Acknowledgements

REN21 RESEARCH DIRECTION

Chapter Authors

SPECIAL ADVISORS

Sidebar Authors

Advisory Committee

Regional Contributors

LEAD TOPICAL CONTRIBUTORS

LEAD DATA CONTRIBUTORS

Miguel Almeida (Climate Bonds Initiative); Carolyn Amon, Kate Hardin, Soy Lee, Marlene Motyka (Deloitte); Karl Arpon (CDP); Karishma Asarpota, Cesar Carreño, Zoe Durruty, Einav Grinberg, Namrata Joshi, Eszter Mogyorósy, Laura Noriega, Rohit Sen (ICLEI World Secretariat); Albana Kona (European Commission, Joint Research Centre); John Lang (European Consortium of Innovative Universities); Matthew Phillips (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change); Evi Pschorr (H2Stations); Florian Remann (GIZ); Lucas Turmena (ICLEI South America Secretariat)

PEER REVIEWERS AND OTHER DATA CONTRIBUTORS

Mohammed Abdalghafoor (Arab Academy for Science Technology & Maritime Transport – AASTMT); Ahmed Abdel Azim (Firnas Shuman); Hassan Abougjalma (Georenco); Ahmet Acar (SHURA Energy Transition Center); Abhijeet Acharya (Walden University); Sujan Adhikari (Renewable energy consultant); Samuel Adunreke (Innovea Hubs); Udochukwu B. Akuru (Tshwane University of Technology); Omar Al Kaaki (KVA); Karamy Saeed Al-areqi (RCREEE and Yemen Equipment and Supply Ltd. – YESCO); Olakunle Alao (PFL Cape Town); David Alemzero (Jiangsu University); Rind Alhage (United Nations Major Group for Children and Youth SDG7 Youth Constituency – UNMGCY SDG7 YC); Mohamed Alhaj (Clean Energy 4 Africa); Ahmed Hamza Ali (Assiut University); Sami Alnabulsi (AASTMT); Mohamed Aly (Senior lecturer); Sara Anastasiou (Renewable Energy Development Professionals – REDPro); Victor Andrade (The Laboratory of Sustainable Mobility – LABMOB); Hanno Bachler (Anstalt für Verbrennungskraftmaschinen List); Miriam Badino (ICLEI); Eleanor Batilliet (GIZ); Pandora Batra (CDP); Carlo Battisti (International Living Future Europe); Anoucheh Bellefleur (OMEXOM VINCI Energies); Kate Blumberg (ICCT); Anya Boyd (Konsult 360); Derik Broekhoff (Stockholm Environment Institute); Tara Caetano (ICLEI); Myriam Castanié (REScoop); Juan Molina Castro (Colombia Inteligente); Maxine Chan (University of the Philippines Diliman); Anita Chebii (African Centre of Excellence in Energy for Sustainable Development); Yong Chen (IRENA); Zhuolun Chen (Technical University of Denmark – DTU); Sayuri Chetty (GIZ); Pedro Chevez (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas – CONICET); Anene Chikwado Emmanuel (African Center of Excellence in Future Energy and Electrochemical Systems); Chuck Chuan Ng (Xiamen University Malaysia); Marlistya Citraningrum (Institute for Essential Services Reform); Suani Coelho (University of São Paulo); André Confiado (UNEP); Lorena Cordero (University College London); Daan Creupelandt (REScoop); Ephraim Daka (Turku University Finland); Fernando De Oliveira (University of São Paulo); Nicolas Demartin (GIZ); Stanislas d’Herbemont (REScoop); Gabriela Prata Dias (DTU); Reghina Dimitrisina (European Geothermal Energy Council – EGEC); Irene Dipadua (Solar Heat Europe); Ahmet Dogan (Nuh Naci Yazgan University); Philippe Dumas (EGEC); Alex Durand (Sciences Po); Madeleine Edl (UNEP); Oghosa Erhahon (The Energy Talk); Mikhail Ermac (Fonds Mondial Pour le Développement des Villes – FMDV); Ashkan Etemad (LEEDinIran); Edmundo Fausto (St. John’s Canada); Jinlei Feng (IRENA); Fabrice Fouodji Toche (Vista Organisation for Education and Social Development in Africa); Clarissa Forecchi (Government of Brazil); Mindy Fox (Solar Cookers International); Nicolas Gayet (Quercy Energies); Risa Perlmutter Goldstein (The Goldstein Partnership Architects & Planners); Daniel Hall (PwC UK); Laurence Halphen (ENERGIES 2050); Jonas Hamann (Danfoss); Sikawala Hamwela (Safe and Healthy Energy Zambia Limited); Mark Hankins (African Solar Designs); Rainer Hinrichs-Rahlwes (EREF); Lizzy Igbine (Nigerian Women Agro Allied Farmers Association); Birol Ikilkis (World Alliance for Decentralized Energy); Saladin Ismail (ICLEI); Arne Georg Janssen (Cities Alliance); Mariana C. Jiménez Martínez (Catalonia Institute for Energy Research); Ayoung Jo (United Nations Industrial Development Organization); Injy Johnstone (Victoria University of Wellington); Guillaume Joly (Région Ile-de-France); Jozsef Kadar (Haifa Center for German and European Studies); Mohamed Kamel (Dar); Ezgi Kelleher (C40 Cities); Melissa Kerim-Dikeni (JONES DAY® – One Firm Worldwide℠); Mohamedahmed Khalifa (Omdurman Islamic University and UNESCO Chair in Water); Nazar I. Khan (Jamia Millia Islamia); Amjad Khashman (Leipzig University); Herbert Kimani (UN-Habitat); Maria Kottari (The Energy Matrix); Prosper Kuradusenge (Independent researcher); Sigrid Kusch-Brandt (University of Padua); Ferdinand Larona (GIZ); Denis Lenardic (PV Resources); Sofia Lettenbichler (DHC+ Technology Platform); Thomas Lewis (REScoop); Nicola Lezza (ICLEI); Arminel Lovell (CDP); Roberto Lozano (Independent consultant); Kelly Lynch (Sierra Club); Sivuyile Maboda (Parliament of the Republic of South Africa); Takunda Mambo (ICLEI); Yann Mercier (GIZ); Alan Miller (Independent consultant); Ray Minjares (ICCT); Fabia Miorelli (Independent researcher); Sabatha Mthwecu (Solar Rais); Kruti Munot (GIZ); Abubakar Musa Magaga (Horizon Point Limited); Mwewa Chikonkolo Mwape (Zesco Limited); Darius Nassiry (Climate Finance Advisors BLLC); Thi Nguyen (Independent researcher); Tamara Nikolic (World Bank); Marjan Nikolov (Center for Economic Analyses); Jesse Nyokabi (Green Energy Pacesetter); Oluwatosin Ogunsola (Sustainable Green Environment Initiative); Hilda Cristina Mariaca Orozco (Dirección de Asuntos Ambientales Sectorial y Urbana); Anna Dominique Ortiz (ICLEI); Katie Pastor (WRI); Sanjana Paul (Earth Hacks); Eduardo Peralta (C40 Cities); Stéphane Pouffary (ENERGIES 2050); Pallav Purohit (IIASA); Anik M. Rahman (Ontario Power Generation); Nizomiddin Rakhmanov (Tashkent State Technical University); Bard Rama (Czech Technical University in Prague – CVUT); Debra Roberts (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Durban City); Elisa Romanato (GIZ); John Romankiewicz (Sierra Club); Rosenberg Romero (Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos); Frieder Rubik (Institut für ökologische Wirtschaftsforschung); Stefen Samarripas (American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy); Paul Sandsted (Natural Gas Vehicles for America – NGV America); Luisa Schiavon de Araujo (Total Eren); Silke Schlinnertz (EHP); Susanne Schultz (GIZ); Cecile Seguineaud (Independent researcher); Alaa Selim (Schneider Electric); Karim Selouane (Resalliance); Zlata Sergeeva (Higher School of Economics); Vishal Sharma (NREL); Benjamin Sharpe (ICCT); Ted Sheldon (Renewable Cities); Zhang Shuwei (Draworld Center); Remy Sietchiping (UN-Habitat); Camille Sifferlen (International Passive House Association); Sunil Mohan Sinha (GA Energy Solutions); Laiz Souto (University of Girona); Marcus Evandro Teixeira Souza Junior (Universidade Federal de Uberlândia); Cherop Soy (UNMGCY SDG7 YC); Elton Stafa (Network of Associations of Local Authorities in South-East Europe – NALAS); Peter Stalter (Independent researcher); Geoff Stiles (Carbon Impact Consultants); Beniamin Strzelecki (Science Policy Circle and SDG7 YC); Carlo Tacconelli (EnGreen); Claudia M. Treumann (University of São Paulo); Kelly Trumbull (UCLA Luskin Center for Innovation); Galyna Trypolska (Institute for Economics and Forecasting UNAS); Ioannis Tsipouridis (REDPro); Natalia Tsuyama Cócolo (Estado MG); Tineke van der Schoor (Hanze University of Applied Sciences Groningen); Rian Van Staden (RE100); Han Vandevyvere (VITO/EnergyVille); Dirk Vansintjan (REScoop); Felix Vidal (Institute for Transportation and Development Policy); Patrici Villarroel (Corte de Apelaciones de Valparaíso, Chile); Judith Voss-Stemping (GIZ); Roland White (World Bank); Anna Wieczorek (Community-based Virtual Power Plant – cVPP); Zifei Yang (ICCT); Ang Ye (Deutsche Energie-Agentur GmbH); Kelmend Zajazi (NALAS); Michael Ziegler (GIZ); Silvia Zinetti (Independent consultant); Emma Zinsmeister (US Environmental Protection Agency)