.Earth); Chris Greacen (Living Island Institute); Christine Gruening (Frankfurt School); Flávia Guerra (United Nations University Institute for Environment and Human Security); Kushal Gurung (Windpower Nepal); Marion Haas (independent consultant); Siena Hacker (CLASP); Brad Haevner (California Solar & Storage Association); Ahmed Hamza Ali (Assiut University); Rasmi Hamzeh (JREEEF); Sandra Hanni (International Chamber of Commerce); Azhan Hasan (Turner & Townsend LLC Qatar and MECC Qatar); Ahmed Hassan (independent consultant); Hazel Henderson (Ethical Markets Media Certified B. Corp.); Nelson Hernández (Academia Nacional de la Ingeniería y el Hábitat); Gabriela Hernández-Luna (Autonomous University of the State of Morelos – UAEM); Gunnar Herzig (World Forum Offshore Wind); Rainer Hinrichs-Rahlwes (European Renewable Energies Federation); Lars Holländer (UNITY Consulting & Innovation); Christian Holter (The Innovative Solution for Heat and Cold – SOLID); Catharina Horn (NOW GmbH); Abdulwahab Ibrahim (University of Ilorin); Suleiman Ibrahim Abubakar (Energy Institute); Syed Ishtiaque Ahmed (MESOLshare Pvt. Limited); Ali Izadi-Najafabadi (BloombergNEF); Julien Jacquot (Group for the Environment Renewable Energy and Solidarity – Geres); Arnulf Jäger-Waldau (Joint Research Centre of the European Commission); Alok Jain (Trans-Consult); Mangesh Jaiswal (Columbia University); Danielle Johann (ABRASOL); Sammy Jamar Chemengich (Alexandria University); Akshay Jamdade (Central European University); Arne Georg Janssen (Cities Alliance); Jakob Jensen Frandsen (Heliac); Anita Jerotich Chebii (UNEP); Injy Johnstone (Victoria University of Wellington); Wim Jonker Klunne (Shell Foundation); Ifeanyi Jude Nwaegbe (University of Nigeria Nsukka); Jozsef Kadar (Arava Institute for Environmental Studies); Elvis Kadhama (Trust Energy Africa Limited); Lisa Kahuthu (CLASP); Kajol (WRI); Yusuke Kanda (Toshiba Energy Systems and Solutions Co.); Chisakula Kaputu (Sustainable Energy & Environment Ltd); Panayiotis Kastanias (Ομοσπονδία Εργοδοτών & Βιομηχάνων – OEB); Kamil Kaygusuz (Karadeniz Technical University); Sjef Ketelars (GOGLA); Mohamedahmed Khalifa (Omdurman Islamic University); Amr Khan (independent consultant); Nazar Khan (Jamia Millia Islamia University); Varun Khanna (Clean Energy 4 Africa); Shannon Keir (WGBC); Siir Kilkis (Scientific and Technological Research Institution of Turkey – TÜBITAK); Birol Kilkis (Ostim Technical University); Ånund Killingtveit (Norwegian University of Science and Technology); Hwajin Kim (UNITAR CIFAL Jeju); Ferenc Kis (Central European University); Innocent Kisanga (Solar Homes); Florian Kitt (Asian Development Bank – ADB); Anvar Kiyamov (Moscow State Institute of International Relations – MGIMO University); Shigeki Kobayashi (Tritent International Corp – TICJ); Michael Koenig (Frankfurt School); Andriy Konechenkov (Ukrainian Wind Energy Association); Maria Kottari (The Energy Matric Policy Consultancy); Felix Kriedemann (Solar Heat Europe); Deepak Kumar (Amity University Uttar Pradesh); Manashvi Kumar (independent consultant); Praveen Kumar Chintakayala (OSAEDA); Manoj Kumar Singh (independent consultant); Yogesh Kumar Singh (independent consultant); Diljeet Kumar Suthar (Pakistan Engineering Council); Bharadwaj Kummamuru (World Bioenergy Association); Maryse Labriet (Eneris Consultants); Elisa Lai (CLASP); Ferdinand Larona (GIZ); Andrew Lawrence (Wits School of Governance); Denis Lenardic (Pvresources.Com); Stéfane Leny (Business France); Renata Leonhardt (University of Victoria); Debora Ley (United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean – ECLAC); Andrea Liesen (German Solar Industry Association – BSW Solar); Jiang Lin (University of California at Berkeley); Christine Lins (Global Women’s Network for the Energy Transition – GWNET); Nkweauseh Reginald Longfor (Sophia University); Naud Loomans (Eindhoven University of Technology); Alvaro Lopez-Peña (Alp-Sustainable Energy); Juergen Lorenz (ENPOWER Inc.); Juan Roberto Lozano-Maya (Emerging Leaders in Environmental and Energy Policy – ELEEP Network); Katrine Maria Lumbye (Copenhagen Business School); Ene Sandra Macharm (GIZ); Mohamad Mahgoub Hamid (StraConsult); Mohammad Mahmodul Hasan (Christian Commission for Development Bangladesh); Jaideep Malaviya (independent consultant); Takunda Mambo (Pegasys); Rashed Manna (EDAMA Association); Ana Marques Leandro (independent consultant); Celia Martinez (UNEP); Lionel Mbanda (North China Electric Power University); Prakhar Mehta (Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg); Nezha Mejjad (Hassan II University); Molly Melhuish (Sustainable Energy Forum); Jonathan Mhango (FCCA Finance and Investments); Nik Midlam (independent consultant); Nyasha Milanzi (Ashesi University); Alan Miller (University of Maryland); Anurag Mishra (US Agency for International Development – USAID); Emi Mizuno (SEforALL); Ruben Mnatsakanian (Central European University); Lina Mobaideen (JREEEF); Fihiima Mohamed Hassan (independent consultant); Lawal Mohammed (independent consultant); Sunil Mohan Sinha (GAES India); Juan Molina-Castro (Colombia Inteligente); Ismael Morales López (Fundación Renovables); Monika Mörsch (Regionalwerke Baden); Saurabh Motiwala (IIT Bombay); Nicolas Mottis (Ecole Polytechnique); Mweetwa Mundia Sikamikami (Bitpop Engineering); Kruti Munot (GIZ); Pamela Murphy (IEA Solar Heating and Cooling – SHC); Abubakar Musa Magaga (Nigerian Institute of Transport Technology); Federico Musazzi (ANIMA Italy); Justine Mwanje (Uganda Forestry Association); Oleksii Mykhailenko (Clean Energy Lab); Tanmay Nag (PricewaterhouseCoopers); Ali Naghdbishi (Islamic Azad University Iran); Ashlin Naidoo (City of Cape Town); Paul Nduhuura (United Nations University ViE); Priscilla Negreiros (Climate Policy Initiative); Jean De Dieu Nguimfack Ndongmo (University of Bamenda HTTTC Bambili); Daya Nhuchhen (Government of Northwest Territories); Robert Nichols (The Changing Climate); Marjan Nikolov (Center for Economic Analyses); Diana Caroline Njama (Climate Tracker); Catherine Njuguna (Power for All); Chimaobi Nna (GIZ); Syukri M. Nur (Darma Persada University); Jesse Nyokabi (Quaise Energy); Solomon Ojoawo (Axxela Limited); Tomas Olejniczak (IEA SHC); Martina Otto (UNEP); Loveth Ovedje (Westfield Energy Resources Limited); Sem Oxenaar (Rescoop.eu); Anil Pahwa (Kansas State University); Juan Paredes (IDB); Fabio Passaro (Climate Bonds Initiative); Tomasz Pawelec (UNIDO); Lebeau Pemha Thina (Association Internationale Pour le Partenariat et l'émergence en Afrique – AIPEA); Lisa Pereira (ExO Insight); Kristian Petrick (Airborne Wind Europe); Elke Pfeiffer (UN Net Zero Asset Owner Alliance); Tran Phuong Dong (independent consultant); Frédéric Pinglot (Schneider Electric); Jean-Daniel Pitteloud (WWEA); Juan Plá (Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología); Alessandro Polito (European Union); Pascual Polo (Associacion Solar de la Industria Termica – ASIT); Edwige Porcheyre (Enerplan); Joana Portugal-Pereira (Instituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Engenharia – COPPE/UFRJ); Ritesh Pothan (Dronebase); Luka Powanga (Regis University and Energy Africa Conference); Liliana Proskuryakova (Higher School of Economics – HSE University); Pep Puigiboix (Eurosolar Spain); Pallav Purohit (International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis); Gerardo Rabinovich (Instituto Argentino de la Energia); Nariman Rahmanov (Cleaner Production and Energy Efficiency Center); Nizomiddin Rahmanov (Sanoat Qurilish Bank); Swasti Raizada (IISD); Manivannan Rajan (Comtec Management Consultants); Christian Rakos (World Bioenergy Association); Daya Ram Nhuchhen (Government of Northwest Territories); Bard Rama (Alfred Wegener Institute); Thomas Ramschak (AEE INTEC); Robert Rapier (Proteum Energy); Mohanad Rashed (Renewable Energy Engineering Consultants – RE2); Atul Raturi (University of the South Pacific); Kandasamy Ravikumar (Mahatma Gandhi Institute for Rural Industrialization Wardha); Shayan Razaghy (Circuit Energy Inc.); Sue Reed (Nadder Community Energy England); Ari Reeves (CLASP); Madan B. Regmi (United Nations); Janeita Reid (independent consultant); S. Reid (City of Cape Town); Patricia Reyes-Catalan (International Renewable Resources Institute Mexico); Oliver Reynolds (GOGLA); Maria Riabova (Moscow State Institute of International Relations – MGIMO University); Christoph Richter (SolarPACES); Wilson Rickerson (Converge Strategies LLC); Eleazar Rivera (ASHRAE Monterrey); Luis Rodrîguez (UNDP); Ingrid Rohrer (SEforALL); Angela Rojas (University of Melbourne); F. Rosillo-Calle (Imperial College London); Heather Rosmarin (Renewables 100 Policy Institute); Matthew Russen (Klynveld Peat Marwick Goerdeler – KPMG UK); Philip L. Russell (Mexico Energy News); Jack Saddler (University of British Columbia); Khalid Salmi (RCREEE); Hussein Samra (Lebanese Center for Energy Conservation); Artashes Sargsyan (Ecoteam Energy and Environment Consulting); Christian A. Sarikie (Enda Solar); Missree Satish Vachhani (Schneider Electric); Dirk Uwe Sauer (Rwth Aachen University); Johannes Schmidl (Austrian Renewable Energy Association); Beatrix Schmuelling (United Arab Emirates Ministry of Climate Change and Environment); Janusz Staroscik (Association of Heating Appliances Manufacturers and Importers in Poland – SPIUG); Heleen Schockaert (REScoop.eu); Nicole Schrön (German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate); Carlos Segarra González (independent consultant); Pooja Shah (DNV); Ali Shahhoseini (Qazvin Islamic Azad University); Ailly Sheehama (Clean Energy 4 Arica); Hadia Sheerazi (Center on Global Energy Policy, Columbia University School of International and Public Affairs); Rakesh Shejwal (UNEP); Fares Shmayssani (independent consultant); Henry Shongwe (independent consultant); Wilson Sierra (Universidad de la República); Pablo Silva Ortiz (Universidade Estadual de Campinas – UNICAMP); Nilmini Silva-Send (Energy Policy Initiatives Center ); Harpreet Singh (ICLEI South Asia); George Sizoomu (independent consultant); Scott Sklar (Environment & Energy Management Institute, George Washington University); Irene Skoula (C40); Kamil Sobczak (independent consultant); Emilio Soberón Bravo (University of Edinburgh); Karla Solis (United Nations); Evgeny Solomin (South Ural State University); Laiz Souto (University of Bristol); Frank Spencer (Busvheld Energy); Deepak Sriram Krishnan (WRI India); Karoline Steinbacher (Guidehouse); William Steiner (Hawaii Oil Seed Producers); José Alberto Stella (Universidad Tecnológica Nacional); Adrian Stone (City of Cape Town); Costanza Strinati (Climate Policy Initiative); Juliana Subtil Lacerda (independent consultant); Paul Suding (Elsud); Andrii Sukhoriabov (Synergy); Siddhesh Suresh Kotavadekar (independent consultant); Karen Surridge (South African National Energy Development Institute); Satrio Swandiko Prillianto (GIZ); Peter Sweatman (Climate Strategy & Partners); Cecilia Tam (OECD); Costas Travasaros (Hellenic Federation of Solar Industries – EBHE); Yann Tanvez (IFC); Kadir Tas (Kadir Taş Marketing Consultancy); Johannes Technau (independent consultant); Faruk Telemcioglu (Energy Cities Association); George Theuri (Practical Action); Richard Thonig (Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies Potsdam); Ye Thu Win (Myanmar Eco Solutions); Don Thurston (independent consultant); Ahmed Tidiane Diallo (Mano River Union); Diocelina Toledo (Autonomous University of Mexico State); Diocelina Toledo Vazquez (Center for Research in Engineering and Sciences); Tanguy Tomes (independent consultant); Charity L. Torregosa (ADB); Megan Tran (Student Energy); Christian Cyrille Tsombou Kinfak (Ministry of Public Contracts of Cameroon); Dhiti Tulyatid (Coordinating Committee for Geoscience Programmes – CCOP); Kutay Ulke (Bural Solar); Prachi Ugle (ESWD 2021 European Wide Initiative); Rodrigo Valdovinos (Institute of the Environment – IDMA Chile); Robert Van Der Plas (Erjee Consulting); Tineke Van Der Schoor (Hanze University of Applied Sciences Groningen); Daniel Van Mosnenck (Belobog Research Corporation); Tran Van Quang (independent consultant); Laura Van Wie Mcgrory (WRI); Nancy Vandycke (World Bank Group); Csaba Vaszko (independent consultant); Roberto Velásquez (Facto Energy); Shardul Venegurkar (ICLEI South Asia); Vîctor Hugo Ventura (ECLAC); Walter Vergara (WRI); Ashish Verma (Adani Group); Ben Vickers (BloombergNEF); Arnaldo Vieira De Carvalho Jr (Esconsult International Inc); Patricia Villarroel Sáez (Regional Courts of Appeal Chile); Marcela Vincoletto Rezende (Comerc Energia); Anant Wadhwa (SEforALL); Toby Walker (InspiredPLC); Moritz Weigel (The China Africa Advisory); Ryan Wiser (LBNL); Jeremy Woods (Imperial College London); Josina Ximenes (EPE); Xuetong (ZS Oil Technology Company); Хузмиев Измаил (State Technological University); Hideo Yamamoto (ABeam Consulting Ltd); Peter Yang (Case Western Reserve University); Noureddine Yassaa (Commissariat aux Energies Renouvelables et à l'Efficacité Energétique – CEREFE); Valeria Zambianchi (University of Leuven); Mónica Zamora Zapata (Universidad de Chile); Yimin Zhang (NREL); Markus Zimmer (Allianz Research); Xia Zuzhang (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations)