List of Abbreviations

AC
Alternating current
ACER
Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators
AfDB
African Development Bank
AUD
Australian dollar
BEV
Battery electric vehicle
Bloomberg NEF
Bloomberg New Energy Finance
BRICS
Brazil, Russian Federation, India, China and South Africa
BRL
Brazilian real
CAD
Canadian dollar
CCA
Community choice aggregation
CHP
Combined heat and power
CNG
Compressed natural gas
CNY
Chinese yuan
CO2
Carbon dioxide
COP
Conference of the Parties
CSP
Concentrating solar thermal power
DC
Direct current
DFI
Development finance institution
DHC
District heating and cooling
DRE
Distributed renewable energy
DREA
Distributed renewables for energy access
EC
European Commission
EGS
Enhanced (or engineered) geothermal systems
EDFI
Association of bilateral European Development Finance Institutions
EIA
Environmental impact assessment
EJ
Exajoule
EMEC
European Marine Energy Centre
EPA
Environmental Protection Agency
ESCO
Energy service company
ESIA
Environmental and social impact assessment
EU
European Union (specifically the EU-28)
EUR
Euro
EV
Electric vehicle
FAME
Fatty acid methyl esters
FCEV
Fuel cell electric vehicle
FIT
Feed-in tariff
FS
Frankfurt School
FTA
Free trade agreement
G5
Group of Five
G20
Group of Twenty
GBP
British pound
GDP
Gross domestic product
GO
Guarantee of origin
GSR
Global Status Report
GW/GWh
Gigawatt/gigawatt-hour
GWth
Gigawatt-thermal
GWEC
Global Wind Energy Council
HEFA
Hydrotreated esters and fatty acids
HJT
Heterojunction cell technology
HVAC
Heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning
HVO
Hydrotreated vegetable oil
ICAO
International Civil Aviation Organization
ICE
Internal combustion engine
IDCOL
Infrastructure Development Company Limited
IEC
International Electrotechnical Commission
IEA
International Energy Agency
IEA PVPS
IEA Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme
IEA SHC
IEA Solar Heating and Cooling Programme
IFC
International Finance Corporation
IHA
International Hydropower Association
INR
Indian rupee
IPP
Independent power producer
ISCC
Integrated solar combined-cycle
IRENA
International Renewable Energy Agency
ITC
Investment Tax Credit
kgoe
Kilogram of oil equivalent
ktoe
Kilotonne of oil equivalent
kW/kWh
Kilowatt/kilowatt-hour
kWth
kilowatt-thermal
LBG
Liquefied biogas
LCOE
Levelised cost of energy (or electricity)
LNG
Liquefied natural gas
LPG
Liquefied petroleum gas
M&A
Mergers and acquisitions
m2
Square metre
m3
Cubic metre
MAD
Moroccan dirham
MENA
Middle East and North Africa
MJ
Megajoule
MSW
Municipal solid waste
Mtoe
Megatonne of oil equivalent
MW/MWh
Megawatt/megawatt-hour
MWth
Megawatt-thermal
MXN
Mexican peso
NDC
Nationally Determined Contribution
NIMBY
Not In My Back Yard
NOK
Norwegian krone
O&M
Operations and maintenance
OECD
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
OTEC
Ocean thermal energy conversion
P2G
Power-to-gas
PAYGo
Pay-as-you-go
PERC
Passivated Emitter Rear Cell
PHEV
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle
PJ
Petajoule
PLN
Polish złoty
PPA
Power purchase agreement
PPP
Purchasing power parity
PTC
Production Tax Credit
PV
Photovoltaic
QAR
Qatari rial
R&D
Research and development
REC
Renewable electricity certificate
RED
EU Renewable Energy Directive
RFS
US Renewable Fuel Standard
RNG
Renewable natural gas
RPS
Renewable portfolio standard
SDG
Sustainable Development Goal
SEK
Swedish krona
SHIP
Solar heat for industrial processes
SUV
Sport utility vehicle
TES
Thermal energy storage
TFC
Total final consumption
TFEC
Total final energy consumption
THB
Thai baht
Toe
Tonne of oil equivalent
TW/TWh
Terawatt/terawatt-hour
UN
United Nations
UNEP
United Nations Environment Programme
UNFCCC
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
UNHCR
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
USD
United States dollar
V2G
Vehicle-to-grid
VAT
Value-added tax
VC/PE
Venture capital and private equity
VNM
Virtual net metering
VRE
Variable renewable electricity
W/Wh
Watt/watt-hour
WTO
World Trade Organization
ZEV
Zero emission vehicle