List of Abbreviations

AC
Alternating current
AFD
French Development Agency
AfDB
African Development Bank
AUD
Australian dollar
BECCU
Bioenergy with carbon capture and use
BNEF
Bloomberg New Energy Finance
BRICS
Brazil, Russian Federation, India, China and South Africa
CDM
Clean Development Mechanism
CEM
Clean Energy Ministerial
CHP
Combined heat and power
CNY
Chinese yuan
CO2
Carbon dioxide
COP23
Conference of the Parties, 23rd meeting
CSP
Concentrating solar thermal power
DC
Direct current
DDU
Deep direct-use
DFI
Development finance institution
DHC
District heating and cooling
DMIS
Demand Management Incentive Scheme
DOE
US Department of Energy
DREA
Distributed renewables for energy access
EC
European Commission
ECOWAS
Economic Community of West African States
EGS
Enhanced (or engineered) geothermal systems
EJ
Exajoule
EMEC
European Marine Energy Centre
EnDev
Energising Development
EPA
US Environmental Protection Agency
ETS
Emissions Trading Scheme
EU
European Union (specifically the EU-28)
EV
Electric vehicle
FAME
Fatty acid methyl ester
FIT
Feed-in tariff
G20
Group of Twenty
GCF
Green Climate Fund
GDP
Gross domestic product
GO
Guarantee of origin
GSR
Global Status Report
GW/GWh
Gigawatt/gigawatt-hour
GWth
Gigawatt-thermal
H2S
Hydrogen sulphide
HEFA
Hydrotreated esters and fatty acids
HVO
Hydrotreated vegetable oil
ICT
Information and communication technologies
IEA
International Energy Agency
IEA PVPS
IEA Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme
IEA SHC
IEA Solar Heating and Cooling Programme
IFC
International Finance Corporation
IHA
International Hydropower Association
INDC
Intended Nationally Determined Contribution
INR
Indian rupee
IOU
Investor-owned utility
IPO
Initial public offering
IPP
Independent power producer
IRENA
International Renewable Energy Agency
IT
Information technology
ktoe
kilotonne of oil equivalent
kW/kWh
Kilowatt/kilowatt-hour
kWth
kilowatt-thermal
LCOE
Levelised cost of energy (or electricity)
LED
Light-emitting diode
LPG
Liquefied petroleum gas
M&A
Mergers and acquisitions
m2
Square metre
m3
Cubic metre
MENA
Middle East and North Africa
MFI
Microfinance institution
MJ
megajoules
MSW
Municipal solid waste
Mtoe
Megatonne of oil equivalent
MW/MWh
Megawatt/megawatt-hour
MWth
Megawatt-thermal
NAMA
Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action
NDC
Nationally Determined Contribution
O&M
Operations and maintenance
OECD
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
OFID
OPEC Fund for International Development
P2G
Power-to-gas
PAYG
Pay-as-you-go
PERC
Passivated Emitter Rear Cell
PHEV
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle
PJ
Petajoule
PKS
Palm kernel shells
PPA
Power purchase agreement
PPMC
Paris Process on Mobility and Climate
PPP
Purchasing power parity
PTO
Power take-off device
PUC
Public Utilities Commission
PV
Photovoltaic
R&D
Research and development
RBF
Results-based financing
REC
Renewable electricity certificate
RED
EU Renewable Energy Directive
RFS
Renewable Fuel Standard
RPS
Renewable portfolio standard
SDG
Sustainable Development Goal
SEforALL
Sustainable Energy for All
SHIP
Solar heat for industrial processes
SHS
Solar home system
SUM4ALL
Sustainability Mobility for All
TDA
Transport Decarbonisation Alliance
TES
Thermal energy storage
TFC
Total final consumption of energy
TFEC
Total final energy consumption
Toe
Tonne of oil equivalent
TW/TWh
Terawatt/terawatt-hour
UAE
United Arab Emirates
UN
United Nations
UNEP
United Nations Environment
UNHCR
United Nations Refugee Agency
USD
United States dollar
V2G
Vehicle-to-grid
VAT
Value-added tax
VC/PE
Venture capital and private equity
VRE
Variable renewable energy
W/Wh
Watt/watt-hour
Yieldco
Yield company