Reference Tables

Index

Table R1. Global Renewable Energy Capacity and Biofuel Production, 2016
Table R2. Renewable Electric Power Global Capacity, Top Regions/Countries
Table R3. Biofuels Global Production, Top 16 Countries and EU-28, 2016
Table R4. Geothermal Power Global Capacity and Additions, Top 6 Countries, 2016
Table R5. Hydropower Global Capacity and Additions, Top 6 Countries, 2016
Table R6. Solar PV Global Capacity and Additions, Top 10 Countries, 2016
Table R7. Concentrating Solar Thermal Power (CSP) Global Capacity and Additions, 2016
Table R8. Solar Water Heating Collectors and Total Capacity End-2015 and Newly Installed Capacity 2016, Top 20 Countries
Table R9. Wind Power Global Capacity and Additions, Top 10 Countries, 2016
Table R10. Electricity Access by Region and Country, 2014 and Targets
Table R11. Population Relying on Traditional Use of Biomass for Cooking, 2014
Table R12. Programmes Furthering Energy Access: Selected Examples
Table R13. Networks Furthering Energy Access: Selected Examples
Table R14. Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment, 2006-2016
Table R15. Share of Primary and Final Energy from Renewable Sources, Targets and 2014/2015 Shares
Table R16. Renewable Energy Targets for Technology-Specific Share of Primary and Final Energy
Table R17. Share of Electricity Generation from Renewable Sources, Targets and 2015 Shares
Table R18. Renewable Energy Targets for Technology-Specific Share of Electricity Generation
Table R19.Targets for Renewable Power Installed Capacity and/or Generation (continued)
Table R20. Cumulative Number of Countries/States/Provinces Enacting Feed-in Policies, and 2016 Revisions
Table R21. Cumulative Number of Countries/States/Provinces Enacting RPS/Quota Policies, and 2016 Revisions
Table R22. Renewable Energy Auctions Held in 2016 by Country/State/Province
Table R23. Heating and Cooling from Renewable Sources, Targets and 2015 Shares
Table R24. Transportation Energy from Renewable Sources, Targets and 2015 Shares
Table R25. National and State/Provincial Biofuel Blend Mandates, 2016
Table R26. City and Local Renewable Energy Targets: Selected Examples

Reference_Tables

Table R1. Global Renewable Energy Capacity and Biofuel Production, 2016

	Added During 2016	Existing at End-2016

POWER GENERATION (GW)

Bio-power	5.9	112
Geothermal power	0.4	13.5
Hydropower	25	1,096
Ocean power	~0	0.5
Solar PV	75	303
Concentrating solar thermal power (CSP)	0.1	4.8
Wind power	55	487

HEATING/HOT WATER (GWth)

Modern bio-heat	5	311
Geothermal direct use	1.3	23
Solar collectors for water heating1	37	456

TRANSPORT FUELS (billion litres per year)

Ethanol production	0.04	98.6
Biodiesel production	2.17	30.8
Hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO)	0.9	4.9

1 Additions are net and do not include air collectors.

Note: Numbers are rounded to nearest GW/GWth/billion litres, with the exceptions of numbers <15, which are rounded to first decimal point, and transport fuels; where totals do not add up, the difference is due to rounding. Rounding is to account for uncertainties and inconsistencies in available data. Data reflect adjustments to year-end 2015 capacity data (particularly for bio-power and hydropower). For more precise data, see Reference Tables R2-R9, Market and Industry Trends chapter and related endnotes.

Source: See endnote 1 for this section.

Table R2. Renewable Electric Power Global Capacity, Top Regions/Countries1, 2016

	Global	BRICS2	EU-28	China	United States	Germany	Japan	India	Italy

Technology	GW			GW

Bio-power	112	35	37	12	16.8	7.6	4.1	8.3	4.1
Geothermal power	13.5	0.1	0.9	~0	3.6	~0	0.5	0	0.8
Hydropower	1,096	499	127	305	80	5.6	23	47	18.5
Ocean power	0.5	~0	0.3	~0	~0	0	0	0	~0
Solar PV	303	88	106	77	41	41	43	9.1	19.3
Concentrating solar thermal power (CSP)	4.8	0.4	2.3	~0	1.7	~0	0	0.2	~0
Wind power	487	210	154	169	82	50	3.2	29	9.3

Total renewable power capacity(including hydropower)	2,017	832	428	564	225	104	73	94	52

Total renewable power capacity (not including hydropower)	921	333	300	258	145	98	51	46	33

Per capita capacity(kilowatts per inhabitant, not including hydropower)	0.1	0.1	0.6	0.2	0.5	1.2	0.4	0.04	0.6

1 Table shows the top six countries by total renewable power capacity, not including hydropower; if hydropower were included, countries and rankings would differ somewhat (the top six would be China, United States, Brazil, Germany, Canada and India).

2 The five BRICS countries are Brazil, the Russian Federation, India, China and South Africa.

Note: Global total reflects additional countries not shown. Numbers are based on best data available at time of production. To account for uncertainties and inconsistencies in available data, numbers are rounded to the nearest 1 GW, with the exception of the following: capacity totals below 20 GW and per capita totals are rounded to the nearest decimal point (except for India, which is rounded to the nearest 0.01 kW). Where totals do not add up, the difference is due to rounding. Capacity amounts of <50 MW (including pilot projects) are designated by “~0.” For more precise capacity data, see Global Overview chapter and Market and Industry Trends chapter and related endnotes. Numbers should not be compared with prior versions of this table to obtain year-by-year increases, as some adjustments are due to improved or adjusted data rather than to actual capacity changes. Hydropower totals, and therefore the total world renewable capacity (and totals for some countries), reflect an effort to omit pure pumped storage capacity. For more information on hydropower and pumped storage, see Methodological Notes on page 213.

Source: See endnote 2 for this section.

Table R3. Biofuels Global Production, Top 16 Countries and EU-28, 2016

Country	Ethanol	Biodiesel (FAME)	HVO1	Total	Change Relative to 2015
	Billion litres
United States	58.0	5.5	1.6	65.1	2.6
Brazil	27.0	3.8		30.8	-1.4
Germany	0.9	3.0		3.9	-0.3
Argentina	0.9	3.0		3.9	1.0
China	3.2	0.3		3.5	no change
Indonesia	0.1	3.0		3.1	1.3
Thailand	1.2	1.4	0	2.6	0.2
France	0.8	1.5		2.3	-0.2
United Kingdom	0.5	0.2	1.6	2.3	0.1
Canada	1.7	0.4		2.1	0.1
Spain	0.3	1.1		1.4	-0.2
Singapore		0	1.2	1.2	no change
Poland	0.2	0.9		1.1	no change
Belgium	0.6	0.5		1.1	-0.1
Colombia	0.4	0.5		0.9	-0.1
India	0.9	0		0.9	0.2

EU-28	3.4	8.0	1.6	13.0	0.2

World Total	98.6	30.8	5.9	135.3	2.1

1Hydrotreated vegetable oil

Note: All figures are rounded to the nearest 0.1 billion litres; comparison column notes “no change” if difference is less than 0.05 billion litres; blank cells indicate that no data are available. Ethanol numbers are for fuel ethanol only. Table ranking is by total volumes of biofuel produced in 2016, and not by energy content. Where numbers do not add up, it is due to rounding. Ethanol data were converted from cubic metres to litres using 1,000 litres/cubic metre; biodiesel data were converted from units of 1,000 tonnes using a density value for biodiesel to give 1,136 litres per tonne based on US National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Biodiesel Handling and Use Guide, Fourth Edition (Golden, CO: 2009), http://www.biodiesel.org/docs/using-hotline/nrel-handling-and-use.pdf?sfvrsn=4. HVO data were converted from tonnes to litres using a conversion factor of 780 kg/m3, from Neste Oil, Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO) – Premium Renewable Biofuel for Diesel Engines (Espoo, Finland: February 2015), https://www.neste.com/sites/default/files/image_gallery/renewable_products/neste_renewable_diesel_handbook_german.pdf. Data can vary considerably across sources. For further details, see Biomass Energy section in Market and Industry Trends chapter and related endnotes.

Source: See endnote 3 for this section.

Table R4. Geothermal Power Global Capacity and Additions, Top 6 Countries, 2016

	Added 2016	Total End-2016
	MW	GW
Top Countries by Additions

Indonesia	205	1.6
Turkey	197	0.8
Kenya	29	0.6
Mexico	15	0.9
Japan	1	0.5
Italy	–	0.9

Top Countries by Total Capacity

United States	–	3.6
Philippines	–	1.9
Indonesia	205	1.6
New Zealand	–	1.0
Mexico	15	0.9
Italy	–	0.8

World Total	447	13.5

Note: Capacity additions are rounded to the nearest 1 MW, and totals are rounded to the nearest 0.1 GW. Rounding is to account for uncertainties and inconsistencies in available data. For more information and statistics, see Geothermal Power and Heat section in Market and Industry Trends chapter and related endnotes.

Source: See endnote 4 for this section.

Table R5. Hydropower Global Capacity and Additions, Top 6 Countries, 2016

	Added 2016	Total End-2016
	GW
Top Countries by Additions

China	8.9	305
Brazil	5.3	97
Ecuador	2.0	4
Ethiopia	1.5	4
Vietnam	1.1	16
Peru	1.0	5

Top Countries by Total Capacity

China	8.9	305
Brazil	5.3	97
United States	0.4	80
Canada	–	79
Russian Federation	0.2	48
India	0.6	47

World Total	25	1,096

Note: Capacity additions are rounded to the nearest 0.1 GW, and totals are rounded to the nearest 1 GW. Rounding is to account for uncertainties and inconsistencies in available data. For more information and statistics, see Hydropower section in Market and Industry Trends chapter and related endnotes.

Source: See endnote 5 for this section.

Table R6. Solar PV Global Capacity and Additions, Top 10 Countries, 2016

	Total End-2015	Added 2016	Total End-2016
	GW
Top Countries by Additions

China	43.5	34.5	77.4
United States	26.2	14.8	40.9
Japan	34.2	8.6	42.8
India	5.1	4.1	9.1
United Kingdom	9.7	2	11.7
Germany	39.8	1.5	41.3
Republic of Korea	3.5	0.9	4.4
Australia	4.9	0.9	5.8
Philippines	0.1	0.8	0.9
Chile	0.9	0.7	1.6

Top Countries by total capacity

China	43.5	34.5	77.4
Japan	34.2	8.6	42.8
Germany	39.8	1.5	41.3
United States	26.2	14.8	40.9
Italy	18.9	0.4	19.3
United Kingdom	9.7	2	11.7
India	5.1	4.1	9.1
France	6.6	0.6	7.1
Australia	4.9	0.9	5.8
Spain	5.4	0.1	5.5

World Total	228	75	303

Note: Country data are rounded to the nearest 0.1 GW; world totals are rounded to the nearest 1 GW. Rounding is to account for uncertainties and inconsistencies in available data; where totals do not add up, the difference is due to rounding. Data are provided in direct current (DC); data for Canada, Chile, Japan and Spain were converted from official data reported in alternating current (AC) into DC by the sources listed for this table. Data reflect a variety of sources, some of which differ significantly, reflecting variations in accounting or methodology. For more information, see Solar PV section in Market and Industry Trends chapter and related endnotes.

Source: See endnote 6 for this section.

Table R7. Concentrating Solar Thermal Power (CSP) Global Capacity and Additions, 2016

Country	Total End-2015	Added 2016	Total End-2016
	MW
Spain	2,300	0	2,300
United States	1,738	0	1,738
India	225	0	225
South Africa	100	100	200
Morocco	180	0	180
United Arab Emirates	100	0	100
Algeria	25	0	25
Egypt	20	0	20
Australia	12	0	12
China	0	10	10
Thailand	5	0	5

World Total	4,705	110	4,815

Note: Table includes all countries with operating commercial CSP capacity at end-2016. Several countries with commercial capacity also have pilot or demonstration facilities that are not included in the table. Additional countries that had small pilot or demonstration plants in operation by year’s end include Canada (1.1 MW), France (1.6 MW), Germany (1.5 MW), Israel (6 MW), Italy (7 MW), Oman (7 MW) and Turkey (5 MW). National data are rounded to the nearest MW, and world totals are rounded to the nearest 5 MW. Rounding is to account for uncertainties and inconsistencies in available data; where totals do not add up, the difference is due to rounding. For more information, see CSP section in Market and Industry Trends chapter and related endnotes.

Source: See endnote 7 for this section.

Table R8. Solar Water Heating Collectors and Total Capacity End-2015 and Newly Installed Capacity 2016, Top 20 Countries

	Total End-2015			Gross Additions 2016
	GWth			MWth
Country	Glazed	Unglazed	Total	Glazed	Unglazed	Total

China1	309.5	0	309.5	27,664	0	27,664
Turkey	13.6	0	13.6	1,467	0	1,467
Brazil	5.7	3.0	8.7	530	384	913
India2	6.3	0	6.3	894	0	894
United States	2.0	15.3	17.3	121	562	682
Germany	12.8	0.4	13.2	521	0	521
Australia	2.4	3.6	6.0	115	266	381
Denmark	0.8	0	0.8	335	0	335
Mexico	1.3	0.7	2.0	180	76	256
Israel	3.2	0	3.2	252	1	253
Greece	3.1	0	3.1	190	0	190
Spain	2.5	0.1	2.6	146	2	149
Italy	3.0	0	3.0	142	0	142
South Africa3	0.5	0.7	1.2	37	55	92
Poland	1.4	0	1.4	81	0	81
Austria	3.4	0.3	3.7	78	1	78
Taipei, China	1.2	0	1.2	70	0	70
Switzerland	1.0	0.1	1.1	55	5	59
Japan	2.4	0	2.4	50	0	50
France	1.5	0.1	1.6	46	0	46

Total 20 Top Countries	376.7	24.2	400.9	32,974	1,351	34,324

World Total	407.7	27	434.7	35,200	1,460	36,660

1In 2014, China settled on a new methodology for calculating cumulative capacity, which assumes a 10-year lifetime for Chinese-made systems. China and world data reflect this change.

2For India, end-of-year capacity data are by fiscal year; new additions in 2016 are by calendar year.

3For South Africa, additions in 2016 are assumed to be equivalent to additions in 2015, due to a lack of available data.

Note: Countries are ordered according to newly installed glazed collector capacity in 2016. Data are for glazed and unglazed water collectors excluding air collectors, which added 1,641,518 m2 to the year-end world total for 2015, and excluding concentrating collectors with 64,596 m2 additional aperture area. Data are rounded: end-2015 data for individual countries, Total 20 Top Countries and World Total are rounded to nearest 0.1 GWth; additions for individual countries, Total 20 Top Countries and World Total are rounded to nearest 1 MWth. Where totals do not add up, the difference is due to rounding. By accepted convention, 1 million square metres = 0.7 GWth. The year 2015 is the most recent one for which firm global data on total capacity in operation are available. It is estimated, however, that 456 GWth of solar thermal capacity (water collectors only) was in operation worldwide by end-2016. For more information, see Solar Thermal Heating and Cooling section in Market and Industry Trends chapter and related endnotes.

Source: See endnote 8 for this section.

Table R9. Wind Power Global Capacity and Additions, Top 10 Countries, 2016

	Total End-2015	Added 2016	Total End-2016
	GW
Top Countries by Additions

China1	129/145.4	19.3/23.4	149/168.7
United States	74	8.2	82.1
Germany2	44.5	5	49.5
India	25.1	3.6	28.7
Brazil3	8.7	2	10.7
France	10.5	1.6	12.1
Turkey	4.7	1.4	6.1
Netherlands	3.4	0.9	4.3
United Kingdom	13.8	0.7	14.5
Canada	11.2	0.7	11.9

Top Countries by Total Capacity

China1	129/145.4	19.3/23.4	149/168.7
United States	74	8.2	82.1
Germany2	44.5	5	49.5
India	25.1	3.6	28.7
Spain	23	~0	23.1
United Kingdom	13.8	0.7	14.5
France	10.5	1.6	12.1
Canada	11.2	0.7	11.9
Brazil3	8.7	2	10.7
Italy	9	0.3	9.3

World Total	433	55	487

1For China, data to the left of the “/” are the amounts officially classified as connected to the grid and operational (receiving FIT premium) by year’s end; data to the right are total installed capacity, most, if not all, of which was connected to substations by year’s end. The world totals include the higher figures for China. (See Wind Power text and related endnotes for more details.)

2For Germany, some onshore capacity was decommissioned/repowered in 2016; number in table is net additions. (See Wind Power text and related endnotes for more details.)

3For Brazil, all capacity was commissioned by year’s end, but not all was grid-connected.

Note: Country data are rounded to nearest 0.1 GW; world data are rounded to nearest 1 GW. Rounding is to account for uncertainties and inconsistencies in available data; where totals do not add up, the difference is due to rounding or repowering/removal of existing projects. “~0” denotes capacity additions of less than 50 MW. Data reflect a variety of sources, some of which differ quite significantly, reflecting variations in accounting or methodology. For more information, see Wind Power section in Market and Industry Trends chapter and related endnotes.

Source: See endnote 9 for this section.

Table R10. Electricity Access by Region and Country, 2014 and Targets

World/Region/Country	Electrification Rate in 2014	People Without Access to Electricity in 2014	Targets
	Share of population with access	Millions	Share of population with access
Africa	45%	634
Northern Africa	99%	1.3
Sub-Saharan Africa	35%	632
Developing Asia	86%	512
Latin America	95%	22
Middle East	92%	18

Africa

Algeria	100%	0
Angola	33%	16	→ 100% by 2030
Benin	29%	7	→ 95% by 2025 (urban)→ 65% by 2025 (rural)
Botswana1	53%	1	→ 100% by 2030
Burkina Faso	18%	14	→ 95% by 2030
Burundi	5%	10
Cabo Verde	96%	0.2	→ 100% by 2020
Cameroon	62%	9
Central African Republic	3%	5	→ 50% by 2030
Chad	4%	13
Comoros	69%	0.2
Congo	42%	3
Côte d'Ivoire	62%	8	→ 100% by 2020
Democratic Republic of the Congo	18%	62	→ 60% by 2025
Djibouti	42%	0.5
Egypt	99%	1
Equatorial Guinea	66%	0.3
Eritrea	32%	3
Ethiopia	25%	73	→ 100% by 2030
Gabon	89%	0.2
Gambia	45%	1	→ 100% by 2030
Ghana	76%	8	→ 100% by 2030
Guinea	26%	9	→ 50% by 2020
Guinea-Bissau	21%	1	→ 80% by 2030
Kenya	20%	36	→ 100% by 2022
Lesotho	17%	2	→ 40% by 2020
Liberia	10%	4	→ 100% by 2030
Libya	99.8%	0
Madagascar	13%	21
Malawi	12%	15
Mali	26%	13	→ 87% by 2030→ 61% by 2033 (rural)
Mauritania	29%	3
Mauritius	100%	0
Morocco	99%	0.4
Mozambique	40%	16
Namibia	32%	2
Niger	15%	16	→ 65% by 2030
Nigeria	45%	98	→ 75% by 2020→ 90% by 2030
Rwanda	27%	8	→ 100% by 2030
São Tomé and Príncipe	59%	0.1
Senegal	61%	6	→ 70% by 2017 → 100% by 2025
Seychelles	98%	0
Sierra Leone	14%	5	→ 92% by 2030
Somalia	15%	9
South Africa	86%	8	→ 100% by 2019
South Sudan	1%	12
Sudan	40%	24
Swaziland2	66%	0.4	→ 75% by 2018→ 85% by 2020→ 100% by 2025
Tanzania	30%	36	→ 75% by 2030
Togo	27%	5	→ 82% by 2030
Tunisia	100%	0
Uganda	19%	31	→ 98% by 2030
Zambia	28%	11
Zimbabwe	52%	7	→ 66% by 2030→ 90% by 2030 (urban)→ 51% by 2030 (rural)

Table R10. Electricity Access by Region and Country, 2014 and Targets (continued)

World / Region / Country	Electrification Rate in 2014	People Without Access to Electricity in 2014	Targets
	Share of population with access	Millions	Share of population with access

Developing Asia

Bangladesh	62%	60	→ 100% by 2021
Brunei	100%	0
Cambodia	34%	10
China	100%	0
India	81%	244	→ 100% by 2019
Indonesia	84%	41
Korea, DPR	26%	18	→ 90% by 2017
Lao PDR	87%	1
Malaysia	100%	0
Mongolia	90%	0.3
Myanmar	32%	36
Nepal	76%	7
Pakistan	73%	51
Philippines	89%	11

Table R10. Electricity Access by Region and Country, 2014 and Targets (continued)

World/Region/Country	Electrification Rate in 2014	People Without Access to Electricity in 2014	Targets
	Share of population with access	Millions	Share of population with access
Developing Asia (continued)

Singapore	100%	0
Sri Lanka	99%	0.3
Thailand	99%	1
Vietnam	98%	2

Latin America

Argentina	96%	1.6
Barbados	100%	0
Bolivia	89%	1.2	→ 100% by 2025 (rural)
Brazil	99.6%	0.8
Chile	100%	0
Colombia	98%	1.2	→ 97.45% by 2017
Costa Rica	99.5%	0
Cuba	98%	0.2
Dominican Republic	97%	0.3
Ecuador	97%	0.5	→ 98.9% by 2022 (urban)→ 96.3% by 2022 (rural)
El Salvador	94%	0.4
Guatemala	90%	1.7
Haiti	29%	7.5
Honduras	89%	0.9
Jamaica	93%	0.2
Mexico	99%	3.7
Nicaragua	76%	1.4
Panama	91%	0.3
Paraguay	99%	0.1
Peru	90%	3
Suriname	90%	0.1
Trinidad and Tobago	97%	0
Uruguay	99%	0
Venezuela	99.7%	0.1

Table R10. Electricity Access by Region and Country, 2014 and Targets (continued)

World / Region / Country	Electrification Rate in 2014	People Without Access to Electricity in 2014	Targets
	Share of population with access	Millions	Share of population with access
Middle East

Bahrain	100%	0
Iran	99%	1.1
Iraq	98%	0.6
Jordan	100%	0
Kuwait	100%	0
Lebanon	100%	0
Oman	98%	0.1
Palestine, State of3	99%
Qatar	100%	0
Saudi Arabia	99%	0.2
Syria	93%	1.6
United Arab Emirates	100%	0
Yemen	46%	14.2

Oceania

Micronesia, Federated States of 4	55%	0.0	→ 90% by 2020 (rural)

All Developing Countries	79%	1,185

World5	84%	1,186

1Botswana had an electricity access target for 2016.

2Swaziland data are for 2015.

3The State of Palestine rate is defined by the number of villages connected to the national electricity grid.

4For the Federated States of Micronesia, rural electrification rate is defined by electrification of all islands outside of the four that host the state capital (which is considered urban).

5Includes countries in the OECD and economies in transition.

Disclaimer: The tracking of data related to energy access and distributed renewable energy systems is a challenging process. Discrepancies or inconsistencies with past reporting may be due to improvements in data collection.

Source: See endnote 10 for this section.

Table R11. Population Relying on Traditional Use of Biomass for Cooking, 2014

World/Region/Country	Reliance on Traditional Biomass in 2014	Population	Targets
	Share of population	Millions	Share of population with access to clean cooking
Africa	69%	793
Sub-Saharan Africa	81%	792
Northern Africa	0.4%	0.7
Developing Asia	50%	1,875
Latin America	14%	65
Middle East	4%	8

Africa

Angola	52%	13	100% by 2030
Benin	94%	10
Botswana	36%	1
Burkina Faso	95%	17	100% by 2030 (urban) 65% by 2030 (rural)
Burundi	98%	11
Cabo Verde	30%	0.2	100% by 2020
Cameroon	78%	18
Central African Republic	97%	5
Chad	95%	13
Comoros	74%	1
Congo	74%	3
Côte d'Ivoire	81%	18
Democratic Republic of the Congo	95%	71
Djibouti	16%	0.1
Equatorial Guinea	43%	0.4
Eritrea	63%	3
Ethiopia	95%	92	100% by 2025
Gabon	19%	0.3
Gambia	95%	2	100% by 2030
Ghana	82%	22	100% by 2030
Guinea	98%	12	50% by 2025
Guinea-Bissau	98%	2	75% by 2030
Kenya	85%	38	100% by 2022
Lesotho	62%	1
Liberia	98%	4	100% by 2030
Madagascar	98%	23
Malawi	97%	16
Mali	98%	17	100% by 2030
Mauritania	56%	2
Mauritius	0%	0
Morocco	2%	0.7
Mozambique	96%	26
Namibia	54%	1
Niger	97%	18	100% by 2030 (urban) 60% by 2030 (rural)
Nigeria	76%	134
Rwanda	98%	11	100% by 2030
São Tomé and Príncipe	70%	0.1
Senegal	61%	9
Sierra Leone	98%	6
Somalia	95%	10
South Africa	10%	5
South Sudan	98%	12
Sudan	69%	27
Swaziland	61%	1	100% by 2030
Tanzania	96%	50	75% by 2030
Togo	95%	7	80% by 2030
Uganda	98%	37	99% by 2030
Zambia	82%	13
Zimbabwe	71%	11

Table R11. Population Relying on Traditional Use of Biomass for Cooking, 2014 (continued)

World/Region/Country	Reliance on Traditional Biomass in 2014	Population	Targets
	Share of population	Millions	Share of population with access to clean cooking

Developing Asia

Bangladesh	89%	142
Cambodia	89%	13
China	33%	453
India	63%	819
Indonesia	38%	97
Korea, DPR	47%	12
Lao PDR	65%	4
Mongolia	62%	2
Myanmar	92%	49
Nepal	80%	23
Pakistan	56%	105
Philippines	54%	54
Sri Lanka	73%	15
Thailand	21%	14
Vietnam	45%	40

Latin America

Argentina	0.2%	0.1
Bolivia	22%	2.3
Brazil	5%	9.6
Chile	3%	0.5
Colombia	13%	6.4
Costa Rica	5%	0.2
Cuba	6%	0.7
Dominican Republic	8%	0.8
Ecuador	2%	0.4
El Salvador	18%	1.1
Guatemala	64%	10.2
Haiti	92%	9.7
Honduras	50%	4
Jamaica	11%	0.3
Mexico	16%	19.6
Nicaragua	52%	3.1
Panama	14%	0.6
Paraguay	41%	2.7
Peru	33%	10.2
Venezuela	7%	2.5

Middle East

Iraq	1%	0.2
Yemen	31%	8.1

All Developing Countries	49%	2,722

World1	38%	2,742

Table R12. Programmes Furthering Energy Access: Selected Examples

Name	Brief Description	Web Address

ACP-EU Energy Facility	A co-financing instrument that works to increase access to sustainable and affordable energy services in impoverished rural and peri-urban areas of African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries by involving local authorities and communities.	https://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/regions/african-caribbean-and-pacific-acp-region/acp-multi-country-cooperation/energy_en
Africa-EU Renewable Energy Cooperation Programme (RECP)	A programme that contributes to the African EU Energy Partnership’s political targets of increasing renewable energy use and bringing modern access to at least an additional 100 million people by 2020. It provides policy advice, private sector co-operation, project preparation support activities and capacity development.	http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/en/newsroom/all-news/energy-africa-launch-renewable-energy-cooperation-programme
African Renewable Energy Fund (AREF)	A private equity fund that invests in small to medium-sized renewable energy projects in sub-Saharan Africa, excluding South Africa. It aims to assist governments in meeting their renewable energy and carbon emission targets, while creating jobs.	http://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/article/african-renewable-energy-fund-aref-launches-with-100m-committed-capital-12901/
Asian Development Bank – Energy for All Initiative	An initiative that strengthens ADB’s investments in energy access. From 2008 to 2016, ADB’s aggregate investment in energy access was around USD 7.2 billion, which is expected to benefit 110 million people.	http://www.adb.org/sectors/energy/programs/energy-for-all-initiative
Central America Clean Cooking Initiative (CACCI)	An initiative that aims to help scale up clean cooking solutions in countries such as Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and possibly El Salvador. Activities to be financed by the grant include development of a roadmap to achieve universal clean cooking access by 2030. The roadmap will build on the regional Sustainable Energy Strategy 2020.	https://www.esmap.org/node/4006
CleanStart	Developed by the UN Capital Development Fund and UNDP to help poor households and micro-entrepreneurs access micro-financing for low-cost clean energy. By 2020, it aims to invest USD 26 million in six countries in Asia and Africa, affecting the lives of more than 2.5 million people.	http://www.uncdf.org/en/cleanstart
Energising Development (EnDev)	A multilateral initiative supported by the governments of Australia, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. It operates in 24 countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America with the aim of facilitating the sustainable access to modern energy services for at least 15 million people by the end of 2018. So far, EnDev has facilitated energy access for 14.8 million people.	http://endev.info/content/Main_Page
EU-Africa Infrastructure Trust Fund (ITF)	A fund that combines grants and loans from the EU and its member states and banks to support local infrastructure projects, notably in electricity generation. Since 2007, more than 100 grants have been awarded to support projects for an amount of over USD 690 million (EUR 655 million).	http://www.eu-africa-infrastructure-tf.net/about/index.htm
Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves (GACC)	A public-private partnership created with the goal of enabling the adoption of 100 million clean and efficient cook stoves and fuels by 2020. GACC uses a market-based approach to bring together diverse groups of actors across government, development, NGOs, academia and the private sector to save lives, improve livelihoods, empower women and protect the environment through initiatives designed to catalyse and champion the sector, mobilise resources, promote standards and testing, and co-ordinate sector knowledge and research.	http://www.cleancookstoves.org/the-alliance/
Global Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Fund (GEEREF)	A sustainable development tool sponsored by the EU, Germany and Norway, advised by the European Investment Bank Group. It aims to mobilise public and private capital to support small and medium-sized renewable energy and energy efficiency projects.	http://geeref.com/posts/display/1
Global Lighting and Energy Access Partnership (Global LEAP)	An initiative of the Clean Energy Ministerial that includes more than 10 governments and development partners. It provides support for quality assurance frameworks and programmes that encourage market transformation towards super-efficient technologies for off-grid use, including the Global LEAP Awards for Outstanding Off-Grid Products.	http://globalleap.org/

Table R12. Programmes Furthering Energy Access: Selected Examples (continued)

Name	Brief Description	Web Address

Green Climate Fund (GCF)	A fund established in 2010 by 194 countries that are party to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change that aims to invest in low-emission and climate-resilient development in developing countries. The fund is to mobilise USD 100 billion per year by 2020.	http://news.gcfund.org/
IDEAS – Energy Innovation Contest	A contest, launched in 2009, that supports the implementation of innovative projects in the areas of renewable energy, energy efficiency and energy access in Latin America and the Caribbean by promoting innovative energy solutions that can be replicated and scaled up in the region.	http://www.iadb.org/en/topics/energy/ideas/ideas,3808.html
IRENA – Abu Dhabi Fund for Development (ADFD) Facility	A partnership between IRENA and the ADFD to provide and facilitate finance for renewable energy projects in developing countries. The ADFD provides concessional loans of USD 5 million to USD 15 million to renewable energy projects in developing countries over seven funding rounds of approximately USD 50 million each. The Facility is currently running its fifth round, and since 2012 has allocated USD 189 million to 19 renewable energy projects.	http://adfd.irena.org/
Lighting a Billion Lives	A global initiative launched in 2008, steered by The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), to facilitate access to clean lighting and cooking solutions for energy-starved communities. The programme operates on an entrepreneurial model of energy service delivery to provide innovative, affordable and reliable off-grid solar energy solutions. As of March 2016, it had facilitated access to clean lighting and cooking solutions for more than 4.5 million people in India, sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia.	http://labl.teriin.org/
Lighting Africa	An IFC and World Bank programme to accelerate the development of sustainable markets for affordable, modern off-grid lighting solutions for low-income households and micro-enterprises across Africa. As of end-2016, Lighting Africa had provided access to clean, safe lighting for more than 20 million people.	http://www.lightingafrica.org/
Lighting Asia	An IFC market transformation programme aimed at increasing access to clean, affordable energy in Asia by promoting modern off-grid lighting products, systems and mini-grid connections. The programme works with the private sector to remove market entry barriers, provide market intelligence, foster business-to-business linkages and raise consumer awareness on modern lighting options. In India alone, Phase I of the programme (2012-2016) enabled energy access for more than 8 million people.	http://www.lightingasia.org/
OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID)	A development aid institution with a 40-year standing and a presence in over 130 countries. It works in co-operation with developing country partners and the international donor community to stimulate economic growth and alleviate poverty. Since 2008, the year that OFID launched its Energy for the Poor Initiative (EPI), energy poverty alleviation has been the primary strategic focus. In June 2012, the OFID Ministerial Council committed a minimum of USD 1 billion to bolster activities under the EPI, and in 2013 it turned this commitment from a one-time obligation to a revolving pledge.	http://www.ofid.org/
Power Africa’s Beyond the Grid Initiative	An initiative launched in 2014 focused on unlocking investment and growth for off-grid and small-scale energy solutions on the African continent. Beyond the Grid has partnered with over 40 investors and practitioners that have committed to invest over USD 1 billion into off-grid and small-scale energy. In 2016 alone, through the initiative, the US African Development Foundation (USADF), USAID and General Electric funded more than 30 entrepreneurs working on home and micro-grid energy projects in Africa. In March 2016, Sweden and Power Africa launched the USD 21 million (EUR 20 million) Beyond the Grid Fund for Zambia, which between 2016 and 2018 will support rural energy providers with market-based approaches to expanding energy access. The goal is to provide energy access to 1 million people.	https://www.usaid.gov/powerafrica/beyondthegrid

Table R12. Programmes Furthering Energy Access: Selected Examples (continued)

Name	Brief Description	Web Address

Readiness for Investment in Sustainable Energy (RISE)	A World Bank Group project providing indicators that compare the investment climate of countries across the three focus areas of the SEforALL initiative: energy access, energy efficiency and renewable energy.	http://rise.worldbank.org/
Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP)	An international multilateral partnership that works to accelerate market-based deployment of renewable energy and energy efficient systems in developing countries. REEEP manages several initiatives and programmes which further energy access, including the Power Africa: Beyond the Grid Fund for Zambia, the Kilimo Biashara Sustainable Energy Fund, and the Cambodian Clean Energy Revolving Fund, among others.	http://www.reeep.org/
Scaling Up Renewable Energy in Low Income Countries (SREP)	A Strategic Climate Fund (SCF) programme that was established to expand renewable energy markets and scale up renewable energy deployment in the world’s poorest countries. To date, USD 264 million has been approved for 23 projects and programmes. An additional USD 1.9 billion in co-financing is expected from other sources.	http://www.climateinvestmentfunds.org/fund/scaling-renewable-energy-program
SNV Netherlands Development Organisation – Biogas Practice	A multi-actor sector development approach that supports the preparation and implementation of national biogas programmes throughout the world. In co-operation with its partners, by end-2015 SNV had installed over 700,000 bio-digesters in Asia, Africa and Latin America, impacting 3.5 million people.	http://www.snv.org/sector/energy/topic/biogas
Sustainable Energy for All Initiative (SEforALL)	A global initiative of former UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon with three objectives for 2030: achieving universal access to electricity and clean cooking solutions; doubling the share of the world’s energy supplied by renewable sources; and doubling the rate of improvement in energy efficiency.	http://www.se4all.org
Sustainable Energy Fund for Africa (SEFA)	A fund administered by the African Development Bank and anchored by a Danish government commitment of USD 57 million to support small and medium-scale clean energy and energy efficiency projects in Africa through grants for technical assistance and capacity building, investment capital and guidance.	http://www.afdb.org/en/topics-and-sectors/initiatives-partnerships/sustainable-energy-fund-for-africa/

Table R13. Networks Furthering Energy Access: Selected Examples

Name	Brief Description	Web Address

African Bioenergy Development Platform	A platform launched by UNCTAD to help interested African countries develop their bioenergy potentials for advancing human and economic development through interactive, multi-stakeholder analytical exercises.	http://unctad.org/en/Pages/MeetingDetails.aspx?meetingid=347
African Center for Renewable Energy and Sustainable Technologies (ACREST)	A centre established in 2005 for information, demonstration, awareness, production and research on renewable energy and sustainable technologies in Africa. Its mission is to promote renewable energy technologies and sustainable technologies to improve people’s living conditions and to fight poverty.	http://www.acrest.org
African Renewable Energy Alliance (AREA)	A global multi-stakeholder platform to exchange information and to consult about policies, technologies and financial mechanisms for the accelerated uptake of renewable energy in Africa.	http://www.area-net.org/
AKON Lighting Africa	An initiative launched in February 2014 that seeks to provide a concrete response at the grassroots level to Africa’s energy crisis and to lay the foundations for future development. It aims to develop an innovative solar-powered solution that will provide African villages with access to a clean and affordable source of electricity.	http://akonlightingafrica.com/
Alliance for Rural Electrification (ARE)	An international business association that represents the decentralised energy sector and works towards the integration of renewables into rural electrification markets in developing and emerging countries. It has more than 90 members along the whole value chain of off-grid technologies.	http://www.ruralelec.org/
Alliance of CSOs for Clean Energy Access (ACCESS)	A coalition consisting of a range of civil society organisations (CSOs), both international and national. ACCESS aims to strengthen the visibility and presence of CSOs working to deliver universal energy access, particularly within SEforALL, Sustainable Development Goal 7 implementation and other global energy initiatives. ACCESS is co-ordinated by WWF, CAFOD, Practical Action, Greenpeace, IIED, ENERGIA, WRI, TERI and HIVOS.	https://access-coalition.org/
Climate Technology Centre and Network (CTCN)	The operational arm of the UNFCCC Technology Mechanism, hosted by UN Environment and UNIDO. CTCN promotes the accelerated transfer of environmentally sound technologies for low-carbon and climate-resilient development at the request of developing countries. It provides technology solutions, capacity building and advice on policy, legal and regulatory frameworks tailored to the needs of individual countries.	https://www.ctc-n.org/
Climate Technology Initiative Private Financing Advisory Network (CTI PFAN)	A multilateral, public-private partnership initiated by the Climate Technology Initiative (CTI) in co-operation with the UNFCCC Expert Group on Technology Transfer. PFAN operates to bridge the gap between investments and clean energy businesses. It is designed to be an “open source” network to fit seamlessly with existing global and regional initiatives and to be inclusive of all stakeholders with an interest in clean energy financing.	http://www.cti-pfan.net/
Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (CGAP)	A global partnership of 34 leading organisations, housed at the World Bank, that seeks to advance financial inclusion. It develops innovative solutions through practical research and active engagement with financial service providers, policy makers and funders to enable approaches at scale.	http://www.cgap.org/
ENERGIA International	An international network of more than 22 organisations working in Africa and Asia that are focused on gender issues, women’s empowerment and sustainable energy.	http://www.energia.org/
Energy Access Practitioner Network	A global network of over 2,500 members representing small, medium-sized and large clean energy enterprises; civil society; government and academia and operating in over 170 countries. The Practitioner Network was established in 2011 to catalyse the delivery of modern energy services, particularly decentralised solutions for rural electrification.	http://www.energyaccess.org

Table R13. Networks Furthering Energy Access: Selected Examples (continued)

Name	Brief Description	Web Address

Energy & Environment Partnership (EEP)	A challenge fund that promotes renewable energy, energy efficiency and clean technology investments in Southern and East Africa. EEP supports projects that aim to provide sustainable energy services to the poor and to combat climate change. The EEP Programme is jointly funded by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Finland, the Austrian Development Agency and the UK Department for International Development.	http://eepafrica.org/
Energy for All Partnership (E4ALL)	A regional platform for co-operation, knowledge, technical exchange and key project development. It brings together key stakeholders from the private sector, financial institutions, governments, bilateral, multilateral and non-governmental development partners. The Partnership, led by the ADB, aims to provide access to safe, clean and affordable modern energy to 200 million households in the Oceania region by 2020.	https://www.adb.org/sectors/energy/programs/energy-for-all-initiative
Global Renewable Energy Islands Network (GREIN)	A network created to help islands accelerate their renewable energy uptake. It serves as a platform for pooling knowledge, sharing best practices and seeking innovative solutions for the accelerated update of clean and cost-effective renewable energy technologies in island states and territories.	https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/partnership/?p=8011
HEDON Household Energy Network	A network aimed at empowering practitioners to unlock barriers to household energy access by addressing knowledge gaps, facilitating partnerships and fostering information sharing.	http://www.hedon.info/tiki-index.php
International Network for Sustainable Energy (INFORSE)	A network of 140 NGOs operating in 60 countries that was established as part of the Rio Convention. It is dedicated to promoting sustainable energy and social development and is funded by a mix of national governments, multilateral institutions and CSOs. INFORSE focuses on four areas: raising awareness about sustainable energy use; promoting institutional reform among national governments; building local and national capacity on energy-related issues; and supporting R&D.	http://www.inforse.org/
La Via Campesina (LVC)	Informally known as the “international peasants’ movement”, LVC is a group of about 150 organisational members that co-ordinate migrant workers, farmers, rural women and indigenous communities on rural development issues. The sustainable agriculture, water and women and human rights programmes deal with various aspects of rural energy use, especially the connections between food security and biofuels.	http://viacampesina.org/
RedBioLAC	A multinational network of institutions involved in research and dissemination of anaerobic bio-digestion and the treatment and management of organic waste in Latin America and the Caribbean.	http://www.wisions.net/pages/redbiolac
Small-Scale Sustainable Infrastructure Development Fund (S3IDF)	A fund that promotes a Social Merchant Bank approach to help local entrepreneurs create micro-enterprises that provide infrastructure services to the poor. As of early 2015, it had a portfolio of almost 200 small investments and associated enterprises in India, and an additional 100 projects in the pipeline.	http://s3idf.org/
Wind Empowerment	A global association for the development of locally built small-scale wind turbines for sustainable rural electrification.	http://windempowerment.org/

Table R14. Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment, 2006-2016

	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016
	Billion USD
New Investment by Stage

Technology Research
Government R&D	2.2	2.7	2.8	5.4	4.9	4.8	4.7	5.2	4.5	4.4	5.5
Corporate R&D	2.9	3.2	3.6	3.8	3.9	4.5	4.2	4.0	3.9	4.2	2.5

Development / Commercialisation
Venture capital	1.2	2.1	3.3	1.6	2.7	2.7	2.5	0.9	1.1	1.6	1.1

Manufacturing
Private equity expansion capital	3.1	3.5	6.9	3.1	5.5	2.4	1.7	1.4	1.8	1.9	2.2
Public markets	9.3	21.4	10.8	12.7	10.8	9.9	4.0	10.3	15.9	13.3	6.3

Projects
Asset finance	85.5	114.9	135.6	120.5	155.1	183.5	169.4	159.3	194.4	237.4	187.1
(re-invested equity)	0.8	2.6	3.6	1.9	1.5	1.8	2.6	1.0	3.3	6.1	2.9
Small-scale distributed capacity	9.4	14.0	22.1	33.0	62.2	75.2	71.6	54.4	60.0	55.5	39.8

Total New Investment	112.7	159.3	181.4	178.3	243.6	281.2	255.5	234.4	278.2	312.2	241.6

Merger & Acquisition Transactions	35.8	58.6	59.5	64.3	58.8	73.0	66.6	66.1	86.6	94.1	110.3

Total Transactions	148.5	217.9	240.9	242.5	302.4	354.2	322.1	300.5	364.8	406.3	351.9

New Investment by Technology

Solar power	21.9	38.9	61.3	64.0	103.6	154.9	140.6	119.1	143.9	171.7	113.7
Wind power	39.7	61.1	74.8	79.7	101.6	84.2	84.4	89.0	108.5	124.2	112.5
Bio-poweri	12.8	23.0	17.5	15.0	16.6	19.9	14.9	12.4	10.8	6.7	6.8
Hydropower <50 MW	7.5	6.4	7.6	6.2	8.1	7.5	6.4	5.6	6.4	3.5	3.5
Biofuels	28.6	27.4	18.4	10.2	10.5	10.6	7.2	5.2	5.3	3.5	2.2
Geothermal power	1.4	1.7	1.7	2.8	2.9	3.9	1.6	2.9	2.9	2.3	2.7
Ocean energy	0.8	0.8	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2

Total New Investment	112.7	159.3	181.4	178.3	243.6	281.2	255.5	234.4	278.2	312.2	241.6

i Includes solid biomass and waste-to-power technologies, but not waste-to-gas.

Table R15. Share of Primary and Final Energy from Renewable Sources, Targets and 2014/2015 Shares

Note: Text in bold indicates new/revised in 2016, brackets '[]' indicate previous targets where new targets were enacted, and text in italics indicates policies adopted at the state/provincial level.

Country	Primary Energy		Final Energy
Country	Share	Target	Share	Target

EU-28			16%	→ 20% by 2020 → 27% by 2030
Albania		→ 18% by 2020	35%	→ 38% by 2020
Algeria				→ 37% by 2030[40% by 2030]
Armenia	16%	→ 21% by 2020 → 26% by 2025
Austria1			33%	→ 45% by 2020
Azerbaijan	0.5%
Bangladesh				→ 10% by 2020
Barbados	3%
Belarus			5.7%	→ 28% by 2015 → 32% by 2020
Belgium		→ 9.7% by 2020	8%	→ 13% by 2020
Wallonia				→ 20% by 2020
Bosnia and Herzegovina		→ 20% by 2016		→ 40% by 2020
Botswana				→ 1% by 2016
Brazil			39.4%	→ 45% by 2030
Bulgaria			16%	→ 16% by 2020
Burundi				→ 2.1% by 2020
China2	10%	→ 15% by 2020 → 20% by 2030
Côte d’Ivoire		→ 5% by 2015 → 15% by 2020 → 20% by 2030
Croatia			29%	→ 20% by 2020
Cyprus			9.4%	→ 13% by 2020
Czech Republic1			13%	→ 13.5% by 2020
Denmark			30%	→ 35% by 2020 → 100% by 2050
Djibouti		→ 17% by 2035
Egypt		→ 14% by 2020
Estonia			25%	→ 25% by 2020
Fiji				→ 23% by 2030
Finland			39.3%	→ 25% by 2015 → 38% by 2020 → 40% by 2025
France			15%	→ 23% by 2020 → 32% by 2030
Gabon				→ 80% by 2020
Germany1			14%	→ 18% by 2020 → 30% by 2030 → 45% by 2040 → 60% by 2050
Ghana				→ Increase 10% by 2030 (base year 2010)
Greece1			15%	→ 20% by 2020
Grenada		→ 20% by 2020

Table R15. Share of Primary and Final Energy from Renewable Sources, Targets and 2014/2015 Shares (continued)

Note: Text in bold indicates new/revised in 2016, brackets '[]' indicate previous targets where new targets were enacted, and text in italics indicates policies adopted at the state/provincial level.

Country	Primary Energy		Final Energy
Country	Share	Target	Share	Target

Guatemala	31%			→ 80% by 2026
Guinea				→ 30% by 2030
Guyana	15%			→ 20% by 2025
Hungary1			15%	→ 14.65% by 2020
Iceland			70%	→ 64% by 2020
Indonesia		→ 25% by 2025
Ireland			9.2%	→ 16% by 2020
Israel				→ 13% by 2025 → 17% by 2030
Italy			18%	→ 17% by 2020
Jamaica	8%		7.8%	→ 20% by 2030
Japan	5.8%	→ 14% by 2030
Jordan				→ 11% by 2025
Korea, Republic of		→ 4.3% by 2015 → 6.1% by 2020 → 11% by 2030
Kosovo3				→ 25% by 2020
Lao PDR				→ 30% by 2025
Latvia			38%	→ 40% by 2020
Lebanon				→ 15% by 2030
Liberia				→ 10% by 2030
Libya		→ 10% by 2020
Lithuania		→ 20% by 2025	26%	→ 23% by 2020
Luxembourg			5%	→ 11% by 2020
Macedonia, FYR of			20%	→ 28% by 2020
Madagascar				→ 54% by 2020
Malawi	5.5%	→ 7% by 2020
Mali		→ 15% by 2020
Malta			5%	→ 10% by 2020
Mauritania		→ 15% by 2015 → 20% by 2020
Moldova		→ 20% by 2020		→ 17% by 2020
Mongolia		→ 20-25% by 2020
Montenegro			43%	→ 33% by 2020
Nauru				→ 50% by 2015
Nepal		→ 10% by 2030
Netherlands1			6%	→ 16% by 2020
Niger		→ 10% by 2020
Norway			69%	→ 67.5% by 2020
Palau		→ 20% by 2020
Palestine, State of				→ 25% by 2020
Panama	18%	→ 18.3% by 2023

Table R15. Share of Primary and Final Energy from Renewable Sources, Targets and 2014/2015 Shares (continued)

Note: Text in bold indicates new/revised in 2016, brackets '[]' indicate previous targets where new targets were enacted, and text in italics indicates policies adopted at the state/provincial level.

Country	Primary Energy		Final Energy
Country	Share	Target	Share	Target

Poland		→ 12% by 2020	12%	→ 15.5% by 2020
Portugal			28%	→ 31% by 2020 → 40% by 2030
Romania			25%	→ 24% by 2020
Samoa		→ 20% by 2030
Serbia				→ 27% by 2020
Slovak Republic			13%	→ 14% by 2020
Slovenia			22%	→ 25% by 2020
Spain1	14%		16%	→ 20.8% by 2020
St. Lucia	0.2%	→ 20% by 2020
Sweden1			54%	→ 50% by 2020
Switzerland		→ 24% by 2020
Syria		→ 4.3% by 2030
Thailand				→ 25% by 2021 → 30% by 2036
Togo				→ 4% (no date)
Ukraine	2.7%	→ 18% by 2030		→ 11% by 2020
United Arab Emirates			<1%	→ 24% by 2021
United Kingdom			8.2%	→ 15% by 2020
Uzbekistan				→ 16% by 2030 → 19% by 2050
Vanuatu				→ 65% by 2020
Vietnam		→ 5% by 2020 → 8% by 2025 → 11% by 2050

1 Final energy targets by 2020 for all EU-28 countries are set under EU Directive 2009/28/EC. The governments of Austria, the Czech Republic, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Spain and Sweden have set higher targets, which are shown here. The government of the Netherlands has reduced its more ambitious target to the level set in the EU Directive.

2 The Chinese target is for share of “non-fossil” energy. All targets include nuclear power.

3 Kosovo is not a member of the United Nations.

Note: Actual percentages are rounded to the nearest whole decimal for numbers over 10% except where associated targets are expressed differently. Historical targets have been added as they are identified by REN21. Only bolded targets are new/revised in 2016. A number of nations have already exceeded their renewable energy targets. In many of these cases, targets serve as a floor setting the minimum share of renewable energy for the country. Some countries shown have other types of targets (→ see Tables R10, R16, R17, R18 and R19).

Source: See endnote 15 for this section.

Table R16. Renewable Energy Targets for Technology-Specific Share of Primary and Final Energy

Country	Technology	Target

Guinea-Bissau	Solar PV	2% of primary energy by 2015
Indonesia	Hydropower, solar PV, wind power	1.4% share in primary energy (combined) by 2025
	Biofuels	10.2% biofuel share of primary energy by 2025
Samoa	Final energy	Increase the renewable share of final energy supply 20% by 2030 (base year 2007)
Spain	Bioenergy from solid biomass, biogas and organic MSW1	0.1% of final energy by 2020
	Geothermal energy, ocean power and heat pumps2	5.8% of final energy by 2020
	Hydropower	2.9% of final energy by 2020
	Solar PV	3% of final energy by 2020
	Wind power	6.3% of final energy by 2020

1 It is not always possible to determine whether data for municipal solid waste (MSW) include non-organic waste (plastics, metal, etc.) or only the organic biomass share.

2 The energy output of heat pumps is at least partially renewable on a final energy basis, which is why they are included in this table. For more information, see Sidebar 4, GSR 2014.

Note: Some countries shown have other types of targets (→ see Tables R10, R15, R17, R18 and R19).

Source: See endnote 16 for this section.

Table R17. Share of Electricity Generation from Renewable Sources, Targets and 2015 Shares

Note: Text in bold indicates new/revised in 2016, brackets '[]' indicate previous targets where new targets were enacted, and text in italics indicates policies adopted at the state/provincial level.

Country	Share	Target

EU-28	28.8%

Afghanistan1		→ 100% by 2050
Algeria		→ 27% by 2030
Antigua and Barbuda		→ 10% by 2020 → 15% by 2030
Argentina		→ 8% by 2018 → 20% by 2025
Armenia	34%	→ 40% by 2025
Aruba		→ 100% by 2020
Australia	10%	→ 23% by 2020
South Australia		→ 50% by 2020
Tasmania		→ 100% by 2020
Victoria		→ 20% by 2020→ 40% by 2025
Austria	70.3%	→ 70.6% by 2020
Azerbaijan	16%	→ 20% by 2020
Bahamas, The		→ 15% by 2020 → 30% by 2030
Bahrain		→ 5% by 2030
Bangladesh1		→ 10% by 2020→ 100% by 2050
Barbados1		→ 29% by 2029→ 65% by 2030 → 100% by 2050
Belgium	15.4%	→ 20.9% by 2020
Belize		→ 85% by 2017
Bhutan1		→ 100% by 2050
Bolivia		→ 79% by 2030
Brazil2		→ 23% by 2030
Brunei Darussalam		→ 10% by 2035
Bulgaria	19.1%	→ 20.6% by 2020
Burkina Faso1		→ 100% by 2050
Cabo Verde		→ 100% by 2020 → [100% by 2035] → [50% by 2020]
Cambodia1		→ 25% by 2035→ 100% by 2050
Canada3	7.3%	No national target
Alberta		→ 30% by 2030
British Columbia		→ 93% (no date given)
New Brunswick		→ 40% by 2020
Nova Scotia		→ 40% by 2020
Saskatchewan		→ 50% by 2030
Chile	8.5%	→ 20% by 2025
China		No national target
Taipei	4%	→ 20% by 2025

Country	Share	Target

Colombia1		→ 100% by 2050
Comoros1		→ 43% by 2030→ 100% by 2050
Congo, Republic of		→ 85% by 2025
Costa Rica		→ 100% by 2030
Côte d’Ivoire		→ 42% by 2020
Croatia	45%	→ 39% by 2020
Cuba		→ 24% by 2030
Cyprus	8.4%	→ 16% by 2020
Czech Republic	14%	→ 14.3% by 2020
Democratic Republic of the Congo1		→ 100% by 2050
Denmark4	51%	→ 50% by 2020 → 100% by 2050
Djibouti		→ 35% by 2035
Dominica		→ 100% (no date)
Dominican Republic1		→ 25% by 2025→ 100% by 2050
Ecuador		→ 90% by 2017 [85% by 2017]
Egypt		→ 20% by 2022 [20% by 2020]
Eritrea		→ 70% by 2030
Estonia	15.1%	→ 17.6% by 2020
Ethiopia1		→ 100% by 2050
Fiji		→ 100% by 2030
Finland	33%	→ 33% by 2020
France	19%	→ 27% by 2020 → 40% by 2030
Gabon		→ 70% by 2020 → 80% by 2025
Gambia1		→ 35% by 2020→ 100% by 2050
Germany	31%	→ 40–45% by 2025 → 55–60% by 2035 → 80% by 2050
Ghana1		→ 10% by 2020→ 100% by 2050
Greece	22%	→ 40% by 2020
Grenada1		→ 100% by 2050
Guatemala1		→ 80% by 2030 → 100% by 2050
Guyana		→ 90% (no date)
Haiti1		→ 47% by 2030→ 100% by 2050
Honduras1		→ 60% by 2022 → 80% by 2038→ 100% by 2050

Table R17. Share of Electricity Generation from Renewable Sources, Targets and 2015 Shares (continued)

Note: Text in bold indicates new/revised in 2016, brackets '[]' indicate previous targets where new targets were enacted, and text in italics indicates policies adopted at the state/provincial level.

Country	Share	Target

Hungary	7.3%	→ 10.9% by 2020
India5		→ 40% by 2030
Andaman and Nicobar		→ 3% (0.4% solar)
Andhra Pradesh		→ 7% (0.2% solar)
Arunchal Pradesh		→ 7% (0.2% solar)
Assam		→ 7% (0.25% solar)
Bihar		→ 5% (0.75% solar) → 3% solar by 2022
Chandigarh		→ 3% (0.4% solar)
Chattisgarh		→ 6.75% (0.75% solar) → 7.25% by 2016
Dadra and Nagar Haveli		→ 3% (0.4% solar)
Daman and Diu		→ 3% (0.4% solar)
Delhi		→ 6.2% (0.25% solar) → 9% by 2017
Goa		→ 3.3% (0.6% solar) → 6% by 2022
Gujarat		→ 9% (1.5% solar) → 10% by 2017
Haryana		→ 3.25% (0.25% solar) → 5.5% by 2022
Himachal Pradesh		→ 10.25% (0.25% solar) → 19% by 2022
Jammu and Kashmir		→ 6% (0.75% solar) → 9% by 2017
Jharkhand		→ 4% (1% solar) → 4% by 2016
Karnataka		→ 10.25% (0.25% solar)
Kerala		→ 4.5% (0.25% solar) → 6.6% by 2022
Lakshadweep		→ 3% (0.4% solar)
Madhya Pradesh		→ 7% (1% solar)
Maharashtra		→ 9% (0.5% solar)
Manipur		→ 5% (0.25% solar)
Meghalaya		→ 1% (0.4% solar)
Mizoram		→ 7% (0.25% solar)
Nagaland		→ 8% (0.25% solar)
Orissa		→ 6.5% (0.25% solar)
Pondicherry		→ 3% (0.4% solar)
Punjab		→ 4% (0.19% solar)
Rajasthan		→ 9% (1.5% solar)
Tamil Nadu		→ 11% (2% solar)
Tripura		→ 2.5% (1.05% solar)
Uttar Pradesh		→ 6% (1% solar)
Uttarakhand		→ 7.075% (0.075% solar)
West Bengal		→ 4.5% (0.15% solar)
Indonesia		→ 26% by 2025
Iraq		→ 10% by 2030

Country	Share	Target

Ireland	25.2%	→ 42.5% by 2020
Israel	3%	→ 10% by 2020 → 17% by 2030
Italy	34%	→ 26% by 2020
Jamaica		→ 20% by 2030
Japan	7.9%	→ 22-24% by 2030
Kazakhstan		→ 3% by 2020 → 50% by 2030
Kenya1		→ 100% by 2050
Kiribati1		→ 3% by 2020→ 100% by 2050
Korea, Republic of	3.7%	→ 5% by 2018 (4.5% by 2018)→ 6% by 2019 (5% by 2019)→ 7% by 2020 (6% by 2020)
Kuwait		→ 10% (no date)
Latvia	52%	→ 60% by 2020
Lebanon1		→ 12% by 2020→ 100% by 2050
Liberia		→ 30% by 2021
Libya		→ 7% by 2020
Libya		→ 10% by 2025
Lithuania	16%	→ 21% by 2020
Luxembourg	6.2%	→ 11.8% by 2020
Macedonia, FYR of	22%	→ 24.7% by 2020
Madagascar1		→ 79% (no date)→ 100% by 2050
Malawi1		→ 100% by 2050
Malaysia		→ 9% by 2020 → 11% by 2030 → 15% by 2050
Maldives1		→ 16% by 2017→ 100% by 2050
Mali6		→ 25% by 2033
Malta	4.2%	→ 3.8% by 2020
Marshall Islands1		→ 20% by 2020→ 100% by 2050
Mauritius		→ 35% by 2025
Mexico	8.9%	→ 35% by 2024
Mexico	8.9%	→ 50% by 2050
Moldova		→ 10% by 2020
Montenegro		→ 51.4% by 2020
Mongolia1		→ 20% by 2020 → 30% by 2030→ 100% by 2050

Table R17. Share of Electricity Generation from Renewable Sources, Targets and 2015 Shares (continued)

Note: Text in bold indicates new/revised in 2016, brackets '[]' indicate previous targets where new targets were enacted, and text in italics indicates policies adopted at the state/provincial level.

Country	Share	Target

Morocco1		→ 52% by 2030 [52% by 2039]→ 100% by 2050
Myanmar		→ 15–18% by 2020
Namibia		→ 70% by 2030
Nepal1		→ 100% by 2050
Netherlands	11%	→ 37% by 2020
New Zealand	29%	→ 90% by 2025
Cook Islands		→ 100% by 2020
Niue		→ 100% by 2020
Tokelau		→ 100% (no date)
Nicaragua		→ 90% by 2027
Niger1		→ 100% by 2050
Nigeria7		→ 10% by 2020
Palau1		→ 100% by 2050
Palestine, State of 1		→ 10% by 2020→ 100% by 2050
Papua New Guinea		→ 100% by 2030
Paraguay		→ 60% increase from 2014 to 2030
Peru		→ 60% by 2025
Philippines1		→ 40% by 2020→ 100% by 2050
Poland	13.4%	→ 19.3% by 2020
Portugal	53%	→ 60% by 2020
Qatar		→ 2% by 2020
Qatar		→ 20% by 2030
Romania	43%	→ 43% by 2020
Russian Federation8		→ 4.5% by 2020
Rwanda1		→ 100% by 2050
Samoa		→ 100% by 2030
São Tomé and Príncipe		→ 47% (no date)
Senegal1		→ 20% by 2017→ 100% by 2050
Serbia		→ 37% by 2020
Seychelles		→ 5% by 2020 → 15% by 2030
Sierra Leone		→ 33% by 2020 → 36% by 2030
Singapore		→ 8% (no date)
Slovak Republic	23%	→ 24% by 2020
Slovenia	33%	→ 39.3% by 2020
Solomon Islands		→ 100% by 2030
South Africa		→ 9% by 2030
South Sudan1		→ 100% by 2050
Spain	36.9%	→ 38.1% by 2020

Country	Share	Target

Sri Lanka1		→ 10% by 2016 → 20% by 2020→ 100% by 2050
St. Lucia1		→ 35% by 2020→ 100% by 2050
St. Vincent and the Grenadines		→ 60% by 2020
Sudan1		→ 20% by 2030→ 100% by 2050
Sweden	65.8%	→ 62.9% by 2020
Tajikistan		→ 10% (no date)
Tanzania1		→ 100% by 2050
Thailand9		→ 20% by 2036
Timor-Leste1		→ 50% by 2020→ 100% by 2050
Togo		→ 15% by 2020
Tonga		→ 50% by 2020
Tunisia1		→ 11% by 2016 → 30% by 2030→ 100% by 2050
Turkey	33%	→ 30% by 2023
Tuvalu		→ 100% by 2020
Uganda		→ 61% by 2017
Ukraine		→ 11% by 2020 → 20% by 2030
United Arab Emirates		No national target
Abu Dhabi		→ 7% by 2020
Dubai		→ 7% by 2020 → 15% by 2030
United Kingdom	22%	No national target
Scotland		→ 100% by 2020
United States10	8.4%	No national target
Arizona		→ 15% by 2025
California		→ 33% by 2020→ 50% by 2030
Colorado		→ 30% by 202011
Connecticut		→ 27% by 2020
Delaware		→ 25% by 2026
Hawaii		→ 25% by 2020 → 40% by 2030 → 100% by 2045
Illinois		→ 25% by 2026 [25% by 2015-2016]
Maine		→ 40% by 2017
Maryland		→ 25% by 2020 [20% by 2020]
Massachusetts		→ 15% by 2020 and an additional 1% each year thereafter

Table R17. Share of Electricity Generation from Renewable Sources, Targets and 2015 Shares (continued)

Note: Text in bold indicates new/revised in 2016, brackets '[]' indicate previous targets where new targets were enacted, and text in italics indicates policies adopted at the state/provincial level.

Country	Share	Target

Michigan		→ 15% by 2021 → [10% by 2015]
Minnesota		→ 31.5% by 2020 (Xcel) [25% by 2025 (other utilities)]→ 26.5% by 2025 (IOUs)11
Missouri		→ 15% by 202111
Nevada		→ 25% by 2025
New Hampshire		→ 24.8% by 2025
New Jersey		→ 20.38% by 2020 and 4.1% solar by 2027
New Mexico		→ 20% by 2020 (IOUs)11→ 10% by 2020 (co-ops)12
New York		→ 50% by 2030
North Carolina		→ 10% by 2018 (co-ops)12 → 12.5% by 202111
Ohio		→ 12.5% by 2026 [25% by 2024]
Oregon		→ 50% by 2040 [25% by 2025 (utilities with 3% or more of state’s load); 10% by 2025 (utilities with 1.5- 3% of state’s load); 5% by 2025 (utilities with less than 1.5% of state’s load)]
Pennsylvania		→ 18% by 2021
Rhode Island		→ 38.5% by 2035 [16% by 2019]
Vermont		→ 55% by 2017, increasing by 4% every 3 years until reaching 75% by 2032
Washington		→ 15% by 2020
District of Columbia		→ 50% by 2032 [20% by 2020]
Northern Mariana Islands		→ 20% by 2016 [80% by 2015]
Puerto Rico		→ 20% by 2035
US Virgin Islands		→ 30% by 2025 [30% by 2030]
Uruguay		→ 95% by 2017
Vanuatu		→ 100% by 2030
Vietnam1		→ 7% by 2020 → 10% by 2030 [5% by 2020]→ 100% by 2050
Yemen1		→ 15% by 2025→ 100% by 2050

1 100% by 2050 target established by the Climate Vulnerable Forum.

2 Brazil’s target excludes all hydropower.

3 Canada's share excludes all hydropower.

4 In March 2012, Denmark set a target of 50% electricity consumption supplied by wind power by 2020.

5 India does not classify hydropower installations larger than 25 MW as renewable energy sources, so hydro >25 MW is excluded from national shares and targets. De facto sub-national targets have been set through existing RPS policies.

6 Mali’s target excludes large-scale hydropower.

7 Nigeria’s target excludes hydropower plants >30 MW.

8 The Russian Federation's targets exclude hydropower plants >25 MW.

9 Thailand does not classify hydropower installations larger than 6 MW as renewable energy sources, so hydro >6 MW is excluded from national shares and targets.

10 The United States does not have a renewable electricity target at the national level. De facto state-level targets have been set through existing RPS policies.

11 RPS mandate for Investor-owned utilities (IOUs), which are utilities operating under private control rather than government or co-operative operation.

12 RPS mandate for co-operative utilities.

Note: Unless otherwise noted, all targets and corresponding shares represent all renewables including hydropower. A number of state/provincial and local jurisdictions have additional targets not listed here. Historical targets have been added as they are identified by REN21. Only bolded targets are new/revised in 2016. A number of nations have already exceeded their renewable energy targets. In many of these cases, targets serve as a floor setting the minimum share of renewable electricity for the country. Some countries shown have other types of targets (→Tables R10 and R12–R22). See Policy Landscape chapter for more information about sub-national targets. Existing shares are indicative and may need adjusting if more accurate national statistics are published. Sources for reported data often do not specify the accounting method used; therefore, shares of electricity are likely to include a mixture of different accounting methods and thus are not directly comparable or consistent across countries. Where shares sourced from EUROSTAT differed from those provided to REN21 by country contributors, the former was given preference.

Source: See endnote 17 for this section.

Table R18. Renewable Energy Targets for Technology-Specific Share of Electricity Generation

Note: Text in bold indicates new/revised in 2016 and brackets '[]' indicate previous targets where new targets were enacted.

Country	Technology	Target

Benin	Generation (off-grid and rural)	50% by 2025
Colombia	Generation (grid-connected)1	3.5% by 2015; 6.5% by 2020
	Generation (off-grid)	20% by 2015; 30% by 2020
Denmark	Wind power	50% by 2020
Djibouti	Solar PV (off-grid and rural)	30% by 2017
Dominican Republic	Distributed power (rooftop solar)	20% by 2016
Egypt	Wind power	12% and 7.2 GW by 2020
Eritrea	Wind power	50% (no date)
Guinea	Solar power	6% of generation by 2025
	Wind power	2% of generation by 2025
Haiti	Bio-power	5.6% by 2030
	Hydropower	24.5% by 2030
	Solar power	7.55% by 2030
	Wind power	9.4% by 2030
Japan	Bio-power	3.7-4.6% by 2030
	Geothermal power	1-1.1% by 2030
	Hydropower	8.8-9.2% by 2030
	Solar PV	7% by 2030
	Wind power	1.7% by 2030
Latvia	Bio-power from solid biomass	8% by 2016
Lesotho	Generation (not specified)	35% of off-grid and rural electrification by 2020
Micronesia, Federated States of	Generation (not specified)	10% in urban centres and 50% in rural areas by 2020
Myanmar	Generation (not specified)	30% of rural electrification by 2030
Trinidad and Tobago	Generation (not specified)	5% of peak demand (or 60 MW) by 2020

1 Colombia’s target is to be met by “non-conventional sources of energy”, which includes nuclear energy and renewables, small- and large-scale self-supply and distributed power generation, and non-diesel power generation in non-interconnected zones.

Note: Unless otherwise noted, all targets and corresponding shares represent all renewables including hydropower. A number of state/provincial and local jurisdictions have additional targets not listed here. Some countries shown have other types of targets (→ see Tables R12-R22). See Policy Landscape chapter and Table R23 for more information about sub-national and municipal-level targets, and see Table R10 for electricity access-specific targets. Existing shares are indicative and may need adjusting if more accurate national statistical data are published.

Source: See endnote 18 for this section.

Table R19.Targets for Renewable Power Installed Capacity and/or Generation (continued)

Note: Text in bold indicates new/revised in 2016, brackets '[]' indicate previous targets where new targets were enacted, and text in italics indicates policies adopted at the state/provincial level.

Country	Technology	Target

Algeria	Capacity (not specified)	22 GW by 2030
	Bio-power from waste-to-energy	1 GW by 2030
	Geothermal power	15 MW by 2030
	Solar PV	13.5 GW by 2030
	CSP	2 GW by 2030
	Wind power	5 GW by 2030
Antigua and Barbuda	Capacity (not specified)	5 MW by 2030
Argentina	Capacity (not specified)	3 GW by 2018
Armenia	Hydropower (small-scale)	377 MW by 2020; 397 MW by 2025
	Geothermal power	50 MW by 2020; 100 MW by 2025
	Solar PV	40 MW by 2020; 80 MW by 2025
	Wind power	50 MW by 2020; 100 MW by 2025
Austria	Bio-power from solid biomass and biogas	200 MW added 2010-2020
	Hydropower	1 GW added 2010-2020
	Solar PV	1.2 GW added 2010-2020
	Wind power	2 GW added 2010-2020
Azerbaijan	Capacity (not specified)	1 GW by 2020
Bangladesh	Bio-power from solid biomass	100,000 plants of 2.6 m3 capacity capable of producing 40 MW of electricity
	Bio-power from biogas	7 MW by 2017
	Biogas digesters	150,000 plants by 2016
	Solar PV (off-grid and rural)	6 million solar home systems by 2016 (240 MW total); 50 mini-grids of 150 kW each; 1,550 solar irrigation pumps by 2017
	Wind power	400 MW by 2030
Belgium		No national target
Flanders	Solar PV	Increase production 30% by 2020
Wallonia	Generation (not specified)	8 TWh per year by 2020
Bhutan	Capacity (not specified)	20 MW by 2025
	Bio-power from solid biomass	5 MW by 2025
	Solar PV	5 MW by 2025
	Wind power	5 MW by 2025
Bolivia	Capacity (not specified)	160 MW added 2015–2025
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Hydropower	120 MW by 2030
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Solar PV	4 MW by 2030
	Wind power	175 MW by 2030
Brazil	Bio-power	18 GW by 2024
	Hydropower (small-scale)	8 GW by 2024
	Hydropower (large-scale)	117 GW by 2024
	Wind power	24 GW by 2024
	Solar	7 GW by 2024
Bulgaria	Hydropower	Three 174 MW plants commissioned by 2017–2018
Burundi	Bio-power from solid biomass	4 MW (no date)
	Hydropower	212 MW (no date)
	Solar PV	40 MW (no date)
	Wind power	10 MW (no date)

Table R19. Targets for Renewable Power Installed Capacity and/or Generation (continued)

Note: Text in bold indicates new/revised in 2016, brackets '[]' indicate previous targets where new targets were enacted, and text in italics indicates policies adopted at the state/provincial level.

Country	Technology	Target

Canada		No national target
Ontario	Capacity (not specified)	20 GW by 2025 supplied by a mix of renewable technologies, including:
	Hydropower	9.3 GW by 2025
	Solar PV	40 MW by 2025
	Wind power	5 GW by 2025
Prince Edward Island	Wind power	30 MW increase by 2030 (base year 2011)
China	Capacity (not specified)	680 GW non-fossil fuel generation capacity by 2020
	Hydropower	340 GW by 2020
	Solar power	110 GW by 2020 [150 GW by 2020] of which 5 GW is CSP
	Wind power	210 GW by 2020 [250 GW by 2020] of which 5 GW is offshore
Taipei	Capacity (not specified)	8,303 MW by 2020; 12,513 MW by 2025; 17,250 MW by 2030
	Bio-power	768 MW by 2020; 813 MW by 2025; 950 MW by 2030
	Geothermal power	10 MW by 2020; 150 MW by 2025; 200 MW by 2030
	Solar PV	1,115 MW by 2015; 3,615 MW by 2020; 6.2 GW by 2025; 8.7 GW by 2030
	Wind power (onshore)	1.2 GW by 2020; 1.2 GW by 2025; 1.2 GW by 2025
	Wind power (offshore)	520 MW by 2020; 2 GW by 2025; 4 GW by 2030
Cuba	Capacity (not specified)	2.1 GW of biomass, wind, solar and hydropower capacity by 2030
Egypt	Hydropower	2.8 GW by 2020
	Solar PV	300 MW small-scale (<500 kW) solar PV systems installed 2015-2017; 2 GW medium and large-size solar PV (max. 50 MW) installed 2015-2017 [220 MW by 2020; 700 MW by 2027]
	CSP	1.1 GW by 2020; 2.8 GW by 2030
	Wind power	2 GW installed 2015-2017, 7.2 GW by 2020
Ethiopia	Bio-power from bagasse	103.5 MW (no date)
	Geothermal power	450 MW by 2018; 1 GW by 2030
	Hydropower	22 GW by 2030
	Wind power	7 GW by 2030 [770 MW by 2014]
Finland	Bio-power	13.2 GW by 2020
	Hydropower	14.6 GW by 2020
	Wind power	884 MW by 2020
France	Hydropower	25.8-26.05 GW by 2030
	Ocean power	380 MW by 2020
	Solar	10.2 GW by 2018; 18.2-20.2 GW by 2023; [8 GW by 2020]
	Wind power	21.8-26 GW by 2023
	Wind power (onshore)	19 GW by 2020
	Wind power (offshore)	6 GW by 2020
Germany	Bio-power	100 MW added per year
	Solar PV	2.5 GW added per year
	Wind power (onshore)	2.5 GW added per year
	Wind power (offshore)	6.5 GW added by 2020

Table R19. Targets for Renewable Power Installed Capacity and/or Generation (continued)

Note: Text in bold indicates new/revised in 2016, brackets '[]' indicate previous targets where new targets were enacted, and text in italics indicates policies adopted at the state/provincial level.

Country	Technology	Target

Greece	Solar PV	2.2 GW by 2030
Grenada	Geothermal power	15 MW (no date)
	Solar power	10 MW (no date)
	Wind power	2 MW (no date)
India	Capacity (not specified)	175 GW by 2022
	Bio-power	10 GW by 2022
	Hydropower (small-scale)1	5 GW by 2022
	Solar PV	20 million solar lighting systems added 2010-2022
	Solar PV and CSP	100 GW by 2022
	Wind power	60 GW by 2022
Andhra Pradesh	Solar PV	5,000 MW added between 2015 and 2020
Jharkhand	Solar PV	2,650 MW installed by 2019-2020
Indonesia	Geothermal power	12.6 GW by 2025
	Hydropower	2 GW by 2025, including 0.43 GW micro-hydropower
	Pumped storage2	3 GW by 2025
	Solar power	5 GW by 2020 [156.8 MW of solar PV by 2025]
	Wind power	100 MW by 2025
Iran	Solar power and wind power	5 GW by 2020
Iraq	Solar PV	240 MW by 2016
	CSP	80 MW by 2016
	Wind power	80 MW by 2016
Italy	Bio-power	19,780 GWh per year generation from 2.8 GW capacity by 2020
	Geothermal power	6,759 GWh per year of generation from 920 MW capacity by 2020
	Hydropower	42,000 GWh per year generation from 17.8 GW capacity by 2020
	Solar PV	23 GW by 2017
	Wind power (onshore)	18,000 GWh per year generation and 12 GW capacity by 2020
	Wind power (offshore)	2,000 GWh per year generation and 680 MW capacity by 2020
Japan	Ocean power (wave and tidal)	1.5 GW by 2030
Jordan	Capacity (not specified)	1.8 GW by 2020
	Solar power	1 GW by 2020 [600 MW by 2020]
	Wind power	1.2 GW by 2020
Kazakhstan	Bio-power	15.05 MW at 3 bioelectric stations by 2020
	Hydropower	539 MW at 41 hydroelectric power stations by 2020
	Solar power	713.5 MW at 28 solar electric plants by 2020
	Wind power	1,787 MW at 34 wind power stations by 2020
Kenya	Geothermal power	1.9 GW by 2016; 5 GW by 2030
	Hydropower	794 MW by 2016
	Solar PV	423 MW by 2016
	Wind power	635 MW by 2016
Korea, Republic of	Generation (not specified)	13,016 GWh per year (2.9% of total generation) by 2015; 21,977 GWh per year (4.7%) by 2020; 39,517 GWh per year (7.7%) by 2030 supplied by a mix of renewable technologies, including:
	Bio-power from solid biomass	2,628 GWh per year by 2030
	Bio-power from biogas	161 GWh per year by 2030
	Bio-power from landfill gas	1,340 GWh per year by 2030

Table R19. Targets for Renewable Power Installed Capacity and/or Generation (continued)

Note: Text in bold indicates new/revised in 2016, brackets '[]' indicate previous targets where new targets were enacted, and text in italics indicates policies adopted at the state/provincial level.

Country	Technology	Target

Korea, Republic of (continued)	Geothermal power	2,046 GWh per year by 2030
	Hydropower (large-scale)	3,860 GWh per year by 2030
	Hydropower (small-scale)	1,926 GWh per year by 2030
	Ocean power	6,159 GWh per year by 2030
	Solar PV	2,046 GWh per year by 2030
	CSP	1,971 GWh per year by 2030
	Wind power	900 MW by 2016; 1.5 GW by 2019; 16,619 GWh per year by 2030
	Wind power (offshore)	2.5 GW by 2019
Kuwait	Solar PV	3.5 GW by 2030
	CSP	1.1 GW by 2030
	Wind power	3.1 GW by 2030
Lebanon	Wind power	400-500 MW by 2020
Lesotho	Capacity (not specified)	260 MW by 2030
Libya	Solar PV	344 MW by 2020; 844 MW by 2025
	CSP	125 MW by 2020; 375 MW by 2025
	Wind power	600 MW by 2020; 1 GW by 2025
Macedonia, FYR of	Bio-power from solid biomass	50 GWh by 2020
Macedonia, FYR of	Bio-power from biogas	20 GWh by 2020
	Hydropower (small-scale)	216 GWh by 2020
	Solar PV	14 GWh by 2020
	Wind power	300 GWh by 2020
Malaysia	Generation (not specified)	2.1 GW (excluding large-scale hydropower), 11.2 TWh per year, or 10% of national supply (no date given); 11% by 2020; 14% by 2030; 36% by 2050
	Generation (not specified)
	Solar power	1 GW of capacity added by 2020
Mexico	Capacity	20 GW by 2030, of which:
	Wind power	10 GW by 2030
Morocco	Hydropower	2 GW by 2020
	Solar PV and CSP	2 GW by 2020
	Wind power	2 GW by 2020
Mozambique	Bio-digesters for biogas	1,000 systems installed (no date)
	Hydropower, solar PV, wind power	2 GW each (no date)
	Solar PV	82,000 solar home systems installed (no date)
	Wind turbines for water pumping	3,000 stations installed (no date)
	“Renewable energy-based productive systems”	5,000 installed (no date)
Myanmar	Hydropower	9.4 GW by 2030
Nigeria	Bio-power	400 MW by 2025
	Hydropower (small-scale)3	2 GW by 2025
	Solar PV (large-scale, >1 MW)	500 MW by 2025
	CSP	5 MW by 2025
	Wind power	40 MW by 2025
Norway	Generation (not specified)	30 TWh per year by 2016
	Generation (not specified)	26.4 TWh common electricity certificate market with Sweden by 2020

Table R19. Targets for Renewable Power Installed Capacity and/or Generation (continued)

Note: Text in bold indicates new/revised in 2016, brackets '[]' indicate previous targets where new targets were enacted, and text in italics indicates policies adopted at the state/provincial level.

Country	Technology	Target

Palestine, State of	Bio-power	21 MW by 2020
Palestine, State of	Solar PV	45 MW by 2020
	CSP	20 MW by 2020
	Wind power	44 MW by 2020
Philippines	Capacity (not specified)	Triple the 2010 capacity by 2030
	Bio-power	277 MW added 2010-2030
	Geothermal power	1.5 GW added 2010-2030
	Hydropower	5,398 MW added 2010-2030
	Ocean power	75 MW added 2010-2030
	Solar PV	284 MW added 2010-2030
	Wind power	2.3 GW added 2010-2030
Poland	Wind power (offshore)	1 GW by 2020
Portugal	Capacity (not specified)	15.8 GW by 2020
	Bio-power from solid biomass	769 MW by 2020
	Bio-power from biogas	59 MW by 2020
	Geothermal power	29 MW by 2020
	Hydropower (small-scale)	400 MW by 2020
	Ocean power (wave)	6 MW by 2020
	Solar PV	670 MW by 2020
	Concentrating solar photovoltaics (CPV)	50 MW by 2020
	Wind power	5.3 GW onshore by 2020; 27 MW offshore by 2020
Russian Federation	Capacity (not specified)4	5.87 GW installed capacity commissioned by 2020
Rwanda	Bio-power from biogas	300 MW by 2017
	Geothermal power	310 MW by 2017
	Hydropower	340 MW by 2017
	Capacity (not specified; off-grid)	5 MW by 2017
Saudi Arabia	Capacity (not specified)	9.5 GW by 2023; 54 GW by 2040
	Solar PV and CSP	41 GW by 2040 (25 GW CSP, 16 GW PV)
	Geothermal, bio-power (waste-to-energy)5, wind power	13 GW combined by 2040
Serbia	Solar PV	150 MW by 2017
	Wind power	1.4 GW (no date)
Sierra Leone	Capacity (not specified)	1 GW (no date)
Singapore	Solar PV	350 MW by 2020
Solomon Islands	Geothermal power	20-40 MW (no date)
Solomon Islands	Hydropower	3.77 MW (no date)
	Solar power	3.2 MW (no date)
South Africa	Capacity (not specified)	17.8 GW by 2030; 42% of new generation capacity installed 2010-2030
Spain	Bio-power from solid biomass	1.4 GW by 2020
	Bio-power from organic MSW5	200 MW by 2020
	Bio-power from biogas	400 MW by 2020
	Geothermal power	50 MW by 2020
	Hydropower	13.9 GW by 2020

Table R19. Targets for Renewable Power Installed Capacity and/or Generation (continued)

Note: Text in bold indicates new/revised in 2016, brackets '[]' indicate previous targets where new targets were enacted, and text in italics indicates policies adopted at the state/provincial level.

Country	Technology	Target

Spain (continued)	Pumped storage2	8.8 GW by 2020
Spain (continued)	Ocean power	100 MW by 2020
	Solar PV	7.3 GW by 2020
	CSP	4.8 GW by 2020
	Wind power (onshore)	35 GW by 2020
	Wind power (offshore)	750 MW by 2020
Sudan	Bio-power from solid biomass	54 MW by 2031
	Bio-power from biogas	68 MW by 2031
	Hydropower	63 MW by 2031
	Solar PV	667 MW by 2031
	CSP	50 MW by 2031
	Wind power	680 MW by 2031
Sweden	Generation (not specified)	25 TWh more renewable electricity annually by 2020 (base year 2002)
	Generation (not specified)	26.4 TWh common electricity certificate market with Norway by 2020
Switzerland	Generation (not specified)	12 TWh per year by 2035; 24.2 TWh per year by 2050
	Hydropower	43 TWh per year by 2035
Syria	Bio-power	140 MW by 2020; 260 MW by 2025; 400 MW by 2030
	Solar PV	380 MW by 2020; 1.1 GW by 2025; 1.8 GW by 2030
	CSP	50 MW by 2025
	Wind power	1 GW by 2020; 1.5 GW by 2025; 2 GW by 2030
Tajikistan	Hydropower (small-scale)	100 MW by 2020
Thailand	Bio-power from solid biomass	4.8 GW by 2021
	Bio-power from biogas	600 MW by 2021
	Bio-power from organic MSW5	400 MW by 2021
	Geothermal power	1 MW by 2021
	Hydropower	6.1 GW by 2021
	Ocean power (wave and tidal)	2 MW by 2021
	Solar PV	1.7 GW by 2016; 3 GW by 2021; 6 GW by 2036
	Wind power	1.8 GW by 2021
Trinidad and Tobago	Wind power	100 MW (no date given)
Tunisia	Capacity (not specified)	1 GW (16% of capacity) by 2016; 4.6 GW (40% of capacity) by 2030
	Bio-power from solid biomass	40 MW by 2016; 300 MW by 2030
	Solar power	10 GW by 2030
	Wind power	16 GW by 2030
Turkey	Bio-power from solid biomass	1 GW by 2023
	Geothermal power	1 GW by 2023
	Hydropower	34 GW by 2023
	Solar PV	5 GW by 2023
	Wind power	20 GW by 2023
Uganda	Bio-power from organic MSW5	30 MW by 2017
	Geothermal power	45 MW by 2017
	Hydropower (large-scale)	1.2 GW by 2017
	Hydropower (mini- and micro-scale)	85 MW by 2017
	Solar PV (solar home systems)	700 kW by 2017

Table R19. Targets for Renewable Power Installed Capacity and/or Generation (continued)

Note: Text in bold indicates new/revised in 2016, brackets '[]' indicate previous targets where new targets were enacted, and text in italics indicates policies adopted at the state/provincial level.

Country	Technology	Target

United Kingdom	Wind power (offshore)	39 GW by 2030
United States		No national target
Iowa	Capacity (not specified)	105 MW of generating capacity for IOUs6
Massachusetts	Wind (offshore)	1.6 GW by 2027
Texas	Capacity (not specified)	5,880 MW
Venezuela	Capacity (not specified)	613 MW new capacity installed 2013-2019, including:
	Wind power	500 MW new capacity installed 2013-2019
Vietnam	Hydropower	21.6 GW by 2020; 24.6 GW by 2025; 27.8 GW by 2030
	Wind power	800 MW by 2020; 2 GW by 2025; 6 GW by 2030
	Solar power	850 MW by 2020; 4 GW by 2025; 12 GW by 2030
Yemen	Bio-power	6 MW by 2025
	Geothermal power	200 MW by 2025
	Solar PV	4 MW by 2025
	CSP	100 MW by 2025
	Wind power	400 MW by 2025

1 India does not classify hydropower installations larger than 25 MW as renewable energy sources. Therefore, national targets and data for India do not include hydropower facilities >25 MW.

2 Pumped storage plants are not energy sources but a means of energy storage. As such, they involve conversion losses and are powered by renewable or non-renewable electricity. Pumped storage is included here because it can play an important role as balancing power, in particular for variable renewable resources.

3 Nigeria’s target excludes hydropower plants >30 MW.

4 The Russian Federation’s targets exclude hydropower plants >25 MW.

5 It is not always possible to determine whether municipal solid waste (MSW) data include non-organic waste (plastics, metal, etc.) or only the organic biomass share.

6 Investor-owned utilities (IOUs) are those operating under private control rather than government or co-operative operation.

Note: All capacity targets are for cumulative capacity unless otherwise noted. Targets are rounded to the nearest tenth decimal. Renewable energy targets are not standardised across countries; therefore, the table presents a variety of targets for the purpose of general comparison. Countries on this list also may have primary/final energy, electricity, heating/cooling or transport targets (→ see Tables R10, R12–R22).

Source: See endnote 19 for this section.

Table R20. Cumulative Number1 of Countries/States/Provinces Enacting Feed-in Policies, and 2016 Revisions

Note: Text in bold indicates new/revised in 2016.

YEAR	CUMULATIVE #1	COUNTRIES/STATES/PROVINCES added that year

1978	1	United States2
1988	2	Portugal
1990	3	Germany
1991	4	Switzerland
1992	5	Italy
1993	7	Denmark; India
1994	10	Luxembourg; Spain; Greece
1997	11	Sri Lanka
1998	12	Sweden
1999	14	Portugal; Norway; Slovenia
2000	14	[None identified]
2001	17	Armenia; France; Latvia
2002	23	Algeria; Austria; Brazil; Czech Republic; Indonesia; Lithuania
2003	29	Cyprus; Estonia; Hungary; Slovak Republic; Republic of Korea; Maharashtra (India)
2004	34	Israel; Nicaragua; Prince Edward Island (Canada); Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh (India)
2005	41	China; Ecuador; Ireland; Turkey; Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand (India)
2006	46	Argentina; Pakistan; Thailand; Ontario (Canada); Kerala (India)
2007	55	Albania; Bulgaria; Croatia; Dominican Republic; Finland; FYR of Macedonia; Moldova; Mongolia; South Australia (Australia)
2008	70	Iran; Kenya; Liechtenstein; Philippines; San Marino; Tanzania; Queensland (Australia); Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal (India); California (United States)
2009	81	Japan; Serbia; South Africa; Ukraine; Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales and Victoria (Australia); Taipei (China); Hawaii, Oregon and Vermont (United States)
2010	87	Belarus; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Malaysia; Malta; Mauritius; United Kingdom
2011	94	Ghana; Montenegro; Netherlands; Syria; Vietnam; Nova Scotia (Canada); Rhode Island (United States)
2012	99	Jordan; Nigeria; State of Palestine; Rwanda; Uganda
2013	101	Kazakhstan; Pakistan
2014	104	Egypt; Vanuatu; Virgin Islands (United States)
2015	104	[None identified]
2016	104	Czech Republic (reinstated)

Total Existing3	110

1 “Cumulative number” refers to number of jurisdictions that had enacted feed-in policies as of the given year.

2 The US PURPA policy (1978) is an early version of the FIT, which has since evolved.

3 “Total existing” excludes eight countries that are known to have subsequently discontinued policies (Brazil, Republic of Korea, Mauritius, Norway, South Africa, Spain, Sweden and the United States) and adds nine countries (Andorra, Honduras, Maldives, Panama, Peru, Poland, Russian Federation, Senegal and Tajikistan) and five Indian states (Bihar, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Jharkhand and Orissa) that are believed to have FITs but with an unknown year of enactment.

Source: See endnote 20 for this section.

Table R20. Cumulative Number1 of Countries/States/Provinces Enacting Feed-in Policies, and 2016 Revisions (continued)

Note: Text in bold indicates new/revised in 2016, and text in italics indicates policies adopted at the state/provincial level.

2016 FIT Policy Adjustments

Australia – Queensland	Increased size of solar power systems eligible for FIT from 5 kW to 30 kW
Canada – Ontario	Opened fifth round of FIT to new applications
China	Solar PV FIT rate reduced 13-19% (regionally dependent); FIT for distributed solar PV and offshore wind unchanged; onshore wind FIT set to decrease by 15% from 2018
Czech Republic	FIT reinstated
Denmark	Introduced FIT for small-scale wind power installations
Egypt	Solar PV (500 kW to 20 MW) reduced from USD 0.136 per kWh to USD 0.078 per kWh; solar PV (20 MW to 50 MW) reduced from USD 0.1434 per kWh to USD 0.084 per kWh; wind power reduced from USD 0.0957–0.1148 per kWh to USD 0.04 per kWh
France	FIT restricted to installations of less than 500 kW
Germany	FIT restricted to installations of less than 750 kW, 150 kW limit for bio-power installations
Greece	FIT expanded to allow small-scale projects and installations on non-interconnected islands to receive support
India – Tamil Nadu	Solar PV FIT reduced 27%
Indonesia	Solar FIT increased 70%
Japan	Solar FIT reduced 11%
Kenya	Proposed tenders to replace FIT
Pakistan	Solar FIT reduced 36%
Philippines	Solar power FIT reduced 10% for second wave of FIT
Slovenia	FIT restricted to installations of less than 500 kW
Ukraine	Rates reduced from EUR 0.16 per kWh to EUR 0.15 per kWh for commercial solar power installations greater than 10 MW
United Kingdom	All FIT rates reduced 65%

1 “Cumulative number” refers to number of jurisdictions that had enacted feed-in policies as of the given year.

Source: See endnote 20 for this section.

Table R21. Cumulative Number1 of Countries/States/Provinces Enacting RPS/Quota Policies, and 2016 Revisions

Note: Text in bold indicates new/revised in 2016.

YEAR	CUMULATIVE #1	COUNTRIES/STATES/PROVINCES added that year

1983	1	Iowa (United States)
1994	2	Minnesota (United States)
1996	3	Arizona (United States)
1997	6	Maine, Massachusetts, Nevada (United States)
1998	9	Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin (United States)
1999	12	Italy; New Jersey, Texas (United States)
2000	13	New Mexico (United States)
2001	15	Australia; Flanders (Belgium)
2002	18	United Kingdom; Wallonia (Belgium); California (United States)
2003	22	Japan; Portugal; Sweden; Maharashtra (India)
2004	35	Poland; Nova Scotia, Ontario and Prince Edward Island (Canada); Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa (India); Colorado, Hawaii, Maryland, New York, Rhode Island (United States)
2005	39	Gujarat (India); Delaware, District of Columbia, Montana (United States)
2006	40	Washington State (United States)
2007	46	China; Illinois, New Hampshire, North Carolina, Northern Mariana Islands, Oregon (United States)
2008	53	Chile; India; Philippines; Romania; Michigan, Missouri, Ohio (United States)
2009	54	Kansas (United States)
2010	57	Republic of Korea; British Columbia (Canada); Puerto Rico (United States)
2011	59	Albania; Israel
2012	60	Norway
2013	60	[None identified]
2014	60	[None identified]
2015	62	Vermont, US Virgin Islands (United States)
2016	62	[None identified]

Total Existing2	100

1 “Cumulative number” refers to the number of jurisdictions that had enacted RPS/quota policies as of the given year. Jurisdictions are listed under the year of first policy enactment. Many policies shown have been revised or renewed in subsequent years, and some policies shown may have been repealed or lapsed.

2 “Total existing” adds 40 jurisdictions believed to have RPS/Quota policies but whose year of enactment is not known (Belarus, Ghana, Indonesia, Kyrgyzstan, Lithuania, Malaysia, Palau, Peru, Senegal, South Africa, Sri Lanka, United Arab Emirates, the Indian states of Arunchal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Jharkhand, Kerala, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal and the Indian Union Territories of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu, Delhi, Lakshadweep and Puducherry) and excludes Italy, which phased out its RPS in 2012, and the US state of Kansas which downgraded its RPS to a voluntary goal in 2015. In the United States, there are nine additional states and territories with policy goals that are not legally binding RPS policies (Guam, Indiana, Kansas, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Carolina, South Dakota, Utah and Virginia). West Virginia’s non-binding goal was repealed in 2015. Three additional Canadian provinces also have non-binding policy goals (Alberta, Manitoba and Québec).

Source: See endnote 21 for this section.

Table R22. Renewable Energy Auctions Held in 2016 by Country/State/Province

Country	Technology	Description

Argentina	Bio-power (biomass)	15 MW awarded in 2016
	Bio-power (biogas)	9 MW awarded in 2016
	Small-scale hydropower	11 MW awarded in 2016
	Solar PV	916 MW awarded in 2016
	Wind power	1.46 GW awarded in 2016
Chile	Non-technology-specific	12,430 GWh offered in 2016
China	Non-technology-specific	5.5 GW of renewable energy capacity in 2016
El Salvador	Solar PV	100 MW
	Wind power	50 MW
France	Solar PV	3 GW of solar through six 500 MW application rounds to be held until 2019
Germany	Solar PV	400 MW cumulative capacity offered in 2016
Greece	Solar PV	40 MW of small-scale projects
India	Solar PV	1 GW
Indonesia	Geothermal power	680 MW
Iraq	Solar PV	50 MW
Israel	Solar PV	At least 1 GW, as well as 500 MW in the Negev desert and 40 MW in Ashalim
Jordan	Solar power	200 MW offered in 2016
	Wind power	100 MW offered in 2016
Malawi	Solar PV	4 solar PV plants with a cumulative capacity of 70 MW
Mexico	Solar and wind power	8,909 GWh awarded in 2016
Morocco	Non-technology-specific	1 GW of large-scale renewable energy projects
Netherlands	Solar PV	179 MW awarded in spring Simulation of Sustainable Energy Production (SDE+) scheme, 2.5 GW bids in fall SDE+ scheme
	Wind power (offshore)	700 MW of capacity awarded in July 2016; 680 MW of capacity awarded in December 2016
Palestine, State of	Solar PV	100 MW offered in 2016
Poland	Solar PV	100 MW of small-scale projects
Saudi Arabia	Solar PV	100 MW offered in 2016
Suriname	Solar PV	500 kW solar PV plant with battery storage awarded in 2016
Turkey	Solar PV	1 GW offered in 2016
Zambia	Solar PV	100 MW offered in 2016

Country	State/Province	Technology	Description

Australia	New South Wales	Renewable energy	173 GWh per year
Canada	Alberta	Renewable energy	400 MW
India	Tamil Nadu	Solar PV	500 MW
United Arab Emirates	Dubai	Solar PV	800 MW
	Abu Dhabi	Solar PV	350 MW

1 It is not always possible to determine whether municipal solid waste (MSW) data include non-organic waste (plastics, metal, etc.) or only the organic biomass share.

Note: Table R22 provides an overview of identified renewable energy tenders in 2016 and likely does not constitute a comprehensive picture of all capacity offered through tenders during the year.

Source: See endnote 22 for this section.

Table R23. Heating and Cooling from Renewable Sources, Targets and 2015 Shares

Country	SHARE (2015)	Target

Austria	32%	32.6% by 2020
Belgium	7.6%	11.9% by 2020
Bhutan		Solar thermal: 3 MW equivalent by 2025
Bulgaria	28.6%	24% renewables in total heating and cooling by 2020
China		Solar thermal: 800 m2 by 2020
Croatia	38.6%	19.6% by 2020
Cyprus	22.5%	23.5% by 2020
Czech Republic	19.8%	14.1% by 2020
Denmark	39.6%	39.8% by 2020
Estonia	49.6%	38% by 2020
Finland	52.8%	47% by 2020
France	19.8%	38% by 2030
Germany	12.9%	14% by 2020
Greece	25.9%	20% by 2020
Hungary	21.3%	18.9% by 2020
India		Solar water heating: 5.6 GWth (8 million m2) of new capacity to be added 2012-2017
Ireland	6.4%	15% by 2020
Italy	19.2%	17.1% by 2020
		Bioenergy: 5,670 ktoe for heating and cooling by 2020
		Geothermal: 300 ktoe for heating and cooling by 2020
		Solar water and space heating: 1,586 ktoe by 2020
Jordan		Solar water heating: systems for 30% of households by 2020
Kenya		Solar water heating: 60% of annual demand for buildings that use over 100 litres of hot water per day (no date)
Kosovo1		45.65% by 2020
Latvia	51.8%	53.4% by 2020
Lebanon		15% renewables in gross final consumption in power and heating by 2030
Libya		Solar water heating: 80 MWth by 2015; 250 MWth by 2020
Lithuania	46.1%	39% by 2020
Luxembourg	6.9%	8.5% renewables in gross final consumption in heating and cooling by 2020

1 Kosovo is not a member of the United Nations.

2 It is not always possible to determine whether municipal solid waste (MSW) data include non-organic waste (plastics, metal, etc.) or only the organic biomass share.

Note: Targets refer to share of renewable heating and cooling in total energy supply unless otherwise noted. Historical targets have been added as they are identified by REN21. Only bolded targets are new/revised in 2016. A number of nations have already exceeded their renewable energy targets. In many of these cases, targets serve as a floor setting the minimum share of renewable heat for the country. Table R23 includes targets established under EU National Renewable Energy Action Plans. Because heating and cooling targets are shares and are not standardised across countries, the table presents a variety of targets for the purpose of general comparison.

Source: See endnote 23 for this section.

Country	SHARE (2015)	Target

Macedonia, FYR of		11% by 2020
Malawi		Solar water heating: produce 2,000 solar water heaters (no date); increase total installed to 20,000 by 2030
Malta	14.1%	6.2% by 2020
Mexico		Solar water heating: Install 18.2 million m2 of collectors by 2027
Moldova		27% by 2020
Montenegro	68.6%	38.2% by 2020
Morocco		Solar water heating: 1.2 GWth (1.7 million m2) by 2020
Mozambique		Solar water and space heating: 100,000 systems installed in rural areas (no date)
Netherlands	5.5%	8.7% by 2020
Poland	14.3%	17% by 2020
Portugal	33.4%	30.6% by 2020
Romania	25.9%	22% by 2020
Serbia		30% by 2020
Sierra Leone		Solar water heating: 2% penetration in hotels, guest houses and restaurants by 2020; 5% by 2030
		Solar water heating: 1% penetration in the residential sector by 2030
Slovak Republic	10.8%	14.6% by 2020
Slovenia	34.1%	30.8% by 2020
Spain	16.8%	18.9% by 2020
		Bioenergy: 4,653 ktoe by 2020
		Geothermal: 9.5 ktoe by 2020
		Heat pumps: 50.8 ktoe by 2020
		Solar water and space heating: 644 ktoe by 2020
Sweden	69.6%	62.1% by 2020
Thailand		Bioenergy: 8,200 ktoe by 2022
		Biogas: 1,000 ktoe by 2022
		Organic MSW2: 35 ktoe by 2022
		Solar water heating: 300,000 systems in operation and 100 ktoe by 2022
Uganda		Solar water heating: 21 MWth (30,000 m2) by 2017
Ukraine		12.4% by 2020
United Kingdom	5.5%	12% by 2020

Table R24. Transportation Energy from Renewable Sources, Targets and 2015 Shares

Note: Text in bold indicates new/revised in 2016, brackets '[]' indicate previous targets where new targets were enacted, and text in italics indicates policies adopted at the state/provincial level.

Country	Share	Target

EU-28		10% of EU-wide transport final energy demand by 2020

Albania	0%	→ 10% by 2020
Austria	11%	→ 11.4% by 2020
Belgium	3.8%	→ 10% by 2020
Wallonia		→ 10.14% by 2020
Bulgaria	6.5%	→ 11% by 2020
Croatia	3.5%	→ 10% by 2020
Cyprus	2.5%	→ 4.9% by 2020
Czech Republic	6.5%	→ 10.8% by 2020
Denmark	6.7%	→ 10% by 2020
Estonia	0.4%	→ 10% by 2020
Finland	22%	→ 30% biofuel blending and 40% renewable transport fuel use by 2030 [20% by 2020]
France	8.5%	→ 15% by 2020
Germany	6.8%	→ 20% by 2020
Greece	1.4%	→ 10.1% by 2020
Hungary	6.2%	→ 10% by 2020
Iceland	5.7%	→ 10% by 2020
Ireland	6.5%	→ 10% by 2020
Italy	6.4%	→ 10.1% (2,899 ktoe) by 2020
Latvia	3.9%	→ 10% by 2020
Liberia		→ 5% palm oil blends in transport fuel by 2030
Lithuania	4.6%	→ 10% by 2020
Luxembourg	6.5%	→ 10% by 2020
Malta	4.7%	→ 10.7% by 2020
Macedonia, FYR of		→ 2% by 2020
Moldova		→ 20% by 2020
Montenegro		→ 10.2% by 2020
Netherlands	5.3%	→ 10% by 2020

1 ETBE is a form of biofuel produced from ethanol and isobutylene.

Note: Targets refer to share of renewable transport in total energy supply unless otherwise noted. Historical targets have been added as they are identified by REN21. Only bolded targets are new/revised in 2016. A number of nations have already exceeded their renewable energy targets. In many of these cases, targets serve as a floor setting the minimum share of renewable energy for the country. Panama has an additional target for 30% of new vehicle purchases for public fleets to be flex-fuel (no date).

Source: See endnote 24 for this section.

Country	Share	Target

Norway	8.9%	→ 20% by 2020 [10% by 2020]
Poland	6.4%	→ 20% by 2020
Portugal	7.4%	→ 10% by 2020
Qatar		→ 10% by 2020
Romania	5.5%	→ 10% by 2020
Serbia		→ 10% by 2020
Slovak Republic	8.5%	→ 10% by 2020
Slovenia	2.2%	→ 10.5% by 2020
Spain	1.7%	→ 11.3% from biodiesel by 2020
		→ 2,313 ktoe ethanol/bio-ETBE1 by 2020
		→ 4.7 GWh per year electricity in transport by 2020 (501 ktoe from renewable sources by 2020)
Sri Lanka		→ 20% from biofuels by 2020
Sweden	24%	→ Vehicle fleet independent from fossil fuels by 2030
Thailand		→ 9 million litres per day ethanol consumption by 2022
		→ 6 million litres per day biodiesel consumption by 2022
		→ 25 million litres per day advanced biofuels production by 2022
Uganda		→ 2,200 million litres per year biofuels consumption by 2017
Ukraine		→ 10% by 2020
United Kingdom	4.4%	→ 10.3% by 2020
Vietnam		→ 5% of transport petroleum energy demand by 2025

Table R25. National and State/Provincial Biofuel Blend Mandates, 2016

Note: Text in bold indicates new/revised in 2016, brackets '[]' indicate previous mandates where new mandates were enacted, and text in italics indicates mandates adopted at the state/provincial level.

Country

Mandate

Angola

E10

Argentina

E10 [E5] and B10

Australia

New South Wales

Queensland

[no national mandate]

E6 and B2

E3 by July 2017; E4 by July 2018 and B0.5

Belgium

E4 and B4

Brazil

E27 and B8 by 2017; B9 by 2018; B10 by 2019

Canada

Alberta

British Columbia

Manitoba

Ontario

Saskatchewan

E5 and B2

E5 and B4

E8.5 and B2

E5, B2 and B3 by 2016; B4 by 2017

E7.5 and B2

China1

E10 in nine provinces, B1 in Taipei

Colombia

E8 and B10

Costa Rica

E7 and B20

Ecuador

B5 and E10, E5 in 2016

Ethiopia

E10

Guatemala

India

E22.5 and B15 [E10]

Indonesia

E3, B20 [B5]

Italy

0.6% advanced biofuels blend by 2018; 1% by 2022

Jamaica

E10

Korea, Republic of

B2.5; B3 by 2018

Malawi

E10

Malaysia

E10 and B10

Mexico

E5.8

Mozambique

E15 in 2016-20; E20 from 2021

Norway

B3.5

Panama

E10 [E7]

Paraguay

E25 and B1

1 Chinese provincial mandates include Anhui, Heilongjian, Henan, Jilin and Liaoning.

2 Original target(s) set in gallons and converted to litres for consistency.

Note: ‘E’ refers to bioethanol and ‘B’ refers to biodiesel. Chile has targets of E5 and B5 but has no current blending mandate. The Dominican Republic has targets of B2 and E15 for 2015 but has no current blending mandate. Fiji approved voluntary B5 and E10 blending in 2011 with a mandate expected. The Kenyan city of Kisumu has an E10 mandate. Table R25 lists only biofuel blend mandates; transport and biofuel targets can be found in Table R24.

Source: See endnote 25 for this section.

Country

Mandate

Peru

E7.8 and B2

Philippines

E10 and B2

South Africa

E2 and B5 (targets came into force in 2015)

Sudan

Thailand

E5 and B7

Turkey

Ukraine

E5; E7 by 2017

United States	Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) 2016 standards: 68.6 billion litres total renewable fuels, including 871 million litres cellulosic biofuel, 7.2 billion litres biodiesel, 13.7 billion litres advanced biofuel; 2017 standards: 73 billion litres renewable fuels, including 1.2 billion litres cellulosic biofuel, 7.8 billion litres biomass-based diesel, 16.2 billion litres advanced biofuel; 7.9 billion litres biomass-based diesel fuel in 20182
Louisiana	E2 and B2
Massachusetts	B5
Minnesota	E20 and B10
Hawaii, Missouri and Montana	E10
New Mexico	B5
Oregon	E10 and B5
Pennsylvania	B2 one year after 200 million gallons, and B20 one year after 1.5 billion litres (400 million gallons)2
Washington	E2 and B2, increasing to B5 180 days after in-state feedstock, and oil-seed crushing capacity can meet 3% requirement

Uruguay

E5 and B5

Vietnam

Zimbabwe

E15 [E5]

Table R26. City and Local Renewable Energy Targets: Selected Examples

Note: Text in bold indicates new/revised in 2016, and brackets '[]' indicate previous targets where new targets were enacted.

Targets for 100% of Total Energy or Electricity from Renewables

	Target date for 100% total energy	Target date for 100% electricity

Australian Capital Territory, Australia		2020
Boulder, Colorado, United States	2030
Burlington, Vermont, United States		Achieved in 2014
Byron Shire County, Australia	2025
Coffs Harbour, Australia		2030
Copenhagen, Denmark	2050
Frankfurt, Germany	2050
Fukushima Prefecture, Japan	2040
Greensburg, Kansas, United States		Achieved in 2015
Hamburg, Germany	2050
Jeju Self Governing Province, Republic of Korea		2030
Lancaster, California, United States		2020
Malmö, Sweden		2030
Munich, Germany		2025
Osnabrueck, Germany		2030
Oxford County, Australia	2050
Palo Alto, California, United States		[no date given]
Rochester, Minnesota, United States		2031
Salt Lake City, Utah, United States		2032
San Diego, California, United States		2035
San Francisco, California, United States		2020
San Jose, California, United States		2022
Seattle, Washington, United States		[no date given]
Skellefteå, Sweden		2020
Sønderborg, Denmark	2029
St. Petersburg, Florida, United States	[no date given]
Sydney, Australia	2030
Ulm, Germany		2025
Uralla, Australia	[no date given]
Vancouver, Canada	2050
Växjö, Sweden	2030

Targets for Renewable Share of Total Energy, All Consumers

Austin, Texas, United States	→ 65% by 2025
Calgary, Alberta, Canada	→ 30% by 2036
Cape Town, South Africa
Howrah, India	→ 10% by 2018
Nagano Prefecture, Japan	→ 70% by 2050
Oaxaca, Mexico	→ 5% by 2017
Paris, France	→ 25% by 2020
Skellefteå, Sweden	→ Net exporter of biomass, hydro or wind energy by 2020

Targets for Renewable Share of Electricity, All Consumers

Amsterdam, Netherlands	→ 25% by 2025; 50% by 2040
Austin, Texas, United States	→ 35% by 2020
Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia	→ 90% by 2020
Cape Town, South Africa	→ 20% by 2020 [15% by 2020]
Nagano Prefecture, Japan	→ 10% by 2020; 20% by 2030; 30% by 2050
Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality, South Africa	→ 10% by 2020
Taipei City, Taipei, China	→ 12% by 2020
Tokyo, Japan	→ 30% by 2030 [24% by 2024]
Wellington, New Zealand	→ 78-90% by 2020

Table R26. City and Local Renewable Energy Targets: Selected Examples (continued)

Note: Text in bold indicates new/revised in 2016, and brackets '[]' indicate previous targets where new targets were enacted.

Target for Renewable Electric Capacity or Generation

Adelaide, Australia	→ 2 MW of solar PV on residential and commercial buildings by 2020
Esklistuna, Sweden	→ 48 GWh from wind power, 9.5 GWh from solar PV by 2020
Gothenburg, Sweden	→ 500 GWh by 2030
Los Angeles, California, United States	→ 1.3 GW of solar PV by 2020
New York, New York, United States	→ 1 GW solar power and 100 MWh energy storage by 2020 [350 MW of solar PV by 2024]
San Francisco, California, United States	→ 100% of peak demand (950 MW) by 2020

Heat-Related Mandates and Targets

Amsterdam, Netherlands	District heating for at least 200,000 houses by 2040 (using biogas, woody biomass and waste heat)
Chandigarh, India	Mandatory use of solar water heating in industry, hotels, hospitals, prisons, canteens, housing complexes, and government and residential buildings (as of 2013)
Helsingborg, Sweden	100% renewable energy district heating (community-scale) by 2035
Loures, Portugal	Solar thermal systems mandated as of 2013 in all sports facilities and schools that have good sun exposure
Munich, Germany	80% reduction of heat demand by 2058 (base 2009) through passive solar design (includes heat, process heat and water heating)
Nantes, France	Extend the district heating system to source heat from biomass boilers for half of city inhabitants by 2017
New York, New York, United States	Biofuel blend in heating oil equivalent to 2% by 2016, 5% by 2017, 10% by 2025, and 20% by 2034
Oslo, Norway	Phase out fossil fuels and transition to electric heating in homes and offices by 20201
Osnabrück, Germany	100% renewable heat by 2050
Täby, Sweden	100% renewable heat in local government operations by 2020
Vienna, Austria	50% of total heat demand with solar thermal energy by 2050

1 Norway's share of renewable electricity production to electricity consumption was 106% in 2015.

Note: Table R26 provides a sample of local renewable energy commitments worldwide. It does not aim to present a comprehensive picture of all municipal renewable energy goals.

Source: See endnote 26 for this section.

Targets for Government Self-Generation/Own-Use Purchases of Renewable Energy

Belo Horizonte, Brazil	→ 30% of electricity from solar PV by 2030
Calgary, Alberta, Canada	→ 100% of government operations by 2025
Cockburn, Australia	→ 20% of final energy in city buildings by 2020
Ghent, Belgium	→ 50% of final energy by 2020
Hepburn Shire, Australia	→ 100% of final energy in public buildings; 8% of electricity for public lighting
Kristianstad, Sweden	→ 100% of final energy by 2020
Malmö, Sweden	→ 100% of final energy by 2020
Portland, Oregon, United States	→ 100% of final energy by 2030
Sydney, Australia	→ 100% of electricity in buildings; 20% for street lamps

Endnotes

Table R1 from the following sources: Bio-power based on 2015 forecast data in International Energy Agency (IEA), Medium-Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2015 (Paris: 2015), https://www.iea.org/bookshop/708-Medium-Term_Renewable_Energy_Market_Report_2015, except for the following: U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, “Office of Energy Projects Energy Infrastructure Update for December 2015,” http://www.ferc.gov/legal/staff-reports/2015/dec-infrastructure.pdf; Brazilian Electricity Regulatory Agency (ANEEL), “Banco de informacoes de geração”, http://www.aneel.gov.br/apl[cacoes/capacidadebrasil/combustivel.cfm, viewed 9 May 2016; China National Renewable Energy Centre, provided by Amanda Zhang, Chinese Renewable Energy Industries Association, personal communication with REN21, 26 April 2016; Germany preliminary statistics from Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie, Erneuerbare Energien in Deutschland, Daten zur Entwicklung im Jahr 2015 (Berlin: February 2016), http://www.erneuerbare-energien.de/EE/Redaktion/DE/Downloads/erneuerbare-energien-in-zahlen-2015.pdf; UK Department of Energy & Climate Change, “Energy Trends Section 6 – Renewables” (London: March 2016), Table 6.1, https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/energy-trends-section-6-renewables, viewed 22 April 2016; Government of India, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), “Physical progress (achievements) – up to the month of December 2015,” http://www.mnre.gov.in/mission-and-vision-2/achievements/; MNRE, “Physical progress (achievements) – up to the month of December 2014,” http://www.mnre.gov.in/mission-and-vision-2/achievements/; Japan from Hironao Matsubara, Institute for Sustainable Energy Policies (ISEP), Japan, personal communication with REN21, 10 April 2016. Geothermal power from sources in endnote 1 in Geothermal Power and Heat section of Market and Industry Trends chapter. Hydropower from sources in endnote 5 of this section. Ocean power from International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), Renewable Capacity Statistics 2017 (Abu Dhabi: April 2017), http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2017.pdf. Solar PV from sources in endnote 6 of this section. CSP from sources in endnote 7 of this section. Wind power from sources in endnote 9 of this section. Modern bio-heat based on the following: 297 GWth of bioenergy heat plant capacity installed as of 2008, from Helena Chum et al., “Bioenergy”, in Ottmar Edenhofer et al., eds., IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation (Cambridge, UK and New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2011), http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/special-reports/srren/Chapter%202%20Bioenergy.pdf. Projections based on this number have been made for past GSRs. The combination of the Chum et al. data, plus past GSR projections, was used to estimate 2014 values of 305 GWth using a linear regression. The 2015 value presented here assumes a 3.5% growth rate from that 305 GWth value, based on the same percent increase for modern heat generation as presented in IEA, op. cit. this note, p. 242. Note that accurate heat data, including from bioenergy, are very difficult to obtain as most capacity installations and output are not metered. Even if plant capacities are known, there is often no knowledge of whether a 1 MWth plant, for example, is used for 80 hours or 8,000 hours per year. Geothermal heating capacity derived from John W. Lund and Tonya L. Boyd, “Direct utilization of geothermal energy: 2015 worldwide review”, in Proceedings of the World Geothermal Congress 2015 (Melbourne, Australia: 19–25 April 2015), and from Luis C.A. Gutiérrez-Negrín, International Geothermal Association and Mexican Geothermal Association, personal communication with REN21, March 2015. Capacity figure for 2015 is extrapolated from 2014 values (from sources) by weighted-average growth rate across eight categories of geothermal direct use: space heating, bathing and swimming, greenhouse heating, aquaculture, industrial use, snow melting and cooling, agricultural drying and other. The weighted-average five-year annual growth rate for capacity is 6.0% compared to 5.9% simple growth rate for the same period. The weighted-average five-year annual growth rate for utilisation is 3.5% compared to 3.3% simple growth rate for the same period. Solar collectors for water heating estimates based on Franz Mauthner, AEE – Institute for Sustainable Technologies (AEE INTEC), personal communication with REN21, April 2016, and on Franz Mauthner and Werner Weiss, Solar Heat Worldwide: Markets and Contribution to the Energy Supply 2014 (Gleisdorf, Austria: IEA Solar Heating and Cooling Programme (IEA SHC), May 2016). See Solar Thermal Heating and Cooling section in Market and Industry Trends chapter and related endnotes for more details. Ethanol, biodiesel and HVO production data from sources in endnote 3 of this section.
Table R2 from the following sources: For all global data, See endnote 1 for this section and other relevant reference tables. For more-specific data and sources, see Global Overview chapter and Market and Industry Trends chapter and related endnotes. For sources for BRICS, EU and individual countries, See endnote for Figure 5 in Global Overview chapter. Per capita data based on capacity data provided in Reference Table R2 and on 2015 country population data from World Bank, “Population, total”, World Development Indicators, http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL, updated 23 March 2017. 2
Table R3 from the following sources: fuel ethanol data from F.O. Licht, “Fuel Ethanol: World Production by Country”, 2016; biodiesel and HVO data from F.O. Licht, “Biodiesel: World Production, by Country”, 2017, with permission from F.O. Licht/Licht Interactive Data. Preliminary 2015 data that appeared in GSR 2016 have been updated where possible.
Table R4 from the following sources: See endnote 1 of Geothermal section in Market and Industry Trends chapter.
Table R5 from the following sources: Global capacity estimate based on International Hydropower Association (IHA), 2017 Key Trends in Hydropower (London: April 2017), http://www.hydropower.org, on IHA, 2016 Hydropower Status Report (London: May 2016), http://www.hydropower.org, and on IHA, personal communication with REN21, March-April 2017. Total installed capacity is 1,246 GW (31.5 GW added), less 150 GW of pumped storage (6.4 GW added). Country data from the following sources: China: total capacity, capacity growth, utilisation and investment from China National Energy Administration (CNEA), summary of national electric industry statistics for 2016, http://www.nea.gov.cn/2017-01/16/c_135986964.htm; capacity additions in 2016, including pumped storage, from China Electricity Council, annual report on national power system, 25 January 2017, http://www.cec.org.cn/yaowenkuaidi/2017-01-25/164285.html; capacity, including pumped storage, at year-end 2015 from CNEA, 13th Five-Year-Plan for Hydro Power Development (Beijing: 29 November 2016), http://www.nea.gov.cn/135867663_14804701976251n.pdf. Brazil: 5,292 MW (5,002 MW large hydro, 203 MW small hydro and 87 MW very small hydro) added in 2016, from National Agency for Electrical Energy (ANEEL), “Resumo geral dos novos empreendimentos de geração”, http://www.aneel.gov.br/documents/655816/15224356/Resumo_Geral_das_Usinas_março_2017.zip, updated March 2017; large hydro capacity is listed as 91,499 MW at end-2016, small (1-30 MW) hydro as 4,941 MW and very small (less than 1 MW) hydro as 484 MW (compared to 398 MW in the previous year), for a total of 96,925 MW. United States: capacity from US Energy Information Administration (EIA), Electric Power Monthly, February 2017, Tables 6.2.B and 6.3, http://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly. Canada: data for 2015 only from Statistics Canada, “Table 127-0009 installed generating capacity, by class of electricity producer”, http://www5.statcan.gc.ca/cansim. Russian Federation: capacity from System Operator of the Unified Energy System of Russia, Report on the Unified Energy System in 2016 (Moscow: January 2017), http://www.so-ups.ru/fileadmin/files/company/reports/disclosure/2017/ups_rep2016.pdf. India: installed capacity in 2016 (units larger than 25 MW) of 43,139 MW from Government of India, Ministry of Power, Central Electricity Authority, “All India installed capacity (in MW) of power stations”, December 2016, http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/installedcapacity/2016/installed_capacity-12.pdf; capacity additions in 2016 (greater than 25 MW) of 415 MW from idem, “Executive summary of the power sector (monthly)”, http://www.cea.nic.in/monthlyarchive.html; installed capacity in 2016 (<25 MW) of 4,325 MW from Government of India, MNRE, “Physical progress (achievements)”, http://www.mnre.gov.in/mission-and-vision-2/achievements/, viewed 19 January 2017; capacity additions in 2016 (<25 MW) of 148 MW based on difference of year-end 2016 figure (above) and year-end 2015 figure (4,177 MW) from MNRE, idem. Ecuador: capacity from IHA, op. cit. this note, all three references; Ethiopia: capacity from IHA, op. cit. this note, all three references; Vietnam: capacity from IHA, op. cit. this note, all three references; Peru: IHA, op. cit. this note, all three references, and from Government of Peru, Organismo Supervisor de la Inversión en Energía y Minería, inventory of hydropower projects, http://www.osinergmin.gob.pe/empresas/electricidad/proyectos/generacion, viewed May 2017.
Table R6 from the following sources: Unless noted otherwise, data for end-2015 from IEA Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme (IEA PVPS), Trends in Photovoltaic Applications, 2016: Survey Report of Selected IEA Countries Between 1992 and 2015 (Paris: 2016), http://www.iea-pvps.org/fileadmin/dam/public/report/national/Trends_2016_-_mr.pdf, and from SolarPower Europe, Global Market Outlook for Solar Power 2016–2020 (Brussels: 2016). Data for 2016 from IEA PVPS, Snapshot of Global Photovoltaic Markets 2016 (Paris: April 2017), p. 4, http://www.iea-pvps.org/fileadmin/dam/public/report/statistics/IEA-PVPS_-__A_Snapshot_of_Global_PV_-_1992-2016.pdf, and from sources provided below. This report aims to provide all solar PV data in direct current (DC) units. Note that some countries (e.g., Canada, Chile, Japan since 2012, and Spain) report data officially in alternating current (AC); for consistency across countries, AC data were converted to DC by the relevant sources listed. Additional country sources include: China: Dazhong Xiao, “2016 photovoltaic power generation statistics”, National Energy Board, 4 February 2017, http://www.nea.gov.cn/2017-02/04/c_136030860.htm (using Google Translate). United States: GTM Research, personal communication with REN21, 2 May 2017, and GTM Research, cited in US Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA), “Solar Market Insight Report 2016 Year in Review”, http://www.seia.org/research-resources/solar-market-insight-report-2016-year-review, viewed 2 May 2017. Japan: IEA PVPS, Snapshot of Global Photovoltaic Markets 2016, op. cit. this note, and Gaëtan Masson, IEA PVPS and Becquerel Institute, personal communication with REN21, 9 May 2017. India: End-2015 from IEA PVPS, Trends in Photovoltaic Applications, op. cit. this note. Additions in 2016 and year-end capacity based on data from Government of India, MNRE, “Physical progress (achievements)”, data as on 31 December 2016, http://www.mnre.gov.in/mission-and-vision-2/achievements, viewed 19 January 2017, and from MNRE, “Physical progress (achievements)”, data as on 31 December 2015, viewed 1 February 2016, and assuming that India had 225 MW of CSP capacity (with no 2016 additions) in both years (See CSP section in Market and Industry Trends chapter and Reference Table R7). United Kingdom: UK Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy, “Solar Photovoltaics Deployment in the UK February 2017”, updated 30 March 2017, https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/585828/Solar_photovoltaics_deployment_March_2017.xlsx. Germany: Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie (BMWi), Zeitreihen zur Entwicklung der erneuerbaren Energien in Deutschland, unter Verwendung von Daten der Arbeitsgruppe Erneuerbare Energien-Statistik (AGEE-Stat) (Stand: Februar 2017), p. 7, http://www.erneuerbare-energien.de/EE/Redaktion/DE/Downloads/zeitreihen-zur-entwicklung-der-erneuerbaren-energien-in-deutschland-1990-2016.pdf. Republic of Korea: IEA PVPS, Snapshot of Global Photovoltaic Markets 2016, op. cit. this note, and Jaehong Seo, KOPIA, presentation for International Green Energy Conference 2017, Daegu, Republic of Korea, 5-6 April 2017, provided by Frank Haugwitz, Asia Europe Clean Energy (Solar) Advisory Co. Ltd., personal communication with REN21, 8 May 2017. Australia: Australian PV Institute, “Australian PV market since April 2001”, http://pv-map.apvi.org.au/analyses, viewed 2 May 2017. See Solar PV section in Market and Industry Trends chapter and related endnotes for additional statistics and details.
Table R7 compiled from the following sources: CSP Today, “Projects Tracker”, http://social.csptoday.com/tracker/projects, viewed on numerous dates leading up to 27 March 2017; US National Renewable Energy Laboratory, “Concentrating solar power projects by project name”, http://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/by_project.cfm, viewed on numerous dates leading up to 27 March 2017; REN21, Renewables 2016 Global Status Report (Paris: 2016), pp. 67-69, http://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/REN21_GSR2016_FullReport_en_11.pdf; IRENA, Renewable Capacity Statistics 2017 (Abu Dhabi: 2017), http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2017.pdf. In some cases, information from the above sources was verified against additional country-specific sources, as cited in the endnotes for the CSP section. Global CSP data are based on commercial facilities only; demonstration or pilot facilities are excluded. Differences between IRENA and REN21 data are due primarily to inclusion of pilot and demonstration facilities in the IRENA report.
Table R8 from the following sources: cumulative solar thermal capacity in operation nationally and globally at end-2015 from Monika Spörk-Dür, AEE INTEC, Gleisdorf, Austria, personal communications with REN21, March-May 2017; Werner Weiss and Monika Spörk-Dür, Solar Heat Worldwide: Markets and Contribution to the Energy Supply 2015 (Gleisdorf, Austria: IEA SHC, 2017). Gross additions on a national level from the following associations and experts: David Ferrari, Sustainability Victoria, Melbourne, Australia; Werner Weiss, AEE INTEC, Vienna, Austria; Marcelo Mesquita, ABRASOL, São Paulo, Brazil; Hongzhi Cheng, Shandong SunVision Management Consulting, Dezhou, China; Denmark from Daniel Trier, PlanEnergi, Skørping, Denmark, and from Jan-Olof Dalenbäck, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden; Richard Loyen, Enerplan, La Ciotat, France; Marco Tepper, BSW Solar, Berlin, Germany; Costas Travasaros, Greek Solar Industry Association (EBHE), Piraeus, Greece; Jaideep Malaviya, Solar Thermal Federation of India (STFI), Pune, India; Eli Shilton, Elsol, Kohar-yair, Israel; Federico Musazzi, ANIMA, the Federation of Italian Associations in the Mechanical and Engineering Industries, Milano, Italy; Kumiko Saito, Solar System Development Association (SSDA), Tokyo, Japan; Daniel Garcia, Solar Thermal Manufacturers Organisation (FAMERAC), Mexico City, Mexico; Janusz Staroscik, Association of Manufacturers and Importers of Heating Appliances (SPIUG), Warsaw, Poland; Karin Kritzinger, Centre for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Studies, Univeristy of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Pascual Polo, Spanish Solar Thermal Association (ASIT), Madrid, Spain; David Stickelberger, Swissolar, Zurich, Switzerland; Kung-Ming Chung, Energy Research Center of the National Cheng Kung University (NCKU), Tainan City, Chinese Taipei; Turkey from Kutay Ülke, Bural Heating (formerly Ezinç Metal), Kayseri, Turkey, and from Krystyna Dawson, BSIRA, Berkshire, United Kingdom; Les Nelson, Solar Heating & Cooling Programs at the International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO), Ontario, CA, United States, all personal communications with REN21, February-April 2017. Gross additions for South Africa were not available at the time of publication, so it is assumed that they remained stable from 2015 to 2016. Gross additions of Denmark for 2016 do not include the new district heating plant in Brønderslev (26,929 m2), which consists of parabolic trough collectors. Total gross additions worldwide for 2016 are based on estimates from Spörk-Dür, op. cit. this note.
Table R9 from the following sources: Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC), Global Wind Report: Annual Market Update 2016 (Brussels: April 2017), http://www.gwec.net/strong-outlook-for-wind-power/; FTI Consulting, Global Wind Market Update – Demand & Supply 2016, Part Two – Demand Side Analysis (London: March 2017); World Wind Energy Association (WWEA), WWEA Annual Report 2016 (Bonn: May 2017), http://www.wwindea.org/; WindEurope, Wind in Power 2016 European Statistics (Brussels: 9 February 2017), https://windeurope.org/wp-content/uploads/files/about-wind/statistics/WindEurope-Annual-Statistics-2016.pdf. Additional sources listed where relevant. China: 2015 year-end official data from China Electricity Council, cited by China National Energy Administration (CNEA), provided by Shi Pengfei, Chinese Wind Energy Association (CWEA), personal communication with REN21, 21 March 2017; 2016 official data from China National Energy Board, cited in Dazhong Xiao, CNEA, “2016 wind power and grid operation”, 26 January 2017, www.nea.gov.cn/2017-01/26/c_136014615.htm (using Google Translate); unofficial 2015 and 2016 data based on CWEA, provided by Shi, op. cit. this note. United States: American Wind Energy Association, “U.S. Wind Industry Fourth Quarter 2016 Market Update” (Washington, DC: 26 January 2017), http://awea.files.cms-plus.com/FileDownloads/pdfs/4Q2016%20AWEA%20Market%20Report%20Public%20Version.pdf, and AWEA, AWEA U.S. Wind Industry Annual Market Report Year Ending 2016 (Washington, DC: April 2017), http://www.awea.org/AnnualMarketReport.aspx?ItemNumber=10217. Germany: BMWI, op. cit. note 6. India: 2015 year-end total from Government of India, MNRE, “Physical progress (achievements) up to the month of December 2015”, www.mnre.gov.in/mission-and-vision-2/achievements, viewed 1 February 2016; 2016 additions and year-end total from Government of India, Ministry of Power, Central Electricity Authority, All India Installed Capacity, Monthly Report January 2017 (New Delhi: 2017), Table: “All India Installed Capacity (in MW) of Power Stations (As on 31.01.2017) (Utilities)”, http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/installedcapacity/2017/installed_capacity-01.pdf. Brazil: Associação Brasileira de Energia Eólica (ABEEólica), “Dados Mensais”, January 2017, http://www.abeeolica.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Dados-Mensais-ABEEolica-01.2017-1.pdf, pp. 4, 6. Note that Brazil had 10,123.9 MW at end-2016 from Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (ANEEL), “Informações Gerenciais”, December 2016, http://www.aneel.br/informacoes-gerenciais. France: WindEurope, op. cit. this note. Note that France had 11,670 MW in operation as of 31 December 2016, from RTE Réseau de transport d’électricité, Bilan Électrique Français 2016: Synthèse presse (Paris: 2016), p. 5, http://www.rte-france.com/sites/default/files/2016_bilan_electrique_synthese.pdf. Turkey: Turkish Wind Energy Association, Turkish Wind Energy Statistics Report (Ankara: January 2017), pp. 4, 5, http://www.tureb.com.tr/files/tureb_sayfa/duyurular/2017_duyurular/subat/turkiye_ruzgar_enerjisi_istatistik_raporu_ocak_2017.pdf. The Netherlands: 2015 and 2016 data based on WindEurope, op. cit. this note. Note that the Netherlands added 815 MW for a total of 4,206 MW, from Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek, “Hernieuwbare elektriciteit; productie en vermogen”, 28 February 2017, http://statline.cbs.nl/Statweb/publication/?DM=SLNL&PA=82610NED&D1=7&D2=2-4&D3=25-26&HDR=T,G2&STB=G1&VW=T. United Kingdom: 2015 and 2016 data based on WindEurope, op. cit. this note. Note that the United Kingdom had 14,292 MW at end-2015 and 15,696 MW at end-2016, based on preliminary data from UK Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy, National Statistics, Energy Trends Section 6: Renewables, updated 30 March 2017, Table 6.1 “Renewable electricity capacity and generation”, p. 69, https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/energy-trends-section-6-renewables. Canada: Canadian Wind Energy Association (CanWEA), “Installed capacity”, http://canwea.ca/wind-energy/installed-capacity/, viewed 17 February 2017. Spain: WindEurope, op. cit. this note. Additions in 2016 of 38 MW from Spanish Wind Power Association (AEE) using the official certificate of commissioning as the criterion, cited in GWEC, “Spain installed 38 wind power megawatts in 2016”, 14 March 2017, http://www.gwec.net/spain-installed-38-wind-power-megawatts-in-2016/. Italy: WindEurope, op. cit. this note. See Wind Power section in Market and Industry Trends chapter and related endnotes for further statistics and details.
Table R10 from IEA, World Energy Outlook 2016 Energy Access Database, http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/resources/energydevelopment/energyaccessdatabase/, viewed 28 March 2017, and from Sustainable Energy for All (SEforALL), Africa Hub Country Database, https://www.se4all-africa.org/se4all-in-africa/country-data/, viewed 28 March 2017.10
Table R11 from the following sources: IEA, op. cit. note 10; SEforALL, op. cit. note 10; Chile and Mexico from SEforALL, Global Tracking Framework: Progress Toward Sustainable Energy (Washington, DC: 2017), http://gtf.esmap.org/data/files/download-documents/eegp17-01_gtf_summary_for_web_0428.pdf.11
Table R12 from submissions by report contributors and from various institutional reports and websites.12
Table R13 from Ibid.13
Table R14 from Frankfurt School-UNEP Collaborating Centre for Climate & Sustainable Energy Finance and Bloomberg New Energy Finance (BNEF), Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment 2017 (Frankfurt: April 2017), pp. 32-33, http://fs-unep-centre.org/publications/global-trends-renewable-energy-investment-2016.14
Table R15 from the following sources: REN21 database; submissions by report contributors; various industry reports; EUROSTAT, Energy from Renewable Sources: Shares (Brussels: 2016), http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/energy/data/shares. For online updates, see the “Renewables Interactive Map” at www.ren21.net.15
Table R16 from the following sources: REN21 database; submissions by report contributors; various industry reports; EUROSTAT, op. cit. note 15. For online updates, see the “Renewables Interactive Map” at www.ren21.net.16
Table R17 from the following sources: REN21 database; submissions by report contributors; various industry reports; EUROSTAT, op. cit. note 15. IEA statistics based on data from IEA, “Electricity Information 2015, www.iea.org/statistics, as modified by REN21. Targets for the EU-28 were set in each country's National Renewable Energy Action Plan (NREAP), available at http://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/renewable-energy/national-action-plans; certain NREAP targets have been revised subsequently. For online updates, see the “Renewables Interactive Map” at www.ren21.net.
Table R18 from the following sources: REN21 database; submissions by report contributors; various industry reports; EurObserv’ER. Targets for the EU-28 were set in each country's National Renewable Energy Action Plan (NREAP), available at http://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/renewable-energy/national-action-plans; certain NREAP targets have been revised subsequently. For online updates, see the “Renewables Interactive Map” at www.ren21.net.18
Table R19 from the following sources: REN21 database; submissions by report contributors; various industry reports. For online updates, see the “Renewables Interactive Map” at www.ren21.net.19
Table R20 from the following sources: All available policy references, including the IEA/IRENA online Global Renewable Energy Policies and Measures database, published sources as given in the endnotes for the Policy Landscape chapter of this report, and submissions from report contributors.20
Table R21 from the following sources: REN21 database; submissions by report contributors; various industry reports; EurObserv’ER. Targets for the EU-28 were set in each country's NREAP, available at http://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/renewable-energy/national-action-plans; certain NREAP targets have been revised subsequently. For online updates, see the “Renewables Interactive Map” at www.ren21.net.21
Table R22 from the following sources: All available policy references, including the IEA/IRENA online Global Renewable Energy Policies and Measures database, published sources as given in the endnotes for the Policy Landscape chapter of this report, and submissions from report contributors.22
Table R23 from REN21 database compiled from all available policy references plus submissions from report contributors. EU targets and shares from EUROSTAT, op. cit. note 15. For online updates, see the “Renewables Interactive Map” at www.ren21.net. Targets for the EU-28 and Energy Community countries were set in each country’s NREAP; certain NREAP targets have been revised subsequently. For online updates, see the “Renewables Interactive Map” at www.ren21.net.23
Table R24 from the following sources: REN21 database; submissions by report contributors; various industry reports; EUROSTAT, op. cit. note 15. For online updates, see the “Renewables Interactive Map” at www.ren21.net.24
Table R25 from Ibid., from IRENA and from Jim Lane, “Biofuels Mandates Around the World: 2015”, Biofuels Digest, 3 January 2016, http://www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2016/01/03/biofuels-mandates-around-the-world-2016.25
Table R26 from REN21 database compiled from all available policy references plus submissions from report contributors the following sources: For selected targets and policies, see: EU Covenant of Mayors; C40 Cities; ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability; REN21, Global Futures Report (Paris: 2013); and REN21, Institute for Sustainable Energy Policies and ICLEI, 2011 Global Status Report on Local Renewable Energy Policies (Paris: May 2011). For additional information on sources See endnote 1 for the Policy Landscape chapter.26