Acknowledgements
This report was commissioned by REN21 and produced in collaboration with a global network of research partners. Financing was provided by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi) and UN Environment. A large share of the research for this report was conducted on a voluntary basis.
REN21 RESEARCH DIRECTION TEAM
Hannah E. Murdock
Duncan Gibb
Thomas André
SPECIAL ADVISORS
Janet L. Sawin (Sunna Research)
Rana Adib (REN21)
Adam Brown
Hugo Lucas (Institute for Energy Diversification and Saving, IDAE)
Data Advisor: Freyr Sverrisson (Sunna Research)
CHAPTER AUTHORS
Fabiani Appavou
Adam Brown
Bärbel Epp (solrico)
Duncan Gibb (REN21)
Bozhil Kondev
Angus McCrone (BloombergNEF – BNEF)
Hannah E. Murdock (REN21)
Evan Musolino
Lea Ranalder (REN21)
Janet L. Sawin (Sunna Research)
Kristin Seyboth (KMS Research and Consulting)
Jonathan Skeen (SOLA Future Energy)
Freyr Sverrisson (Sunna Research)
RESEARCH AND PROJECT SUPPORT (REN21 SECRETARIAT)
Linh H. Blanning, Jack Corscadden, Alyssa Fischer,
Flavia Guerra, Vibhushree Hamirwasia,
Eleonora N. Moro, Katharina Satzinger
COMMUNICATIONs SUPPORT (REN21 SECRETARIAT)
Laura E. Williamson
Caroline Boulay, Gabrielle Rousselle, Amelie Schmidt-Ott, Florencia Urbani
EDITING, DESIGN AND LAYOUT
Lisa Mastny, Editor
James Glave (Glave Communications), Editor
weeks.de Werbeagentur GmbH, Design
PRODUCTION
REN21 Secretariat, Paris, France
Note: Some individuals have contributed in more than one way to this report. To avoid listing contributors multiple times, they have been added to the group where they provided the most information. In most cases, the lead country, regional and topical contributors also participated in the Global Status Report (GSR) review and validation process.
SIDEBAR AUTHORS
Harold Anuta (International Renewable Energy Agency – IRENA)
Sandra Chavez (World Bank)
Zuzana Dobrotkova (World Bank)
Rabia Ferroukhi (IRENA)
Celia Garcia (IRENA)
Arslan Khalid (IRENA)
Pablo Ralon (IRENA)
Michael Renner (IRENA)
Michael Taylor (IRENA)
REGIONAL CONTRIBUTORS
Central and East Africa
Fabrice Fouodji Toche (VOESDA); Mark Hankins, Allan Kinuthia, Farhiya Tifow, Dorcas Wairimu (African Solar Designs)
Latin America and Caribbean
Gonzalo Bravo, Lucas Furlano (Fundación Bariloche)
Middle East and North Africa
Tarek Abdul Razek, Eman Adel, Akram Almohamadi (Regional Center for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency – RCREEE)
Southern Africa
Joseph Ngwawi (Southern African Research and Documentation Centre)
LEAD COUNTRY CONTRIBUTORS
Algeria
Samy Bouchaib (Centre de Développement des Energies Renouvelables)
Argentina
Gastón A. Turturro (Universidad de Buenos Aires)
Armenia
Anita Eisakhani
Australia
Mike Cochran (APAC Biofuel Consultants); Maryanne Coffey, Tom Parkinson (Clean Energy Council); Penelope Crossley (University of Sydney); Veryan Hann (University of Tasmania); Charlotte Rouse (Australian Renewable Energy Agency – ARENA)
Benin
Marie-Bénédicte Adjaho (Présidence de la République du Bénin)
Bolivia
Franklin Molina Ortiz (Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno)
Brazil
Suani Teixeira Coelho (University of São Paulo); Lucas Noura Guimaraes (Madrona Law); Javier Farago Escobar (John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Science, Harvard University); Renato Domith Godinho, João Genesio (Divisão de Recursos Energéticos Novos e Renováveis – Itamaraty); Jose Mauro Ferreira Coelho, Thiago Vasconcellos Barral Ferreira, Giovani Vitória Machado, Angela Oliveira da Costa (Empresa de Pesquisa Energética); Clarissa Lins (Catavento); Julio Cesar Maureira Silva (Federal Center for Technological Education of Minas Gerais – CEFET MG); Tauries Nakazawa (Casa dos Ventos); Camila Ramos (Clean Energy Latin Amercia)
Cameroon
Dudley Achu Sama (Valdasco)
Canada
Michael Paunescu (Natural Resources Canada); Geoffrey Stiles (Carbon Impact Consultants)
China
João Graça Gomes, Xu Huijin (Shanghai Jiaotong University); Frank Haugwitz (Asia Europe Clean Energy (Solar) Advisory Co. Ltd. – AECEA)
Chinese Taipei
Gloria Kuang-Jung Hsu (National Taiwan University)
Denmark
Ivan Komusanac (WindEurope)
Ecuador
Pablo Carvajal (University College London); Sebastián Espinoza (Instituto Nacional de Eficiencia Energética y Energías Renovables); Rafael Soria (Escuela Politécnica Nacional)
Egypt
Ahmed Hamza H. Ali (Assiut University); Assem Korayem (Solar Energy Development Association)
Eswatini
Sipho Dlamini (Renewable Energy Association of Swaziland)
Fiji
Atul Raturi (University of the South Pacific)
Finland
Farid Karimi (Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, University of Helsinki)
France
Romain Mauger (University of Groningen); Romain Zissler (Renewable Energy Institute)
Germany
Martin Bauschmann (Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum gGmbH); Vasco Brummer (Offenburg University); Roman Engelhardt, Sebastian Hermann (German Environment Agency – UBA); Sigrid Kusch-Brandt (University of Padua); Helena Uhde (Beijing Institute of Technology)
Ghana
Nana Asare Obeng-Darko (University of Eastern Finland)
Greece
Ioannis Tsipouridis (R.E.D. Pro)
Guatemala
Debora Ley (Latinoamérica Renovable)
Hungary
Csaba Vaszko
Iceland
María Guðmundsdóttir (National Energy Authority of Iceland)
India
Tabitha Benney (University of Utah); Sreenivas Chigullapalli (Indian Institute of Technology Bombay; Byrraju Foundation); Manisha Jain (Indira Gandhi Institute for Development Research); Pallav Purohit (International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis); Amit Saraogi (Oorja Development Solutions Limited); Manoj Kumar Singh (India Power Corporation Limited); Yogesh Kumar Singh (National Institute of Solar Energy); Daksha Vaja (Community Science Centre)
Indonesia
Chayun Budiono (PT Gerbang Multindo Nusantara)
Israel
Noam Segal (Israel Energy Forum)
Italy
Antonello Di Pardo (Gestore dei Servizi Energetici)
Japan
Robert Lindner (United Nations University, Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability); Hironao Matsubara (Institute for Sustainable Energy Policies)
Kenya
Anthony Chesang (Kenya Electricity Generating Company)
Kyrgyz Republic
Nurzat Abdyrasulova (Unison Group)
Libya
Mariam El Forgani (General Electricity Company of Libya)
Marshall Islands
Kamalesh Doshi (Simplify Energy Solutions)
Mexico
Genice Grande-Acosta (Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México); Gabriela Hernández-Luna (Centro de Investigación en Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos); Said Marin (ProyectoTerra); Philip Russell (Mexico Energy News)
Mongolia
Myagmardorj Enkhmend (Mongolian Renewables Industries Association)
Nigeria
Adedoyin Adeleke (International Support Network for African Development; Centre for Petroleum, Energy Economics and Law (CPEEL), University of Ibadan); Alexander Akolo (CPEEL, University of Ibadan); Norbert Edomah (Pan-Atlantic University); Osahon Lyalekhue (Community Research and Development Centre); Lawal Mohammed
Pakistan
Muhammad Haris Akram (Standing Committee on Scientific and Technological Cooperation, Organization of Islamic Cooperation); Hassaan Idrees (K-Electric); F H Mughal; Nabeel Tahir (National University of Sciences and Technology); Irfan Yousuf (Alternative Energy Development Board of Pakistan)
Philippines
Colin Steley (Total Solar)
Portugal
Madalena Lacerda, Susana Serôdio (Portuguese Renewable Energy Association – APREN)
Russian Federation
Nikolay Belyakov (Sibur)
South Africa
Andrew Lawrence (Wits School of Governance); Thembakazi Mali (SANEDI)
Spain
Concha Canovas (Fundación Renovables); Silvia Vera García, Marisa Olano Rey (IDAE)
Suriname
Jordi Abadal Colomina (Inter-American Development Bank)
Togo
Stefan Salow (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit – GIZ); Dosse Sossouga (Amis des Etrangers au Togo)
Turkey
Tülin Keskin; Yael Taranto (SHURA Energy Transition Center)
Ukraine
Galyna Trypolska (Institute for Economics and Forecasting, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine)
Uruguay
Secretary of Energy – Ministry of Industry, Energy and Mining (Uruguay)
Uzbekistan
Nizomiddin Rakhmanov (Tashkent State Technical University)
Zimbabwe
Zvirevo Chisadza (SolarEyes International)
LEAD TOPICAL CONTRIBUTORS
Bioenergy
João Graça Gomes (Shanghai Jiaotong University); Panagiotis Pragkos (E3 Modelling)
Cities
Henner Busch, Teis Hansen (Lund University); Toby Couture (E3 Analytics); Anna Leidreiter (World Future Council); Martina Otto (UN Environment)
Concentrating Solar Thermal Power
Luis Crespo Rodríguez (European Solar Thermal Electricity Association); David Walwyn (University of Pretoria)
Digitalisation
Luis Munuera (International Energy Agency – IEA)
Distributed Renewables for Energy Access
William Brent (Power for All); Ute Collier (Practical Action); Arthur Contejean (IEA); Mariana Daykova, Gregory Durand, Silvia Francioso (Global Off-Grid Lighting Association – GOGLA); Nazik Elhassan (IRENA); Yasemin Erboy Ruff, Elisa Lai (CLASP); Peter George (Clean Cooking Alliance); Sachiko Graber (Rocky Mountain Institute); Abhishek Jain (Council on Energy, Environment and Water); David Lecoque (Alliance for Rural Electrification – ARE); Aaron Leopold (Africa Minigrid Developers Association); Emily McAteer (Odyssey Energy); Andreas Michel, Caspar Priesemann (GIZ); Ruchi Soni (United Nations Foundation)
Energy Efficiency
Brian Dean, Joe Ritchie (IEA); Enerdata; Rod Janssen (Energy in Demand); Benoît Lebot (International Partnership for Energy Efficiency Cooperation – IPEEC); Jas Singh (World Bank); Louise Vickery (Australian Department of Environment and Energy)
Energy Storage
Jake Bartell, Melanie Davidson (Strategen); Patrick Clerens (European Association for Storage of Energy)
Energy Systems Integration
Simon Mueller (IEA)
Geothermal Power and Heat
Luis Carlos Gutiérrez-Negrín (Geoconsul, S.A. de C.V); Alexander Richter (International Geothermal Association; ThinkGeoEnergy)
Global Overview
Heymi Bahar, Paolo Frankl (IEA); Zuzana Dobrotkova (World Bank); Bruce Douglas (Global Solar Council; SolarPower Europe); Frank Haugwitz (AECEA); Tomas Kåberger (Renewable Energy Institute); Ruud Kempener (Directorate-General for Energy, European Commission); Jennifer Layke (World Resources Institute – WRI); Eddie O’Connor (Mainstream Renewable Power); Clotilde Rossi di Schio (Sustainable Energy for All); Sven Teske (Institute for Sustainable Futures, University of Technology Sydney); Katarina Uherova-Hasbani (EnRupt); Adrian Whiteman (IRENA)
Heat Pumps
Thomas Nowak (European Heat Pump Association)
Heating and Cooling
Ute Collier (Practical Action); Bärbel Epp (solrico); Walter Haslinger (European Technology and Innovation Platform on Renewable Heating & Cooling); Andreas Hauer (ZAE Bayern); Alessandro Provaggi (Euroheat & Power); Nicola Rega (Confederation of European Paper Industries); Neil Veilleux (MC Group); Werner Weiss (AEE – Institute for Sustainable Technologies – AEE INTEC)
Hydropower / Ocean Power
Ana Brito e Melo (WavEC); Mathis Rogner (International Hydropower Association)
Investment
Françoise d’Estais (UN Environment, Finance Initiative); Karol Kempa (Frankfurt School of Finance and Management); Angus McCrone (BNEF)
Solar Photovoltaics
Alice Detollenaere (Becquerel Institute); Denis Lenardič (pvresources); Gaëtan Masson (Becquerel Institute; IEA Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme); Dave Renné (International Solar Energy Society); Michael Schmela (SolarPower Europe)
Solar Thermal Heating and Cooling
Hongzhi Cheng (Sun’s Vision); Jan-Olof Dalenbäck (Chalmers University); Krystyna Dawson (BSRIA); Pedro Dias (Solar Heat Europe); Monika Spörk-Dür, Werner Weiss (AEE INTEC); Zhiyong Tian (Norwegian University of Science and Technology – NRTU)
Transport
Maruxa Cardama, Nikola Medimorec, Karl Peet (Partnership on Sustainable, Low Carbon Transport – SLoCaT); Pierpaolo Cazzola (International Transport Forum); Holger Dalkmann (Sustain 2030); Marine Gorner (IEA); Andres Pinto Bello (smartEn); Jonas Strømberg (Scania); Heather Thompson (Institute for Transportation and Development Policy)
Wind Power
Ivan Komusanac (WindEurope); Karin Ohlenforst, Steve Sawyer, Feng Zhao (Global Wind Energy Council)
PEER REVIEWERS AND OTHER CONTRIBUTORS
Diego Acevedo; Ayooluwa Adewole (CPEEL, University of Ibadan); Iqbal Akbar (Technical University of Berlin); Udochukwu Bola Akuru (University of Nigeria); Abdelkader Baccouche (National Agency for Energy Conservation – ANME, Tunisia); Miriam Badino (ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability); Sarah Baird (Let There Be Light International); Anup Bandivadekar (International Council on Clean Transportation – ICCT); Manjola Banja (European Commission Joint Research Centre); Julian Barquin (Endesa); Candelaria Bergero (Emory University); Rina Bohle Zeller (Vestas); Piero de Bonis (European Commission); Shannon Bresnahan (Cleantech San Diego); Allyson Browne; Tyler Bryant (FortisBC); Sharon Burghgraeve (IEA); Roman Buss (Renewables Academy AG – RENAC AG); Tom Campney (ARENA); Sarah Chapman (Faro Energy); Anthi Charalambous (Cyprus Union of Solar Thermal Industrialists – EBHEK); Juan Coronado (Auster Energía); Chang Deng-Beck (ICLEI); Jean-Phillipe Denruyter (World Wide Fund for Nature – WWF); Wendy Devall (Aberdeen City Council); Irene Dipadua (Solar Heat Europe); Marlie Dix (Mijnwater BV); Renate Egan (Australian PV Institute); Gabriela Elizondo Azuela (World Bank); David Ferrari (Sustainable Victoria); Rebecca Field (Greenpeace); Mindy Fox (Solar Cookers International); Silvia Francioso (GOGLA); Oliver Frohmeyer; Fabien Gaillard-Blancard (Enerdata); Daniel Garcia (Fabricantes Mexicanos en las Energías Renovables – FAMERAC); Glaudio Garcia Galicia (Mexican Independent Electric System Operator – CENACE); Eduardo Garcia (Energy – W); Simon Göß (SG Consult); Jennifer Green (Burlington Electric Department); Carlos Guadarrama (World Bank); Jonathan Guerrero; Sylvain Guillaneuf (ALTEN); Jyoti Gulia (Bridge to India); Gabriela Hernández-Luna; Rainer Hinrichs-Rahlwes (European Renewable Energies Federation; German Renewable Energy Federation – BEE); Caitlyn Hughes (Solar Cookers International); Lizzy Igbine (Nigerian Women Agro Allied Farmers Association); Hiromi Ishii (Nikkei Business Publications); Tom Fred Ishugah (East African Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency – EACREEE); Jens Jaeger (ARE); Rashmi Jawahar (IPEEC); Maria Jolly (United Nations Foundation); Mike Kanarick (Burlington Electric Department); Shorai Kavu (Ministry of Energy and Power Development, Zimbabwe); Lawrence L. Kazmerski (US National Renewable Energy Laboratory; Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder; Chelsea Kehne (Massachusetts Department of Energy Resources); Siir Kilkis (Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey); Jonathan Koifman (TVP Solar); Anna Krenz (Nordic Folkecenter for Renewable Energy); Karin Kritzinger (Centre for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Studies, University of Stellenbosch); Juliana Subtil Lacerda (Copernicus Institute, Utrecht University); George Lavidas (Technische Universiteit Delft); Héctor Ledezma (Comisión Nacional para el Uso Eficiente de la Energía - CONUEE); Seongho Lee (Korea Photovoltaic Industry Association); Tina Lee (EM-ONE Energy Solutions); Alvaro Lopez Peata; Juergen Lorenz (COCAP); Detlef Loy (Loy Energy Consulting); Jaideep Malaviya (Solar Thermal Federation of India); José Vitor Mamede (Associação Brasileira de Energia Solar Térmica – ABRASOL); Ana Marques Leandro; Leandro Lopez (Energy – W); Georgios Martinopoulos (International Hellenic University); James McMahon (Better Climate); Jonathan Mhango; Carlo Minini (Turboden); Paula Mints (SPV Market Research); Christian Mollard (Enerdata); Maria Mondejar (Technical University of Denmark); Ana Monteiro (Cabeólica); Mostafa Mostafa (International Institute for Sustainable Development – IISD); Sabatha Mthwecu (Solar Rais); Juliana Muench (Fachverband Biogas e.V.); Namiz Musafer (Integrated Development Association – IDEA); Federico Musazzi (ANIMA); Les Nelson (International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials); Andrew Newman (ARENA); Daya Ram Nhuchhen (University of Calgary); Jan Erik Nielson (Enerplan); Hakeem Niyas (Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati); Laura Noriega (ICLEI); John Nottage (Auckland Transport); Roque Pedace (CAN-LA; INFORSE); Forson Peprah; Inna Platonova (Southern Alberta Institute of Technology); Karine Pollier (Enerdata); Pascual Polo (Asociación Solar de la Industria Térmica – ASIT); Edwige Porcheyre (Enerplan); Luka Powanga (Regis University; Energy Africa Conference); Magdolna Prantner; Silvia Puddu; Roberta Quadrelli (IEA); Lizet Ramirez (WindEurope); Clare Richardson-Barlow (University of Leeds); Diego Rivera Rivota (Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre); Robi Robichaud (WRI); Javier Eduardo Rodríguez; Heather Rosmarin (InterAmerican Clean Energy Institute); Charlene Rossler (RENAC AG); Kumiko Saito (Solar System Development Association); Gianluca Sambucini (United Nations Economic Commission for Europe); Deger Saygin (SHURA Energy Transition Center); Ann-Katrin Schenk (Illumexico); Michael Schimpe (Technical University of Munich); Miguel Schloss (SurInvest); Elmar Schuppe (GIZ); Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Espacio Público, Municipalidad de Rosario; Sergio Segura (CONUEE); Bahareh Seyedi (United Nations Development); Shruti Sharma (IISD); Moustafa Sharshar; Eli Shilton (Elsol); Richard Sieff (Loughborough University); Stephan Singer (CAN-I); Neelam Singh (WRI); Scott Sklar (George Washington University; The Stella Group); Elizabeth Spong (IEA); Janusz Staroscik (Polish Association of Producers and Importers of Heating Devices – SPIUG); Nora Steurer (UN Environment); David Stickelberger (Swissolar); Oliver Story (ARENA); Paul H. Suding; Marco Tepper (BSW Solar); Ian Thomson (Advanced Biofuels Canada); Amy Todd (Clean Cooking Alliance); Tanguy Tomes (Eunomia); Costas Travasaros (Greek Solar Industry Association – EBHE); Daniel Trier (Enerplan); Kutay Ülke (Bural); Maryke van Staden (ICLEI); Marion Vieweg (Current Future); Colin Wain, Alex Beckitt (Hydro Tasmania); Daan Witkop (Dutch New Energy); Dan Woynillowicz (Clean Energy Canada); Peter Yang (Case Western Reserve University); Zifei Yang (ICCT)The Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment report (GTR) is jointly prepared by the Frankfurt School UNEP Collaborating Centre for Climate & Sustainable Energy Finance, BloombergNEF and UN Environment. The GTR, formerly Global Trends in Sustainable Energy Investment, was produced for the first time in 2007 under UN Environment’s Sustainable Energy Finance Initiative (SEFI). It grew out of efforts to track and publish comprehensive information about international investments in renewable energy. The latest edition of this authoritative annual report tells the story of the most recent developments, signs and signals in the financing of renewable power and fuels. It explores the issues affecting each type of investment, technology and type of economy.
The GTR is the sister publication to the REN21 Renewables Global Status Report. The latest edition of the GTR, supported by the German Federal Ministry of Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, will be published later in 2019 and available at www.fs-unep-centre.org.
